This document discusses the different tenses and voices in English grammar: 1. It outlines the key differences between active and passive voice. In active voice, the subject performs the action, while in passive voice, the subject receives the action. 2. Rules and examples are provided for present indefinite, present continuous, present perfect, present perfect continuous, past indefinite, past continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous, and future indefinite tenses in both active and passive voice. 3. The rules cover affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentence structures for each tense in both voices. Examples illustrate how the rules apply for forming sentences in each case.

1. Active voice Passive voice
All Tenses

2. Voice
Voice is a grammatical category that
applies to verbs.Voice in English
expresses the relationship of the subject
to the action.Voice has two values.
1.Active voice
2.Passive voice

3. Difference Between
Active voice Passive voice
• The subject receives the action.
• The Passive voice is less
common.In the passive voice,the
subject receives the action of the
verb.
• Always use 3rd form of verb.
• The subject does the action
• The Active voice is the “normal”
voice the one that we use most of
the time.In the active voice,the
object receives the action of the
verb.
• Use different forms of verb.

4. • Present Present Future
Indefinate
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect
Continuous

5. Present Indefinate Rules
It is used to express an action in present time, habitual or usual actions or daily
events or universal fact.
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
Singular : S+1st form of verb+s or es+O
Plural: S+1st form of verb+O
Negative Sencent
Singular: S+helping verb(does)+not+1st form of
verb+O
Plural: S+helping verb(do)+not+1st form of
verb+O
Interrogative Sentence
Singular :helping verb(does)++S+1st form of
verb+O?
Plural: Helping verb(Do)+S+1st form of verb+O?
Passive voice
Affirmative Sentence
Singular :S+helping verb(is or am)+V 3rd +by+O
Plural: S+helping verb(are)+V 3rd+by+O
Negative Sencent
Singular: S+helping verb(is or am)+not+V 3rd
+by+O
Plural: S+helping verb(are)+V 3rd+by+O
Interrogative Sentence
Singular: S+helping verb(is or am)+3rd +by+O?
Plural:Helping verb(Are)++S+V 3rd+by+O?

6. Present Indefinate
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
He sings a song.
• Negative Sencent
He does not sing a song.
• Interrogative Sentence
Does he sing a song?
Passive voice
• Affirmative Sentence
A song is sung by him.
• Negative Sencent
A song is not sung by him.
• Interrogative Sentence
Is a song sung by him?

7. Present Continuous Rules
In Present Continuous,the action is on-going /still going on and hence
continous.
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
Singular : S+helping verb(is or am)+V 1st +ing +O
Plural: S+helping verb(are)+V 1st +ing +O
Negative Sencent
Singular: S+helping verb(is or am )+not+V 1st
+ing+O
Plural: S+helping verb(are)+not+1st form of
verb+O
Interrogative Sentence
Singular :helping verb(is or am )+S+1st form of
verb+O?
Plural: Helping verb(are)+S+1st form of
verb+ing+O?
Passive voice
Affirmative Sentence
Singular :S+helping verb(is or am+being)+V 3rd +by+O
Plural: S+helping verb(are+being)+V 3rd+by+O
Negative Sencent
Singular: S+helping verb(is or am+not+being)+not+V 3rd
+by+O
Plural: S+helping verb(are+not+being)+V 3rd+by+O
Interrogative Sentence
Singular: S+helping verb(is or am+being)+3rd +by+O?
Plural:Helping verb(Are)+S+being+V 3rd+by+O?

8. Present Continuous
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
Jaan is going to school.
• Negative Sencent
Jaan is not going to school.
• Interrogative Sentence
Is Jaan going to school?
Passive voice
• Affirmative Sentence
School is being gone by Jaan.
• Negative Sencent
School is not being gone by Jaan.
• Interrogative Sentence
Is school being gone by Jaan?

9. Present Perfect Rules
In Present Perfect,the action is complete or has ended and hence termed
perfect.
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
Singular : S+helping verb(Has)+V 3rd +O
Plural: S+helping verb(Have)+V 3rd +O
Negative Sencent
Singular: S+helping verb(Has )+not+V 3rd
+O
Plural: S+helping verb(Have)+not+V 3rd
+O
Interrogative Sentence
Singular :helping verb(Has )+S+V 3rd +O?
Plural: Helping verb(Have)+S+V 3rd +O?
Passive voice
Affirmative Sentence
Singular :S+helping verb(Has been)+V 3rd +by+O
Plural: S+helping verb(Have been)+V 3rd+by+O
Negative Sencent
Singular: S+helping verb(Has+not+been)+V 3rd
+by+O
Plural: S+helping verb(Have+not+been)+V
3rd+by+O
Interrogative Sentence
Singular:Helping verb(Has)+S+ been +3rd +by+O?
Plural:Helping verb(Have)+S+been+V 3rd+by+O?

