Selenium training

History of Selenium
• Selenium was created by Jason Huggins in 2004.
• Jason Huggins created a JavaScript program that would automatically control
the browser's actions. He named this program as the "JavaScriptTestRunner.“
• Selenium 1, refers to Selenium RC.
• Selenium RC and WebDriver are merged into a single framework to
form Selenium 2.
• Google, who has been a long time user of Selenium, had a developer named
Simon Stewart who developed WebDriver.
• This tool circumvented Selenium’s JavaScript sandbox to allow it to
communicate with the Browser and Operating System directly using native
methods
• In 2008, Selenium and WebDriver merged technologies and intellectual
intelligence to provide the best possible test automation framework
• The latest version of Selenium is 3.0.
© Sun Technologies Inc. 1

COMPONENTS OF SELENIUM
Selenium is mainly built on 4 components.
1.Selenium IDE.
2.Selenium Remote Control (RC).
3.Selenium WebDriver.
4.Selenium Grid.

Selenium IDE
• IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment.
• Which is used for Record and Play back the scripts.
• It is an Add on for Mozilla Firefox, which means we can download the
Selenium IDE from Mozilla Firefox and we can Record and Run the
scripts in Mozilla Firefox only.
• Selenium IDE is accountable for user actions.
• We can Run the Recorded scripts against other browsers by using
Selenium RC.

Architecture of Selenium IDE
© Sun Technologies Inc.
4

SELENIUM RC
• RC stands for Remote Control.
• It is a Server and launches the Browser.
• It acts as a API and Library of Selenium.
• We need to configure the Selenium RC with the supported language,
then we can automate the application.

Architecture of Selenium RC

Selenium WebDriver
• Selenium is a robust set of tools that supports rapid development of test
automation for web-based applications.
• Selenium is an open source tool (No cost Involved in it).
• Selenium supports the languages like HTML, Java, PHP, Perl, Python,
Ruby and C#.
• It supports the browsers like IE, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Google Chrome
and Opera.
• It supports the operating systems like Windows, Linux and Mac.

Architecture of Selenium Webdriver

Softwares Needed
• JDK
• Eclipse
• Selenium jar files
Can be Downloaded from http://www.seleniumhq.org/download/
• Drivers for IE and Chrome

Steps to install Selenium webdriver in Eclipse
Step 1: Install Java on your computer.
• Download and install the Java Software Development Kit (JDK). You
download the JDK file from this
location:http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/download
s/index.html

Installation of java
• Step 1 : Right Click on MyComputer and click on properties .
• Step 2 : Click on Advanced tab

• Step 3: Click on Environment Variables
• Step 4: Create a new class path for JAVA_HOME

• Step 5: Enter the Variable name as JAVA_HOME and the value to your
jdk bin path ie c:ProgramfilesJavajdk-1.6bin.
• Step 6: NOTE Make sure u start with .; in the Value so that it doesn't
corrupt the other environment variables which is already set.
• Step 7: Follow the Above step and edit the Path in System Variables
add the following ;c:ProgramfilesJavajdk-1.6bin in the value
column.
• Step 8: Your are done setting up your environment variables for your
Java , In order to test it go to command prompt and type
• Java
• who will get a list of help doc
• In order make sure whether compiler is setup Type in cmd
• Javac
• will get a list related to javac

Step 2: Install Eclipse IDE
• Now download “Eclipse IDE for Java Developers”. You can download
eclipse from this location: http://www.eclipse.org/downloads/

• Make sure to choose correct link for downloading eclipses which
corresponds to your OS i.e. for Windows 32 Bit and 64 Bit versions.
• You should be able to download a ZIP file named “eclipse-java-kepler-
SR1-win32-x86_64.zip”.
• Inside the ZIP file, there is an “eclipse” folder which contains all the
application files. So we can extract the “eclipse” folder anywhere in
your PC. Let say we want to extract it to C drive.

