different types of breeding system,procedure of injection application in animals

1. PRESENTED BY
SHEKH ALISHA
B.Sc. Ag 2nd yr 2nd sem
UNDER SUPERVISION OF
DR. ASHUTOSH DUBEY SIR

3. Inbreeding
 Mating related animals
 Linebreeding and Closebreeding refer to how closely
related the animals are
 Requires a careful program of selection and culling
 Expensive
 Used most often by Universities for experimental work
and Seedstock producers that provide animals for
crossbreeding herds.
There are two main systems of
breeding:
A) Inbreeding
B)Out breeding

4. Close breeding
 Most intensive
 Animals are very closely related and can be traced back
to more than 1 common ancestor
 Examples:
 Sire to daughter
 Son to dam
 Brother to sister
ADVANTAGES – a)undesirable recessive genes may be discovered
& eliminated by further testing in this line.
b) the progeny are more uniform than outbreed progeny.
DISADVANTAGES- a) it has been observed that the progeny
Becomes more susceptible to disease.
b) Breeding problems and reproductive failure usually increase.
Types of inbreeding

5. The offspring of the 2nd generation have received 75% of their genetic make-up from the sire A because
he appears closer in the pedigree to the offspring than he does in linebreeding. They have received only
25% of their genetic inheritance from the female B.
2nd Generation
3/4A 1/4B
2nd Mating
A 1/2A 1/2B
1st Generation
½ A ½ B
1st Mating
A (Male) B (Female)

6. Line breeding
 Mating animals that are more distantly related
 Can be traced back to 1 common ancestor
 Examples
 Cousins
 Grandparents to grand offspring
 Half-brother to half-sister
 Increases genetic purity
 Several generations results in desirable and undesirable genes to
become grouped together with greater frequency—making culling
easier.
 Advantages – a) increase uniformity.
 b) the dangers involved in close breeding can be reduced.
disadvantages- a) the chief danger in line breeding is that the
breeder will select the animal for pedigree giving no real
individual merit.

7. The offspring in the second generation have received 50% of their genetic inheritance from the sire A because he
appears twice in their pedigree. They have received only 25% of their genetic inheritance from each of the
females B and C.
2nd Generation
½ A ¼ B ¼ C
2nd Mating
1/2A1/2 B x 1/2A/2C
1st Generation
½ A ½ B ½ A ½ C
1st Mating
A x B A x C

8.  Mating of animals of different families within the same
breed
 Animals are not closely related
 Purpose is to bring into the breeding program traits that
are desirable but not present in the original animals
 Used most by purebred breeders
 Popular because it reduces the chances of undeniable
traits are still present
 Sometimes used in inbreeding programs to bring in
needed traits
Breeding of unrelated animals.
Types of out breeding
Out crossing

9. Crossbreeding (X)
 Mating two animals of different breeds
 Offspring is a Hybrid
 Usually results in improved traits because dominant
genes mask undesirable recessive genes
 Superior traits that result from crossbreeding are called
hybrid vigor or heterosis.
e.g. HF sire x Deoni cow, Murrah buffalo bull x surti
buffalo.

10. Types of cross breeding
criss crossing
The two breeds are crossed alternatively.

11. Triple crossing
In this system three breeds are crossed in a rotational manner . It is
also known as rotational crossing.

12. Back crossing
Is mating of crossbreed animal back to one of the pure parents
races which Were use to produce it.
A X B
AB X A Or B

13. Species hybridization
•it means mating of animals of two different species
• It produces progeny having more vigour and disease resistance than
parental species.
• Progeny is usually sterile.
•Examples: jack (male ass) x mare (female horse) = mule[sterile]
stallion(male horse) x jennet (female ass) = hinny[sterile]
HINNY

14. Grading Up
 Mating purebred males to grade females
 Good way to improve quality
 Less expensive
 Use of purebred sires long enough will eventually lead to
the amount of grade breeding left in the offspring being
less than 1%.
e.g. Mating of Murrah buffalo bull with local buffaloes.

