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Solution wings for Aerospace Applications.

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Shawn Paul Boike
Shawn Paul Boike

Which handles huge strains (>50%) and is easy to control to handle real loads. Lighter than conventional aircraft actuator systems. Provides less drag & less cost for actuation & certifiable under FAR 23/25, 27,29.

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The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Revolutionary New Adaptive Material “SolutionCell © ” SolutionCell© is a Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb (PAH) www.SolutionCell.com & www.SolutionCell.net unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory Brought to you by: Shawn Paul Boike Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved Solution Vehicles Co & American Industrial Consultants From: BOEING, Northrop, Lockheed, FORD, GM & NASA Long Beach, CA. 90803 562.343.5660 / 562.338.9911 (m) https://www.facebook.com/AmericanIndustrialConsultantsGroup by Ron Barrett The University of Kansas, Lawrence Aerospace Engineering Department and Cassandra Barrett The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 1
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Presentation Dates • So. California (Feb 24-28 2014): Thu Fri 2/27 2/28 Northrop UAV *San Diego Boeing Seal Bch Boeing LB Aero/Def San Diego Gen Atomics?? Boeing HB ??? distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved Mon 2/24 Tue 2/25 Wed 2/26 Zodiac Aero Aero/Def Eaton/Parker Unclassified rev. 28 February 2010 2
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Revolutionary Adaptive Aerostructures, Changing Flight via Nature's Analogs for Dramatic Fuel Savings by Ron Barrett The University of Kansas, Lawrence Aerospace Engineering Department and Cassandra Barrett The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences 1st international Conference and Exhibition on Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, San Antonio, Texas 30 September – 2 October 2013 Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 3
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Outline 1. Introduction & Motivation 2. Fast-Response Actuators in Eukaryotes 3. Biomimetic FAA-Certifiable Artificial Muscles 4. Selected Aerospace Applications 5. Summary 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5. Summary 4
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota Motivation: The same as nature T/O & Landing: Maximize CLmax, Reject Gust Loading Cruise: Maximize L/D Minimize Airframe Weight 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive 5
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Successful Applications of Biomimicking Adaptive Materials In the Aerospace Industry: Weapon Systems Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota Piezoelectric, Shape-Memory-Alloys, Electroluminiscent Materials... 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5. Summary 6
The University of Minnesota Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Successful Applications of Biomimicking Adaptive Materials In the Aerospace Industry: Disappearing UAVs Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted The University of Kansas 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5. Summary 7
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Selected Aerospace Morphing Concepts Section Morphing www.nextgenaeronautics.com 2008 Planform Morphing Gould et al. 1981 MissionAdaptiveWing Pendelton et al. 1981 1980’s: Mission Adaptive Wing www.geocities.com 2008 Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory University of Florida 1990’s: NASA’s AAW Lockheed Martin 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5. Summary 8
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Adaptive Materials & Structures Piezoelectric Materials Shape Memory Alloys Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory Air Muscles McMurtry 2004 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 285. Summary rev. February 2010 9
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Conventional Adaptive Materials Current range of actuator materials available Can they be used in commercial aircraft as a class? ...or in primary structure? Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5. Summary 10
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences What Would an Aircraft Designer want if s/he could design an adaptive material??? An "Ideal" Adaptive Aeromaterial/Aerostructure: •Material capable of "huge" (>50+%?) strains •Fully proportional, easily controlled •Stiff & strong enough to handle "real" loads •Lighter & faster than conventional aircraft actuation systems •Less costly & lower drag than conventional aircraft actuation systems •Certifiable under FAR 23/25, 27/29 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 5. Summary rev. 28 February 2010 11
The University of Kansas Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Solution? ...Biomimetics "You should pay attention to what Mother Nature has done because she's got a 4.2 billion year lead in research and development. -Prof. H.W. Smith, PE, Ph.D. 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 12
The University of Kansas Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Fast-Response Actuators in Eukaryotes •Animal Muscle Cells and Tissues • Fast-Acting Plant Cells and Tissues 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 13
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Fast-Response Actuators in Eukaryotes Animal Muscle Cell & Tissues Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 14
