Hormones and function of different types of hormones. Diseases related to different types of hormone.

1. Department of Pharmacy
Assignment
On
Hormones
Course code: BPH 4203
Course Title: Pharmacology-III
Submitted by:
Mehedi Shah
Roll no:161328
Reg:1135110
Session:2015-2016
4th
Year 2nd
Semester
Department of Pharmacy
Pabna University of Science and
Technology, Pabna.
Submitted to:
Ashish Kumar Sarker
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacy
Pabna University of Science and
Technology, Pabna.
Submission Date: 20 March 2021

2. Topic No. Topic Name Page
No.
01 What is Hormone? 03
02 What makes Hormones? 03
03 The Endocrine System 04
04 Classification of hormone 05
05 Steroid Hormone
➢ Biosynthesis
➢ Mode Of ACtion
06-08
06 Non Steroid hormone
➢ Mode Of Action
09
07 Water soluble vs. Lipid Soluble Hormone 10
08 AdeboHYpophyseal hormones
➢ Chemistry
➢ Physiologic action
➢ Regulation
11-12
09 Adrenocorticosteroid
➢ Types
➢ Physiological effect
➢ Disease Related to
➢ Adrenocorticosteroid
12-13
10 Hormone Therapy 14
11 conclusion 14

3. What is Hormone?
A hormone is any member of a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms, that are
transported to distant organs to regulate physiology and / or behavior. Hormones are required for
the correct development of animals, plants and fungi. Hormones are your body's chemical
messengers. They travel in your bloodstream to tissues or organs. They work slowly,
over time, and affect many different processes, including
• Growth and development
• Metabolism - how your body gets energy from the foods you eat
• Sexual function
• Reproduction
• Mood
What makes the hormones?
Endocrine glands, which are special groups of cells, make hormones. The major
endocrine glands are the pituitary, pineal, thymus, thyroid, adrenal glands, and
pancreas. In addition, men produce hormones in their testes and women produce
them in their ovaries.
Hormones are powerful. It takes only a tiny amount to cause big changes in cells or
even your whole body. That is why too much or too little of a certain hormone can be
serious. Laboratory tests can measure the hormone levels in your blood, urine, or
saliva. Your health care provider may perform these tests if you have symptoms of a
hormone disorder. Home pregnancy tests are similar - they test for pregnancy
hormones in your urine.

4. • Classification :

5. Classification:

6. Steroid Hormones :
Steroid hormones are produced in adrenal cortex,testis,ovary and some
peripheral tissues. All steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol
and differ only in the ring structure and side chains attached to it.All
steroid hormones are lipid soluble and water insoluble.
Types: There are 3 types of steroid hormones.

7. Biosynthesis: Steroidogenesis entails processes by which cholesterol is converted
to biologically active steroid hormones. Historically, steroid hormone synthesis only
occurred in the steroidogenic glands (i.e., adrenal glands, gonads, and placenta)

8. Mode of Action :
The action of steroid hormones are mediated by steroid hormone
receptor, intracellular protein belonging to the nuclear family of
transcription factor. These receptors mediate signal transduction through
genomic and non-genomic action in context specific manner.

9. Non Steroid Hormones : Non-steroid hormones are made of amino acids. They
are not fat soluble, so they cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane of target cells.
Instead, a non-steroid hormone binds to a receptor on the cell membrane. The binding
of the hormone triggers an enzyme inside the cell membrane. The enzyme activates
another molecule, called the second messenger, which influences processes inside
the cell. Most endocrine hormones are non-steroid hormones, including insulin and
thyroid hormones.
Mode of Action : Non-steroid hormones binds to a membrane receptor. They
don’t enter the cell, sets off a series of reaction that activates an enzyme. Catalyzes
a reaction that produces a second messenger molecule. Oversees additional
intracellular changes to promote a specific response.

11. Adenohypophyseal Hormone:

12. Regulation of Adenohypophyseal Hormones: Adenohypophyseal Hormones are
regulated via different mechanism. They are discussed below :
 By Neurohormones secreted by Hypothalamus.
 Tropic Hormones from the anterior pituitary regulate other glands such as the thyroid,
adrenal cortex, gonads.
 Hormone from these glands act by negative feedback to inhibit the release of both tropic
and hypothalamic hormones.
 Neural signals elicited by sexual arousal,stress,anxiety,trauma,variation in the light-dark
cycle and the sucking of a breast-fed infant also regulate hypothalamus hormones.
Adrenocorticosteroid
Adrenal corticosteroids are synthesized in the adrenal cortex. They are a group of
steroid hormones produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland. They are involved in a wide range
of physiological process, including stress response, immune response, regulation of
inflammation etc.
They are classified into 3 types :
Mineralocorticoid: Aldosterone-electrolyte balance regulating, salt
retaining activity.
Glucocorticoid: cortisol- carbohydrate metabolism regulating immunity.

13. Adrenal androgens: Dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEAs) and
androstenedione- androgenic – estrogenic activity.
Physiological effect:
 Carbohydrate metabolism : protect glucose dependent tissue from
starvation.Stimulate gluconeogenesis,glycogen synthesis in the fasting state.
 Protein Metabolism : protein breakdown,catabolic effects.
 Lipid Metabolism : Redistribution of body fat,induce lipolysis in
adepocytes,lipogenesis.
 Electrolyte & water balance : Enhance the reabsorption of sodium and renal
excretion of free water.
 Cardiovascular System : Enhance vascular reactivity to other vasoactive
substance.
 Skeletal muscle : Normal function (steroid myopathy)  CNS : Regulate
Neuronal excitability.
 Anti-inflammatory & Immunosuppressive action : Alter immune response of
lymphocyte,monocyte,basophil.
 Diseases related to adrenocorticosteroid Hormones:
• Adrenocortical Insufficiency
o Addisons’s disease (primary and secondary )
• Adrenocortical Hyperactivity o Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
(Androgen excess ) o Cushing’s syndrome (Hypercorticolism) o
Conn’s syndrome (primary aldosteronism )
• Hypoaldosteronism

14. Hormone Therapy
Luckily many hormonal conditions can be treated with hormone therapy. When it
comes to hormone therapy to treat menopause symptoms, there are a number of
options to consider. You can talk to your doctor about what is right for you as far as
types, combinations and dosages, but there are generally four types to you can
discuss:
• Bioidentical hormones are identical to the hormones produced in the human
body. These hormones include estrogens (estrone, estriol, estradiol),
testosterone, and progesterone.
• Hormones from other species are technically “natural” because they are not
synthetically created but they are not “native” to human women. The most
common example of this is Premarin, a complex mixture of about five
estrogens from female horses.
• Synthetic hormones are hormones that mimic the actions of hormones created
by the human female body. Many synthetic estrogens are used in birth control
pills and are usually well tolerated by most women. The original reason for the
development of synthetic hormones was the create a variety of estrogen and
progestin that would not be destroyed by stomach acid and stay in the
bloodstream long enough to be effective.
• Combination hormonal products combine both bioidentical hormones and
synthetic hormones.
Conclusion : Hormone is an important element in our life.So,having a brief knowledge of their
biochemistry, mode of action,function and disease related to it is a must . This document is all
about it.