15. 3rd Generation
½A3 ¼A2 1/8A1 1/8G 87.5% Purebred, 12.5% Grade
3rd Mating
A3 x ½ A2 ¼ A1 ¼ G
2nd Generation
½ A2 ¼ A1 ¼ G 75% Purebred, 25% Grade
2nd Mating
A2 x ½ A1 ½ G
1st Generation
1/2A11/2G 50% Pure 50% Grade
1st Mating
A1 x G

16. different methods of drug injection
& ITS PROCEDURE
◊ INJECTION refers to ?
Injections: It is one of the methods of
administration of drug which transfers the drug
directly in to blood or tissue fluid without having
to cross the intestinal mucosa.
◊ PURPOSE of Injection?
To prevent, cure, and diagnose the diseases
through injection of drugs or medicants .

17.  Restrain the animal properly.
 Site of injection is made immovable.
Hairs at the site of injection are to be clipped.
Site is made sterilized with the help of spirit.
Insert the needle into vein/muscle/beneath the
skin/peritoneum or skin tissue as per the method of drug
injection.
 Withdraw the needle.
Press the site of injection for few
seconds with antiseptic swab.

18.  The drugs are most commonly injected by different
methods:
I. Intravenous injection
II. Intramuscular injection
III. Subcutaneous injection and
IV. Intra peritoneal injection
V. Intra dermal injection
METHODS TO INJECT….

19.  Intravenous injection:
In this method, the drug is
injected directly in one of the
superficial veins. The drug
directly reaches into the blood
stream and effects are produced
immediately.
The drugs which are highly irritant
such as anti carcinogenic drugs or
hypertonic solutions, which cannot be given through any other
route, can be administered with intravenous route.
However, it is the most risky/ dangerous route of drug
administration because vital organs like heart, and brain
immediately gets exposed to varying concentrations of drugs.

20. The common sites of intravenous
injection in different animals were:
i) Horse, Cattle, Sheep and Goat: Jugular
vein.
ii) Dog: External saphenous/ recurrent tarsal/ cephalic
vein.
iii) Pig: Ear vein.
iv) Poultry: Wing vein.
 SITEOF INJECTION

21.  Intramuscular injection:
In this method of injection, the drug is injected in
one of the large skeletal muscles (such as gluteus
muscles of thigh). As the muscle is less richly
supplied with sensory nerves, thus mild irritant
drugs can also be injected. However, the muscles
are richly supplied with blood vessels, thus
absorption is relatively faster.

22.  Subcutaneous injection:
The drug is deposited in the loose
subcutaneous tissue which is richly supplied by
sensory nerves (thus, irritant drugs
cannot be injected), but is less
vascular (thus, absorption is slower).
This route can be useful for
depot/sustained release of drugs,
where longer duration of therapeutic
effective concentration is required. However,
not used for the cases of emergency such as
cardiac shock due to delayed absorption.

23.  Intraperitoneal injection:
The drug is injected into the
peritoneal cavity. This method is preferred
in emergency administration of drugs as
an alternative to intravenous injection,
especially in vicious and uncooperative
animals or in cases of laboratory animals.

24.  Intradermal injection:
The drug is injected into the
layers of skin. Only a small
quantity of drug can be
injected by this route and is
primarily employed for
diagnostic tests like
Tuberculin (for diagnosis of
tuberculosis) or any other allergic tests. Some vaccines
are also injected intradermally (such as BCG or small
pox in humans).
Intradermal
10-15 degree
angle

25.  Other methods of injection:
• Intra-articular injection: The drug is directly injected into the
capsule of joint.
• Intracardic injection: Injection of
• drug directly into the myocardium of
• heart.
• Intramedullary injection: Injection
of drug into the bone marrow of the long bones such as sternum,
femur and tibia.
• Intraarterial injection: Injection of drugs directly into the
artery. It is used in cases of angiography or for infusion of
anticancerous drugs in the femoral or brachial artery for limb
malignancies.
• Intrathecal/ Intraspinal injection: injection of drug into the
layer of meninges/membranes of brain or spinal cord