The University of Minnesota Solution: Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Actuators Made from 100% FAA-Certifiable materials, but arranged like fast-acting plant cells 15 Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted The University of Kansas 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Video Credit: & © C.M. Barrett Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved 16 Solution: FAA-Certifiable Actuators based on Plant Cell Structures unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota Albizia julibrissin 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved 17 Solution: FAA-Certifiable Actuators based on Plant Cell Structures unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory Pulvinus 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved 18 Solution: FAA-Certifiable Actuators based on Plant Cell Structures unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota Ground Cells Phloem Xylem 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary
The University of Minnesota Solution: Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Actuators Made from 100% FAA-Certifiable Materials, but arranged like fast-acting plant cells 19 Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted The University of Kansas 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Video Credit: & © C.M. Barrett Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Solution: FAA-Certifiable Actuators based on Plant Cell Structures Fundamental Structural Arrangement: Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 20
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Biomimetic Honeycomb Based on Plant Actuator Cells Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences • Easily modeled, light, strong • Made of conventional materials (aluminum, steel, aramids) • Already known and accepted by certifying agencies like the FAA Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 21
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences PAH Theory, Experiment & Correlation Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 22
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences PAH Single-Cell Tension-Compression Test Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 23
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified Multi-Cell Compression Test 180mm Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 24
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences PAH Single-Cell Tension-Compression Test Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 25
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Comparison to Other Adaptive Materials and Actuators Conventional Hydraulic Actuators Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota High Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb Atmospherically Triggered Adaptive Honeycombs 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 26
The University of Minnesota A New Approach to Flight Biological Sciences Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Control... Based on Nature: 27 Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted The University of Kansas PAH employs distributed, rather than concentrated actuation... 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
The University of Kansas Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Current Aircraft Actuator Design Philosophy Distributed airloads Control surface loads concentrated at finite hard points Loads transferred through actuators & tracks Loads redistributed into primary structure 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 28
The University of Kansas Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences PAH Actuator Design Philosophy Control surface loads stayed distributed Distributed control surface loads passed thru distributed actuators Distributed loads transferred to primary strucure 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 29
The University of Kansas Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Comparison of PAH to Adaptive Materials and FAA Certified Actuators High Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb Conventional Hydraulics & Pneumatics 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 30
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences and C.M. al. 2007 Copyright © R.M. Murray et Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified Pressure Adaptive Wing Section Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 31
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Pressure-Adaptive Flap in Wind Tunnel (cont.) Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory 0kPa CDP 40kPa CDP Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 32
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Base Stiffness Cell Differential Pressure Behavior 1.6 NCCDP (kPa) 40 20 Net Camber CDP = 40kpa 1.4 Lift Coefficient, Cl (~) Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved 33 College of Biological Sciences PAH Wing Section: Controllable Aerocompliance unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory 1.3 0 1.0 -20 0.8 -40 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -5 0 5 10 Angle of Attack, a (deg) 15 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Current Aircraft Technology in Gust Fields Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 34
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences PAH Wings: Enhancing Ride Quality, Fatigue Properties & Flight Safety via Active Aerocompliance Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 35
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Structure of a typical FAR-25 V-n Diagram Commercial Aircraft Structural Weights are set by these points Gust Limits Maneuver Limits Load Factor, n (g's) Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved 36 College of Biological Sciences The Real Savings... from Class I Design Forward unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory +1 0 -1 VS1 VA Flight Speed, Vflt (kts) VC VD Gust Limits 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota 37 College of Biological Sciences Weight Saving Paradigm Shift: Compression of Gust Lines to within Maneuver ...just like birds do, via dynamic aerocompliance Load Factor, n (g's) Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory +1 0 -1 VS1 VA Flight Speed, Vflt (kts) VC VD 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota 38 College of Biological Sciences Weight Saving Paradigm Shift: Compression of Gust Lines to within Maneuver ...just like birds do, via dynamic aerocompliance saving... 7 – 23% total aircraft structural weight! Load Factor, n (g's) Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory +1 0 -1 VS1 VA Flight Speed, Vflt (kts) VC VD 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Reference: Boeing 787 $32B investment in new product RDT&E: • Just over half of the RDT&E was devoted to new materials & manufacturing to achieve a ~20% weight reduction WRT conventional materials Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 39