10. Present Perfect
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
She has finished her university.
• Negative Sencent
She has not finished her university.
• Interrogative Sentence
Has She finished her university?
Passive voice
• Affirmative Sentence
Her university has been finished by her.
• Negative Sencent
Her university has not been finished by
her.
• Interrogative Sentence
Has her university been finished by
her?

11. Present Perfect Continuous Rules
In Present Perfect Continuous,the action has been taking place for some time
and is still on going.
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
Singular : S+helping verb(Has been)+V 3rd +O+time
Plural: S+helping verb(Have been)+V 3rd + O+time
Negative Sencent
Singular: S+helping verb(Has+not+been)+V 3rd +O+time
Plural: S+helping verb(Have+not+been)+V 3rd +O+tome
Interrogative Sentence
Singular :helping verb(Has )+S+been+V 3rd +O+time reference?
Plural: Helping verb(Have)+S+been+V 3rd +O+time ?
Passive voice
Affirmative Sentence
Singular :S+helping verb(Has been)+V 3rd +by+O+time
Plural: S+helping verb(Have been)+V 3rd+by+O+time
Negative Sencent
Singular: S+helping verb(Has+not+been)+V 3rd +by+O+time
Plural: S+helping verb(Have+not+been)+V 3rd+by+O=time
Interrogative Sentence
Singular:Helping verb(Has)+S+ been +3rd +by+O+time?
Plural:Helping verb(Have)+S+been+V 3rd+by+O+time?

12. Present Perfect Continuous
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
She has been washing clothes since a
morning.
• Negative Sencent
She has not been washing clothes since a
morning.
• Interrogative Sentence
Has she been washing clothes since a
morning.?
Passive voice
• Affirmative Sentence
Clothes have been washed by her since a
morning.
• Negative Sencent
Clothes have not been washed by her
since a morning.
• Interrogative Sentence
Have clothes been washed by her since
a morning?

13. Indefinate Rules
It Simpal past,the action is simply mentioned and understood to have taken
place in the past.
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
Singular : S+ 2nd form of verb+O
Plural: S+2nd form of verb+O
Negative Sencent
Singular: S+helping verb(did)+not+1st form of
verb+O
Plural: S+helping verb(did)+not+1st form of
verb+O
Interrogative Sentence
Singular :helping verb(did)++S+1st form of verb+O?
Plural: Helping verb(Did)+S+1st form of verb+O?
Passive voice
Affirmative Sentence
Singular :S+helping verb(Was)+V 3rd +by+O
Plural: S+helping verb(Were)+V 3rd+by+O
Negative Sencent
Singular: S+helping verb(was)+not++V 3rd
+by+O
Plural: S+helping verb(were)+not+V 3rd+by+O
Interrogative Sentence
Singular: S+helping verb(was)+3rd +by+O?
Plural:Helping verb(were)++S+V 3rd+by+O?

14. Indefinate
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
She Wrote a letter.
• Negative Sencent
She did not write a letter.
• Interrogative Sentence
Did She write a letter?
Passive voice
• Affirmative Sentence
A letter was written by her.
• Negative Sencent
A letter was not written by her.
• Interrogative Sentence
Was a letter written by her?

15. Continuous Rules
In Past Continuous,the action was ongoing till a certain time inthe past.
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
Singular : S+was+ 1st form of verb+ing+O
Plural: S+were+1st form of verb+ing+O
Negative Sencent
Singular: S+helping verb(was)+not+1st form of
verb+ing+O
Plural: S+helping verb(were)+not+1st form of verb+ing+O
Interrogative Sentence
Singular : Helping verb(was)++S+1st form of verb+ing+O?
Plural: Helping verb(were)+S+1sr form of verb+ing+O?
Passive voice
Affirmative Sentence
Singular :S+helping verb(Was+being)+V 3rd +by+O
Plural: S+helping verb(Were+being)+V 3rd+by+O
Negative Sencent
Singular: S+helping verb(was)+not+being+V 3rd +by+O
Plural: S+helping verb(were)+not+being+V 3rd+by+O
Interrogative Sentence
Singular: Helping verb(was)+S+been+V3rd +being+by+O?
Plural:Helping verb(were)+S+V 3rd+by+O?

16. Continuous
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
She was driving a car.
• Negative Sencent
She was not driving a car.
• Interrogative Sentence
Was she driving a car?
Passive voice
• Affirmative Sentence
A car was being driven by her.
• Negative Sencent
A car was not being driven by her.
• Interrogative Sentence
Was a car being driven by her?