Step 3 – Download the Selenium Java Client Driver
• You can download the Selenium Java Client Driver from this
location:http://docs.seleniumhq.org/download/

Add External Jars to Java build path
• Right click on ‘Project‘ > Select Properties > Java build path. Then
navigate to Libraries tab and click Add External JARs.

SELENIUM GRID
• Selenium Grid is used for launching the multiple browsers with
supported operating system in parallel.
• We can run the scripts on different browsers in parallel.
• It allows you to easily run multiple tests in parallel, on multiple
machines, in a heterogeneous environment.

Architecture of Selenium Grid

what are tools which help us to identify the elements?
Firebug and Firepath: These are two most popular tools to extract XPath
of an element i.e location of an element on webpage.
FirePath: A very good tool for testing out XPath and CSS on the page. It
will highlight all elements on the page that match the selector to your
element location.
Xpath Checker: It is well known tool to find the XPath of an element.
IE Developer Tools: This is built into IE7, IE8 and IE9 that we can launch
by pressing F12. It also has a number of features that Firebug has.
 Google Chrome Developer Tools: This, like IE, is built into the browser
and will also allow you to find the elements on the page and be able to
work out its XPath.

Types of Locators in Selenium
Definition of Locator:-
• Locator can be termed as an address that identifies a web element
uniquely within the webpage.
• Locators are the HTML properties of a web element which tells the
Selenium about the web element it need to perform action on.
• ID
• ClassName
• Name
• Link Text
• Partial Link Text
• Tag Name
• Xpath
• CSS Selector

Id Locator
Locating an Element By ID:
• The most efficient way and preferred way to locate an element on a
web page is By ID.
• ID will be the unique on web page which can be easily identified.
• IDs are the safest and fastest locator option and should always be the
first choice even when there are multiple choices, It is like an
Employee Number or Account which will be unique.
• Example:-
<input id=‘’’email’ class=“tech” type=“text”/>
• Script looks like:-
• Webelement Ele = driver.findElement(By.id(“email”));

Name Locator
Locating an Element By Name:
• When there is no Id to use, the next worth seeing if the desired
element has a name attribute.
• But make sure there the name cannot be unique all the times.
• If there are multiple names, Selenium will always perform action on
the first matching element
• Example:-
<input name="register" class="required" type="text"/>
WebElement register= driver.findElement(By.name("register"));

LinkText Locator
Locating an Element By LinkText:
• Finding an element with link text is very simple. But make sure, there
is only one unique link on the web page.
• If there are multiple links with the same link text (such as repeated
header and footer menu links), in such cases Selenium will perform
action on the first matching element with link.
• Example:-
<a href="http://www.seleniumhq.org">Downloads</a>
WebElement download = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Downloads"));

PartailLinkText Locator
Locating an Element By Partial LinkText:
In the same way as LinkText, PartialLinkText also works in the same
pattern.
• User can provide partial link text to locate the element.
• Example:-
<a href="seleniumhq.org">Download selenium server</a>
• WebElement download = driver.findElement(By.PartialLinkText("Download"));

TagName Locator
Locating an Element By TagName:
• TagName can be used with Group elements like , Select and check-
boxes / dropdowns.
• Example:-
Select select = new Select(driver.findElement(By.tagName("select")));
select.selectByVisibleText("Nov");

ClassName Locator
Locating an Element By Class Name:
• There may be multiple elements with the same name, if we just use
findElementByClassName, make sure it is only one.
• If not the you need to extend using the classname and its sub
elements.
• Example:-
• WebElement classtest =driver.findElement(By.className(“sample”));

CSS Selector
CSS Selector:
• CSS mainly used to provide style rules for the web pages and we can
use for identifying one or more elements in the web page using css.
• We can you use Css Selectors to make sure scripts run with the same
speed in IE browser.
• CSS selector is always the best possible way to locate complex
elements in the page.
• Example:-
• WebElement CheckElements = driver.findElements(By.cssSelector("input[id=email]"));

Xpath Locator
XPath, the XML Path Language, is a query language for
selecting nodes from an XML document.
XPath is the unique identification of an element on a
webpage.
It acts as an address to a webelement like text, textbox,
radio button, buttons,Check box, Combo box, Tabs, Links,
Images and any other webelement on webpage.
In real world we use address to uniquely identify a house or
a colony(in group of houses),similarly we use XPath to
uniquely identify an element on the webpage.

