2. Where does the water come from?
•New dams - inter-basin transfer
•Groundwater - underdeveloped
•Demand Management
•Water savings - increase in efficiency,
reduce evaporation.
•Water productivity - increases in crop per
drop
•Trade (virtual water), import food.

3. Part 4: Water Conservation &
Harvesting
Total water management for
sustainable development?.

4. Water Conservation
Important step for solutions to issues of water
and environmental conservation is to change
people's attitudes and habits
Conserve water because it is right thing to do!.
What you can do to conserve water?
Use only as much water as you require. Close
the taps well after use. While brushing or other
use, do not leave the tap running, open it only
when you require it. See that there are no
leaking taps.
Use a washing machine that does not consume
too much water. Do not leave the taps running
while washing dishes and clothes.

5. Water Conservation…
Install small shower heads to reduce the flow of
the water. Water in which the vegetables &
fruits have been washed - use to water the
flowers & plants.
At the end of the day if you have water left in
your water bottle do not throw it away, pour it
over some plants.
Re-use water as much as possible
Change in attitude & habits for
water conservation
Every drop counts!!!

6. Rain Water Harvesting?.
• Rain Water Harvesting RWH- process of collecting,
conveying & storing water from rainfall in an area – for
beneficial use.
• Storage – in tanks, reservoirs, underground storage-groundwater
• Hydrological Cycle

7. Rain Water Harvesting?.
• RWH - yield copious amounts of water. For an
average rainfall of 1,000mm, approximately four million
litres of rainwater can be collected in a year in an acre
of land (4,047 m2), post-evaporation.
•As RWH - neither energy-intensive nor labour-intensive
•It can be a cost-effective alternative to other water-accruing
methods.
• With the water table falling rapidly, & concrete
surfaces and landfill dumps taking the place of water
bodies, RWH is the most reliable solution for
augmenting groundwater level to attain self-sufficiency

8. RWH – Methodologies
• Roof Rain Water Harvesting
• Land based Rain Water Harvesting
• Watershed based Rain Water harvesting
• For Urban & Industrial Environment –
• Roof & Land based RWH
• Public, Private, Office & Industrial buildings
• Pavements, Lawns, Gardens & other open
spaces

9. Rain Water Harvesting– Advantages
1.Provides self-sufficiency to water supply
2.Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water
3.Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals
4.Improves the quality of ground water through
dilution when recharged
5.Reduces soil erosion & flooding in urban areas
6.The rooftop rain water harvesting is less expensive
& easy to construct, operate and maintain
7. In desert, RWH only relief
8. In saline or coastal areas & Islands, rain water
provides good quality water

10. Part 5: Successful Case Study
Catchment Area =
1800 km2

11. Jhabua Watershed: Case Study
Madhya Pradesh ( INDIA ), ~ altitude of 380 m to
540 m. Area – 1800 sq.km
Highly undulating, sparsely distributed forest cover.
~ 57% arable land including cultivable fellow and
~ 18% notified as forest land.
Average rainfall ~ 750 mm per annum.
~ 20-30 events during June-September
~ Classified as drought prone region.
Moisture deficit during January
to May months each year.

12. Jhabua watershed: Case study
Major crops:
Maize, Cotton, Peanuts,
Soyabeans;
Gram, Black beans, Oil
seeds.
Predominantly tribal population, 92%
engaged in agriculture.
~ high seasonal migration
~ economically one of the
most backward district

13. Yearly rainfall departure from the mean for rainfall station
Jhabua
Seasonal
rainfall
departure
are
extremely
variable.

14. Development Issues
•Subsistence of rain-fed mono-cropping farming system
with low agriculture productivity
•Undulating topography and soil erosion due to
overgrazing causing degradation of land.
•High pressure of population on the agriculture land
leading to substantial poverty causing immigration.
•Absence of decentralized water resources and basic
infrastructure facilities.
•Degradation of forestry land due to absence of
community involvement in protection of the forest.

15. Appropriate Technology
Water conservation
and groundwater
recharge techniques
Water harvesting cum
supplementary
irrigation techniques in
Jhabua

16. Water Conservation
Water conservation interventions includes
contour trenches, gully plugging, vegetative
and field bunding, percolation tanks.
Overall land treatment against potential area is varying between 40-60%.
45%
25%
30%
Private land Fallow land Forest land
28%
65%
2% 5%
Contour bunding Gully plugging
Staggered trenching Level terraces
Type of land ownership for soil
and water conservation
measures
Techniques of soil and water
conservation measures

17. 1. Use cleaner, less polluting, technologies.
1. Increased use of renewable energy, and
increased energy efficiency.
2. Remember the 4R principle. Reduce
Recycle Reuse.