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences PAH Implications for Commercial Aircraft Implications for commercial jets: • Reduction in Structural Weight • Increase in mission integrated L/Dmax • Reduction in DOC at constant range • Increase in range at constant TOW • Airfoil section gust load rejection: • Net airframe gust load rejection • Safe Airframe Life Extension 9 - 22% 6 - 9% 7 - 11% 12 - 18% up to 380% up to 87% 11 - 14% US Pat. 8,366,057 Issued 13 February 2013 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 40
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified Acknowledgements Prof. Roelof Vos NASA Ames Research Center Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 41
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences PAH Flap and Winglet System Implications Implications for commercial jet fleets: Korean Air: KRW11.807 trillion 2011 in operating expenses Retrofit Impacts: ~ +KRW200B (Net loss in 2011: KRW98B) New Equipment Impacts: +KRW850B DOC savings + +KRW220B Airframe Life Extension + +KRW660B increased cargo carriage revenue ~ KRW1.7 trillion European Patent EP 2459442 A2 US Patent 8,366,057 B2 February 2013 Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 42
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified Questions? Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 43
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences 44 What if... Something about the flight environment itself could deploy the surfaces... 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences 45 Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb (PAH) Flap Systems Example for LSA wing Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
The University of Kansas Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences 46 Potential Application: Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb (PAH) Flap Implications for LSA* based on a 20% increase of clean CLmax:** • 17% reduction in wing wetted area • 20% increase in aspect ratio • 10% increase in L/D • 8% reduction fuel burn and DOC at constant range • 1.5% decrement in TOW and purchase price at constant range • 37% gust rejection loads *45kts flaps-up stall requirement **Based on: Roskam “Airplane Design,” part I, II, V, and VIII, and Cessna 162 Skykatcher Data 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
The University of Kansas Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences 47 PAH Gurney Flap (cont.) Implications for jets based on a 6% increase of CLmax: 5.8% decrease in wetted area 6% increase in aspect ratio 3% increase in L/Dmax 3.2% reduction in DOC at constant range 3% increase in range at constant TOW 380% section gust load rejection 87% net airframe gust load rejection *Based on: Roskam “Airplane Design,” part I, II, and V, and Cessna Citation Sovereign Data 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
The University of Kansas Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 48 College of Biological Sciences PAH Implications for Commercial Aircraft Implications for commercial jets: • Increase in CLmaxL/TO • Reduction in Structural Weight • Increase in mission integrated L/Dmax: • Reduction in DOC at constant range • Increase in range at constant TOW • Section gust load rejection: • Net airframe gust load rejection Retrofit STC 3% 0% 2.4% 2.5% 2.2% 43% 21% Class I Design 6% 9 - 22% 6 - 9% 7 - 11% 12 - 18% 380% 87% 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified PAH Cell Modeling Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 49
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences PAH Linear-Elastic Modeling Background Cellular Material Theory (CMT) after Gibson et al. 1988 Considerations: l • Only valid for small thickness-to-length ratio t qi • Only valid for +/- 20% of strain • Linear stress-strain relationship Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 50
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences PAH Linear-Elastic Modeling Background Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 51
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences PAH Theoretical Characterization Global stress-strain relations: @ constant pressure: @ constant mass: with Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 52
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences 53 PAH Geo-Kinematic Properties Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota CDP = Cell Differential Pressure 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Non-linear Mechanics of PAH Structures Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 54
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Effects of Different PAH Boundary Conditions Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 55
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences PAH Longitudinal Stress-Strain Correlation Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory p = 55kPa Unclassified distribution unlimited p = 60kPa © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 56
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Experimental PAH Stress-Strain Relations Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 57
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences PAH Four-Cell Tensile Test of Steel PAH Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 58
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved 59 PAH Bender Experimental Characterization Validation Experiment: Three-point bend test unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota FEM Modeling: 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified PAH Cell Modeling Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 60
