immunology

1. A SEMINAR ON IMMUNOSTIMULANTS
Presented by:
K. Shiny
1008-18-884-006
M.Pharm 1st year
Pharmaceutical chemistry department

2. CONTENTS:
 Introduction.
 Immunostimulant definition.
 Functions of immunostimulant.
 Types of immunostimulants.
 Classification.
 Conclusion.
 Reference.

3. INTRODUCTION
IMMUNITY:
The ability of an individual to fight against the disease causing organisms or foreign
antigen is called as immunity.
IMMUNE SYSTEM:
The network of organs, cells & proteins that protect the body from harmful, infectio
us agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi etc., is called as immune system.

7. ROLE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM:
 The aim of the immune system is to protect us from microorganisms that
may us harm.
 The first line of defense is the skin, which forms a protective layer around
us .
 The second line of defense is the immune system where the defenders incl
ude blood cells, which are able to synthesize cells called macrophages ,m
onocytes ,lymphocytes ,phagocytes as well as the blood and blood cells w
hich synthesize.

8. TYPES OF IMMUNITY:

9. DEFINITION
Immunostimulants are the substances that increases the ability of the
immune system to fight against infection & disease.
Many compounds (drugs , vitamins &immune system components) can
stimulate our immune system against different micro-organisms.
These drugs are useful in infection, immunodeficiency & cancer.

10. TYPES OF IMMUNOSTIMULANTS
Based on action there are two types of immunostimulants:
I. Specific Immuno stimulants: Provide antigenic specificity in immune response
such as vaccination.
Eg: Vaccine.
Π. Non-specific Immuno stimulants: These act irrespective of antigen specificity , so
act against all antigens.
Eg: Immunoglobulins.

11. FUNCTIONS OF IMMUNOSTIMULANTS
Immunostimulants activate different elements of the immune system in humans and animals. The
y develop the non-specific immunotherapy and immuno prevention by stimulating the major facto
rs of the immune system including phagocytosis, properdin and complement systems, protective
secretory IgA antibodies, α- and γ-interferon release, T- and B-lymphocytes, synthesis of specific
antibodies and cytokines, and synthesis of pulmonary surfactant.
There are several reasons for using the immunostimulants in the control of various infectious dise
ases including:
a) antibiotic resistance of the bacteria;
b) allergic reactions to antibiotics;
c) immunosuppressive effects of antibiotics; and
d) Poor effects of the antibiotics in viral infections

12. CLASSIFICATION OF IMMUNOSTIMULANTS
1. Vaccines - Poliomyelitis vaccine , Rota virus vaccine.
2. Adjuvants.
3. Immunoglobulins.
4. Miscellaneous agents used as stimulants:
• Levamisole.
• Thalidomide.
• Isoprinosine.
• Immunocynin,.

13. Vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity
to a particular disease. Vaccine contain certain agents which stimulates immune syst
em to recognize the foreign agents.
Ex: BCG vaccine for tuberculosis.
 Vaccines are suspensions of dead microorganisms (inactivated) or attenuated but
live.
 In general live, attenuated vaccines are antigenically more potent than the inactiv
ated vaccines.
 Live vaccines achieve lifelong immunity with single dose but multiple doses are
required with polio vaccine.
I. Vaccines

14. POLIOMYELITS VACCINE:
 It is administered as orally(sabin) and as parental (salk).
The salk vaccine ,developed by Johnsalk 1st polio vaccine ,which induces
only limited resistance to growth of the virus in the intestine and thus does
not affect the carrier state (excretion of virus in feces).
The vaccine is given by SC or IM injection, 3 doses each of 0.5ml at inte
rval of 4-6 weeks between 1st and 2nd dose and 12 months between 2nd an
d 3rd dose.
Adverse Effects:
 Mild and consists of local pain at the site of injection and fever.

15. ROTA VIRUS VACCINE:
It is a vaccine used to protect against rotavirus infections.
These viruses are the leading cause of severe diarrhea among young children
(3 years).
 The available rotavirus vaccine is human bovine reassortant vaccine.
 It is safe and effective. The oral vaccine is administered in three, monthly
doses from the age of 6-12 weeks to the age of 32 weeks.
 It may be with other vaccines.
Adverse Effects:
 It may cause mild diarrhea or vomiting in some children.