17. Perfect Rules
Past Perfect is used to express something that happened before
another action in the past.
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
Singular : S+had+ 3rd form of verb+O
Plural: S+had+3rd form of verb+O
Negative Sencent
Singular: S+helping verb(had)+not+3rd form of verb+O
Plural: S+helping verb(had)+not+3rd form of verb+O
Interrogative Sentence
Singular :helping verb(had)++S+3rd form of verb+O?
Plural: Helping verb(had)+S+3rd form of verb+O?
Passive voice
Affirmative Sentence
Singular :S+helping verb(had+been)+V 3rd +by+O
Plural: S+helping verb(had+been)+V 3rd+by+O
Negative Sencent
Singular: S+helping verb(had)+not+been+V 3rd +by+O
Plural: S+helping verb(had)+not+been+V 3rd+by+O
Interrogative Sentence
Singular: Helping verb(had)+S+been+V3rd+ by+O?
Plural:Helping verb(had)+S+been+V 3rd+by+O?

18. Perfect
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
They had eaten a food.
• Negative Sencent
They had not eaten a food.
• Interrogative Sentence
Had they eaten a food.?
Passive voice
• Affirmative Sentence
A food had been eaten by them.
• Negative Sencent
A food had not been eaten by them.
• Interrogative Sentence
Had a food been eaten by them.?

19. Perfect Continuous Rules
Past Perfect Continuous is used to express something that started in the past
and continued until another time in the past.
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
Singular : S+had been+ 1st form of verb+ing+O+time reference
Plural: S+had been+1st form of verb+ing+O+time reference
Negative Sencent
Singular: S+helping verb(had)+not+been+1st form of
verb+ing+O+time reference
Plural: S+helping verb(had)+not+been+1st form of
verb+ing+O+time reference
Interrogative Sentence
Singular :Had++1st form of verb+ing+O+time reference
Plural: Had+S+been+1st form of verb+ing+O+time reference?
Passive voice
Affirmative Sentence
Singular :S+helping verb(had+been)+V 3rd +by+O
Plural: S+helping verb(had+been)+V 3rd+by+O
Negative Sencent
Singular: S+helping verb(had)+not+been+V 3rd +by+O
Plural: S+helping verb(had)+not+been+V 3rd+by+O
Interrogative Sentence
Singular: Helping verb(had)+S+been+V3rd+ by+O+time?
Plural:Helping verb(had)+S+been+V 3rd+by+O+time?

20. Perfect Continuous
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
He had been reading a book.
• Negative Sencent
He had not been reading a book.
• Interrogative Sentence
Had he been reading a book.?
Passive voice
• Affirmative Sentence
A book had been read by him.
• Negative Sencent
A book had not been read by him.
• Interrogative Sentence
Had a book been read by him.?

21. Future Indefinate Rules
Simpal Future is used when we plan or make a decision to do
something.Nothing is said about the time in the future.
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
Singular : S+will+ 1st form of verb+ing+O
Plural: S+shall+1st form of verb+ing+O
Negative Sencent
Singular: S+helping verb(will)+not+1st form of
verb+ing+O
Plural: S+helping verb(Shall)+not+1st form of
verb+ing+O
Interrogative Sentence
Singular :helping verb(will)++S+1st form of
verb+ing+O?
Plural: Helping verb(Shall)+1st form of
verb+ing+O?
Passive voice
Affirmative Sentence
Singular :S+helping verb(Will be)+V 3rd +by+O
Plural: S+helping verb(Shall be)+V 3rd+by+O
Negative Sencent
Singular: S+helping verb(Will)+not+be+V 3rd
+by+O
Plural: S+helping verb(shall)+not+be+V 3rd+by+O
Interrogative Sentence
Singular: S+helping verb(will)+s+be+3rd +by+O?
Plural:Helping verb(shall)+S+be+V 3rd+by+O?

22. Future Indefinate
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
He will buy a car.
• Negative Sencent
He will not buy a car.
• Interrogative Sentence
Will he buy a car.?
Passive voice
• Affirmative Sentence
A car will be Bought by him.
• Negative Sencent
A car will notbe Bought by him.
• Interrogative Sentence
Will a car be Bought by him.?

23. Future Continuous
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
He will be playing a football.
• Negative Sencent
He will not be playing a football.
• Interrogative Sentence
Will he be playing a football.?
Passive voice
• Affirmative Sentence
A football will be played by him.
• Negative Sencent
A football will not be played by him.
• Interrogative Sentence
Will a football be played by him.?

24. Future Perfect
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
You will have finished the work.
• Negative Sencent
You will have not finished the work.
• Interrogative Sentence
Will you have finished the work.?
Passive voice
• Affirmative Sentence
The work will have been finished by
you .
• Negative Sencent
The work will have not been finished by
you.
• Interrogative Sentence
Will the work have been finished by
you?

25. Future Perfect Continuous
Active voice
• Affirmative Sentence
He will have been runing fast for one
hour.
• Negative Sencent
He will have not been runing fast for one
hour.
• Interrogative Sentence
Will he have been runing fast for one
hour.?
Passive voice
• Affirmative Sentence
A fast will have been run by him for one
hour.
• Negative Sencent
A fast will have not been run by him for
one hour.
• Interrogative Sentence
Will a fast have been run by him for
one hour. ?