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences PAH Multi-Cell Compression Test Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 61
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences 62 PAH Gurney Flaps & Winglets Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Fast-Response Actuators in Eukaryotes Molecuar Mechanism of Muscle Contraction Stimulus Myosin head binds to actin Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 6.7nm contraction Myosin head turns as P1 is released 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 63
The University of Kansas Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Fast-Response Actuators in Eukaryotes Mechanical Analogs of Animal Muscle Tissues: -Shape-Memory-Alloys -Pneumatic Tubes -Piezoelectric Polymers -Adaptive Gels -Electrostatic Actuators 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 64
The University of Minnesota Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Successful Applications of Biomimicking Adaptive Materials In the Aerospace Industry: UAVs & Hovering Missiles Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted The University of Kansas 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 5. Summary rev. 28 February 2010 65
The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Biomimetic Plant-Cell Based Honeycomb Actuator After: Olympio et al. 2007 Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory Standard Auxetic Hybrid 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 66
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences 67 Aerocompliance: Key to Birds Wings and PAH Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota Gust load relieving smoothes flight 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences PAH Four-Cell Tensile Test of Steel Honeycombs Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 68
The University of Minnesota 69 Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted The University of Kansas Solution: Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences FAA-Certifiable Actuators based on Plant Cell Structures 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb (PAH) Breakdown for Modeling Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 70
The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences PAH Nonlinear Mechanics Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 71

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Solution wings for Aerospace Applications.

  • 1. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Revolutionary New Adaptive Material “SolutionCell © ” SolutionCell© is a Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb (PAH) www.SolutionCell.com & www.SolutionCell.net unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory Brought to you by: Shawn Paul Boike Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved Solution Vehicles Co & American Industrial Consultants From: BOEING, Northrop, Lockheed, FORD, GM & NASA Long Beach, CA. 90803 562.343.5660 / 562.338.9911 (m) https://www.facebook.com/AmericanIndustrialConsultantsGroup by Ron Barrett The University of Kansas, Lawrence Aerospace Engineering Department and Cassandra Barrett The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 1
  • 2. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Presentation Dates • So. California (Feb 24-28 2014): Thu Fri 2/27 2/28 Northrop UAV *San Diego Boeing Seal Bch Boeing LB Aero/Def San Diego Gen Atomics?? Boeing HB ??? distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved Mon 2/24 Tue 2/25 Wed 2/26 Zodiac Aero Aero/Def Eaton/Parker Unclassified rev. 28 February 2010 2
  • 3. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Revolutionary Adaptive Aerostructures, Changing Flight via Nature's Analogs for Dramatic Fuel Savings by Ron Barrett The University of Kansas, Lawrence Aerospace Engineering Department and Cassandra Barrett The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences 1st international Conference and Exhibition on Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, San Antonio, Texas 30 September – 2 October 2013 Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 3
  • 4. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Outline 1. Introduction & Motivation 2. Fast-Response Actuators in Eukaryotes 3. Biomimetic FAA-Certifiable Artificial Muscles 4. Selected Aerospace Applications 5. Summary 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5. Summary 4
  • 5. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota Motivation: The same as nature T/O & Landing: Maximize CLmax, Reject Gust Loading Cruise: Maximize L/D Minimize Airframe Weight 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive 5
  • 6. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Successful Applications of Biomimicking Adaptive Materials In the Aerospace Industry: Weapon Systems Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota Piezoelectric, Shape-Memory-Alloys, Electroluminiscent Materials... 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5. Summary 6
  • 7. The University of Minnesota Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Successful Applications of Biomimicking Adaptive Materials In the Aerospace Industry: Disappearing UAVs Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted The University of Kansas 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5. Summary 7
  • 8. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Selected Aerospace Morphing Concepts Section Morphing www.nextgenaeronautics.com 2008 Planform Morphing Gould et al. 1981 MissionAdaptiveWing Pendelton et al. 1981 1980’s: Mission Adaptive Wing www.geocities.com 2008 Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory University of Florida 1990’s: NASA’s AAW Lockheed Martin 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5. Summary 8
  • 9. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Adaptive Materials & Structures Piezoelectric Materials Shape Memory Alloys Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory Air Muscles McMurtry 2004 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 285. Summary rev. February 2010 9