16. Vaccine Immunizing Agent Route Adverse Reactions
BCG Live attenuated M.bovis ID Fever, regional adenitis
Typhoid Whole cell, killed bacteria IM Fever ,local swelling
Cholera Inactivated bacteria SC;IM Fever; swelling
Diphtheria Inactivated toxins IM Local reactions
Tetanus Inactivated toxins IM Local reactions
Typhus vaccine Killed organisms SC Allergic reactions

17. II. ADJUVANTS
An adjuvant is a substance that increase immune response to foreign antigen.
 Adjuvants may be added to a vaccine to modify the immune response by boosting
it such as to give a higher amount of antibodies and a longer-lasting protection.
 Adjuvants are also used in the production of antibodies from immunized animals.
The most commonly used adjuvants include aluminum hydroxide and paraffin
oil.

18. Aluminum Hydroxide:
It is a white gelatinous precipitate in aqueous suspension.
The mechanism of action includes the formation of a depot
at the injection site, which enabling the slow release of antigen and
the stimulation of antibody producing plasma cells.
Side Effects:
Pain at the site of injection.
Fever .

19. III. IMMUNOGLOBUINS:
Antibody molecule consists of two light and two heavy chains
composed of different domains

20. The Fab fraction serves as the antigen binding site.
 The specific antigen-binding properties of an IgG molecule are conferred by
the three dimensional stearic arrangement inherent in the amino acid sequence of
the variable region of the light and the heavy chains of the
molecule.
 This portion of the IgG molecule is called the idiotypic determinant.
 FC fragment is relatively constant and determines the effectors function
of the antibody.
 The FC domain is necessary for interaction with complement cascade.

21. Human Normal Immunoglobulin:
Roughly plasma protein can be fractionated into four important compone
nts, viz. albumin and the alpha, beta and gamma globulins.
The Ig obtained from pooled , human, adult blood is known as immune serum
, more selective type of a gamma globulin against a particular infection obtain
ed from the blood of individuals ,this is called as Hyper Immune Serum or
Human Specific Ig.
Adverse Reactions:
 It can cause pain at the site of injection
Allergic reactions can occur
It may give rise to fever ,flushing, shivering joint pain and nausea.
Therapeutic Uses:
Infective Hepatitis (gamma globulin can suppress the clinical symptoms).
The dose of HNI recommended is 750 mg.

22. Diphtheria : Hyper immune specific serum can be used both prophulactic
ally and therapeutically.
Monoclonal antibodies:
Are the antibodies produced by single clone of B cells,
which are now being used for diagnostic procedures and therapeutic
purposes.
Mechanism of action :
They block the characteristic of targeted antigen, its function ,its cell s
urface and tissue distribution, to produce immune conjugates.
Adverse reactions:
Hypersensitivity reactions.
Activation of inflammatory cells.
Therapeutic uses of mAb:
Used as immunosuppressant.
In auto immune disease.

23. IV. MISCELLANEOUS AGENTS:
LEVAMISOLE:
 It is available as ergamisol or vermisol.
 First synthesised to treat parasitic worm infections.
 Used as immuno modulating agent in cancer.
 It is given orally, which is rapidly absorbed and it crosses BBB.
 Metabolized in liver and excreted through urine.
 It restores depressed B and T cells functions.

24. Dose: It is administered in a dose of 50mg thre
e times a day for 4-6 weeks.
Adverse Effects:
 Nausea.
Muscle pain.
Skin rashes.
Drowsiness.
Mechanism of action:
 It acts by modulating cell mediated immunity.
The ganglia in worms are stimulated causing paralysis and expulsion of live worm
, by the activation of macrophages.

25. ISOPRINOSINE:
 It is also available as inosine.
 Useful as immunostimulant in immunodefecient patients.
 It is antiviral agent.
 It acts as a immunostimulant, an analog of thymus hormones.
 It is most commonly used to treat the rare measles complicatio
n subacute sclerosing panencephalits.

26. Mechansim of action :
Isoprinosine is a synthetic purine derivative with immunomodulatory and anti
viral properties.
The action of Isoprinosine can be summarized as follows:
It normalizes the cell-mediated immunity by stimulating the differentiation of
T-lymphocytes intoT-helper cells, and increasing production.
 It increases the humoral immune response by stimulating the differentiation o
f B- lymphocytes into plasma cells and by enhancing antibody production.
 It inhibits viral growth by suppressing viral RNA synthesis while potentiating
depressed lymphocytic action

27. Dose:
Patients with cancer can take 2000 mg to 3000 mg of Isoprinosine daily for two
months
Adverse Effects:
 Nausea.
 Headache.
 Vomitting.
 Abdominal pain.
 Dizziness.
 Diarrohea.

29. CONCLUSION
From this seminar we can conclude that immunology is probably
one of the most rapidly developing areas of medical biotechnology research and has great pro
mises with regard to the prevention and treatment of a wide range of disorders , the inflammat
ory diseases of skin, gut , respiratory track , joints and central organs. Immunomodulators are
going to be a central part of 21 medicine.

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