  • 10. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Conventional Adaptive Materials Current range of actuator materials available Can they be used in commercial aircraft as a class? ...or in primary structure? Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5. Summary 10
  • 11. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences What Would an Aircraft Designer want if s/he could design an adaptive material??? An "Ideal" Adaptive Aeromaterial/Aerostructure: •Material capable of "huge" (>50+%?) strains •Fully proportional, easily controlled •Stiff & strong enough to handle "real" loads •Lighter & faster than conventional aircraft actuation systems •Less costly & lower drag than conventional aircraft actuation systems •Certifiable under FAR 23/25, 27/29 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 5. Summary rev. 28 February 2010 11
  • 12. The University of Kansas Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Solution? ...Biomimetics "You should pay attention to what Mother Nature has done because she's got a 4.2 billion year lead in research and development. -Prof. H.W. Smith, PE, Ph.D. 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 12
  • 13. The University of Kansas Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Fast-Response Actuators in Eukaryotes •Animal Muscle Cells and Tissues • Fast-Acting Plant Cells and Tissues 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 13
  • 14. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Fast-Response Actuators in Eukaryotes Animal Muscle Cell & Tissues Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 14
  • 15. The University of Minnesota Solution: Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Actuators Made from 100% FAA-Certifiable materials, but arranged like fast-acting plant cells 15 Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted The University of Kansas 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Video Credit: & © C.M. Barrett Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
  • 16. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved 16 Solution: FAA-Certifiable Actuators based on Plant Cell Structures unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota Albizia julibrissin 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary
  • 17. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved 17 Solution: FAA-Certifiable Actuators based on Plant Cell Structures unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory Pulvinus 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary
  • 18. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved 18 Solution: FAA-Certifiable Actuators based on Plant Cell Structures unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota Ground Cells Phloem Xylem 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary
  • 19. The University of Minnesota Solution: Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Actuators Made from 100% FAA-Certifiable Materials, but arranged like fast-acting plant cells 19 Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted The University of Kansas 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Video Credit: & © C.M. Barrett Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
  • 20. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Solution: FAA-Certifiable Actuators based on Plant Cell Structures Fundamental Structural Arrangement: Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 20
  • 21. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Biomimetic Honeycomb Based on Plant Actuator Cells Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences • Easily modeled, light, strong • Made of conventional materials (aluminum, steel, aramids) • Already known and accepted by certifying agencies like the FAA Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 21
  • 22. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences PAH Theory, Experiment & Correlation Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 22
  • 23. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences PAH Single-Cell Tension-Compression Test Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 23
  • 24. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified Multi-Cell Compression Test 180mm Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 24
  • 25. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences PAH Single-Cell Tension-Compression Test Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 25
  • 26. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Comparison to Other Adaptive Materials and Actuators Conventional Hydraulic Actuators Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota High Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb Atmospherically Triggered Adaptive Honeycombs 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 26
  • 27. The University of Minnesota A New Approach to Flight Biological Sciences Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Control... Based on Nature: 27 Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted The University of Kansas PAH employs distributed, rather than concentrated actuation... 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
  • 28. The University of Kansas Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Current Aircraft Actuator Design Philosophy Distributed airloads Control surface loads concentrated at finite hard points Loads transferred through actuators & tracks Loads redistributed into primary structure 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 28
  • 29. The University of Kansas Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences PAH Actuator Design Philosophy Control surface loads stayed distributed Distributed control surface loads passed thru distributed actuators Distributed loads transferred to primary strucure 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 29
  • 30. The University of Kansas Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Comparison of PAH to Adaptive Materials and FAA Certified Actuators High Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb Conventional Hydraulics & Pneumatics 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 30
  • 31. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences and C.M. al. 2007 Copyright © R.M. Murray et Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified Pressure Adaptive Wing Section Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 31
  • 32. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Pressure-Adaptive Flap in Wind Tunnel (cont.) Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory 0kPa CDP 40kPa CDP Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 32
  • 33. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Base Stiffness Cell Differential Pressure Behavior 1.6 NCCDP (kPa) 40 20 Net Camber CDP = 40kpa 1.4 Lift Coefficient, Cl (~) Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved 33 College of Biological Sciences PAH Wing Section: Controllable Aerocompliance unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory 1.3 0 1.0 -20 0.8 -40 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -5 0 5 10 Angle of Attack, a (deg) 15 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary
  • 34. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Current Aircraft Technology in Gust Fields Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 34
  • 35. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences PAH Wings: Enhancing Ride Quality, Fatigue Properties & Flight Safety via Active Aerocompliance Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 35
  • 36. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Structure of a typical FAR-25 V-n Diagram Commercial Aircraft Structural Weights are set by these points Gust Limits Maneuver Limits Load Factor, n (g's) Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved 36 College of Biological Sciences The Real Savings... from Class I Design Forward unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory +1 0 -1 VS1 VA Flight Speed, Vflt (kts) VC VD Gust Limits 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary
  • 37. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota 37 College of Biological Sciences Weight Saving Paradigm Shift: Compression of Gust Lines to within Maneuver ...just like birds do, via dynamic aerocompliance Load Factor, n (g's) Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory +1 0 -1 VS1 VA Flight Speed, Vflt (kts) VC VD 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary
  • 38. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota 38 College of Biological Sciences Weight Saving Paradigm Shift: Compression of Gust Lines to within Maneuver ...just like birds do, via dynamic aerocompliance saving... 7 – 23% total aircraft structural weight! Load Factor, n (g's) Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory +1 0 -1 VS1 VA Flight Speed, Vflt (kts) VC VD 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary
  • 39. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Reference: Boeing 787 $32B investment in new product RDT&E: • Just over half of the RDT&E was devoted to new materials & manufacturing to achieve a ~20% weight reduction WRT conventional materials Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 39
  • 40. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences PAH Implications for Commercial Aircraft Implications for commercial jets: • Reduction in Structural Weight • Increase in mission integrated L/Dmax • Reduction in DOC at constant range • Increase in range at constant TOW • Airfoil section gust load rejection: • Net airframe gust load rejection • Safe Airframe Life Extension 9 - 22% 6 - 9% 7 - 11% 12 - 18% up to 380% up to 87% 11 - 14% US Pat. 8,366,057 Issued 13 February 2013 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 40
  • 41. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified Acknowledgements Prof. Roelof Vos NASA Ames Research Center Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 41
  • 42. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences PAH Flap and Winglet System Implications Implications for commercial jet fleets: Korean Air: KRW11.807 trillion 2011 in operating expenses Retrofit Impacts: ~ +KRW200B (Net loss in 2011: KRW98B) New Equipment Impacts: +KRW850B DOC savings + +KRW220B Airframe Life Extension + +KRW660B increased cargo carriage revenue ~ KRW1.7 trillion European Patent EP 2459442 A2 US Patent 8,366,057 B2 February 2013 Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 42
  • 43. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified Questions? Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 43
  • 44. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences 44 What if... Something about the flight environment itself could deploy the surfaces... 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
  • 45. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences 45 Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb (PAH) Flap Systems Example for LSA wing Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
  • 46. The University of Kansas Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences 46 Potential Application: Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb (PAH) Flap Implications for LSA* based on a 20% increase of clean CLmax:** • 17% reduction in wing wetted area • 20% increase in aspect ratio • 10% increase in L/D • 8% reduction fuel burn and DOC at constant range • 1.5% decrement in TOW and purchase price at constant range • 37% gust rejection loads *45kts flaps-up stall requirement **Based on: Roskam “Airplane Design,” part I, II, V, and VIII, and Cessna 162 Skykatcher Data 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
  • 47. The University of Kansas Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences 47 PAH Gurney Flap (cont.) Implications for jets based on a 6% increase of CLmax: 5.8% decrease in wetted area 6% increase in aspect ratio 3% increase in L/Dmax 3.2% reduction in DOC at constant range 3% increase in range at constant TOW 380% section gust load rejection 87% net airframe gust load rejection *Based on: Roskam “Airplane Design,” part I, II, and V, and Cessna Citation Sovereign Data 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
  • 48. The University of Kansas Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 48 College of Biological Sciences PAH Implications for Commercial Aircraft Implications for commercial jets: • Increase in CLmaxL/TO • Reduction in Structural Weight • Increase in mission integrated L/Dmax: • Reduction in DOC at constant range • Increase in range at constant TOW • Section gust load rejection: • Net airframe gust load rejection Retrofit STC 3% 0% 2.4% 2.5% 2.2% 43% 21% Class I Design 6% 9 - 22% 6 - 9% 7 - 11% 12 - 18% 380% 87% 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
  • 49. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified PAH Cell Modeling Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 49
  • 50. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences PAH Linear-Elastic Modeling Background Cellular Material Theory (CMT) after Gibson et al. 1988 Considerations: l • Only valid for small thickness-to-length ratio t qi • Only valid for +/- 20% of strain • Linear stress-strain relationship Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 50
  • 51. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences PAH Linear-Elastic Modeling Background Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 51
  • 52. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences PAH Theoretical Characterization Global stress-strain relations: @ constant pressure: @ constant mass: with Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 52
  • 53. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences 53 PAH Geo-Kinematic Properties Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota CDP = Cell Differential Pressure 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
  • 54. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Non-linear Mechanics of PAH Structures Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 54
  • 55. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Effects of Different PAH Boundary Conditions Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 55
  • 56. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences PAH Longitudinal Stress-Strain Correlation Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory p = 55kPa Unclassified distribution unlimited p = 60kPa © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 56
  • 57. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Experimental PAH Stress-Strain Relations Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 57
  • 58. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences PAH Four-Cell Tensile Test of Steel PAH Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 58
  • 59. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved 59 PAH Bender Experimental Characterization Validation Experiment: Three-point bend test unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota FEM Modeling: 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
  • 60. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified PAH Cell Modeling Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010 60
  • 61. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences PAH Multi-Cell Compression Test Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 61
  • 62. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences 62 PAH Gurney Flaps & Winglets Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
  • 63. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Fast-Response Actuators in Eukaryotes Molecuar Mechanism of Muscle Contraction Stimulus Myosin head binds to actin Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 6.7nm contraction Myosin head turns as P1 is released 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 63
  • 64. The University of Kansas Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Fast-Response Actuators in Eukaryotes Mechanical Analogs of Animal Muscle Tissues: -Shape-Memory-Alloys -Pneumatic Tubes -Piezoelectric Polymers -Adaptive Gels -Electrostatic Actuators 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 64
  • 65. The University of Minnesota Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Successful Applications of Biomimicking Adaptive Materials In the Aerospace Industry: UAVs & Hovering Missiles Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted The University of Kansas 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 5. Summary rev. 28 February 2010 65
  • 66. The University of Kansas The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Biomimetic Plant-Cell Based Honeycomb Actuator After: Olympio et al. 2007 Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory Standard Auxetic Hybrid 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 66
  • 67. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences 67 Aerocompliance: Key to Birds Wings and PAH Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota Gust load relieving smoothes flight 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
  • 68. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences PAH Four-Cell Tensile Test of Steel Honeycombs Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 68
  • 69. The University of Minnesota 69 Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted The University of Kansas Solution: Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences FAA-Certifiable Actuators based on Plant Cell Structures 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Automotive
  • 70. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb (PAH) Breakdown for Modeling Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 70
  • 71. The University of Kansas College of Biological Sciences PAH Nonlinear Mechanics Copyright © R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved unclassified ITAR /EAR unrestricted Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory The University of Minnesota 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.MusclesRights Reserved Unclassified distribution unlimited © R. Barrett All 4.Aerospace 28 February 2010 rev. 5.Summary 71