Identification Techniques Using XPath
Use ID attribute if available :
• If the ID attribute is present for an object, use it in XPath
even though the object can be identified with any other
attributes. ID attribute should have the highest priority.
For example : It can be used as
//input[@id='username']
@ symbol indicate following is an attribute of the object.

Use combination of attributes in XPath :
• If ID attribute is not available, any other attribute which uniquely identifies the
object can be used. Also combination of 2 or more attributes can be used to
identify the object such as name, type, class, value etc. This will make the XPath
more specific.
Examples:
//input[@id='username' and @type='text']
//input[@id='username' or @name='username']
//div[@title='View Patient Details - xyz, abc' and contains(@id,'patient')]
//div[attribute::title='View Patient Details - xyz, abc' and
contains(attribute::id,'patient')]
Using combination of properties in XPath is useful in following cases :
• There are cases where there does not exist any single attribute which uniquely
identify the object
• Even if there is exist single attribute which uniquely identifies the object, we can
use combination of attributes to make Xpath more robust and hence there is less
chances of failure in identification

Use Relative XPath instead of Absolute Xpath :
Absolute Path refers that Xpath starts from root i.e. from ‘/’ to till the desired html
element is reached such as /html/body/div[3]/div[2]/div/form/input[@id='username']
Relative path refers to the Xpath that starts from specific point to the desired element. It
starts with ‘//’.
• It is always recommended to use Relative Xpath then Absolute xpath for following reasons.
1.Absolute Xpath will be very long compare to Relative xpath and hence difficult to manage
2.In case of Absolute Xpath , there are high chances that Xpath may break even if there are
small changes introduced
3.Absolute Xpath has the disadvantage of typing the expression to a particular input structure
• For example, we can have an absolute path as follows
• /html/body/div[3]/div[2]/div/form/input[@id='username']
• Using Relative path we can have
• //input[@id='username']
• //div[@id='ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_RadTabStrip_Tabs']//span[text()='Applications']

Using .. (double dot symbol) to move to parent of the present node :
• Assume that you are in a specific node and want to move to parent of that node
then it is advisable to use .. (double dot symbol) to navigate to parent node then
using Parent::<node type> or ancestor::<node type>.
• This will reduce the length of the XPath and identification of node faster during
execution.
Consider the following example:
the parent of the node td i.e. div can be reached using
//li[text()='xyz, abc']/parent::ul/parent::div/parent::div[@id='patient_265']
//li[text()='xyz, abc']/../../..[@id='patient_265']
//li[text()='xyz, abc']/../../..[contains(@id,'patient')]
//li[text()='xyz, abc']/ancestor::ul/ancestor::div/ancestor::div[@id='patient_265‘]
//li[text()='xyz, abc']/ancestor::div[@title='View Patient Details - xyz, abc']
Using Child:
//div[contains(@id,'patient')]/child::div/child::ul/li[text()='xyz, abc']
//div[@title='View Patient Details - xyz, abc']/descendant::li[text()='xyz, abc']

Some of the XPath functions used are:
Position() –This function is for locating specific html tag such as
//input[position()=5] to locate
5th element
Last() – This function is for locating last element node of the specific node type
such as
//input[last()].
Further it can be specified as //input[last()-1] to identify an node before the last
node
Starts-with()- For Example : //div[starts-with(text(),’Approver’)]-Matches the
element with string which begins with ‘Approver’
//div[starts-with(@id,’test’)]– Matches the element with attribute begins with
string ‘test’
Contains () –For example : //span[contains(text(),’Approver’)]—Matches any
element with text contains the string ‘Approver’
//span[contains(@id,’testing’)] – Matches any element with id attribute containing
string ‘testing

Use Preceding-sibling or Following-sibling wherever applicable :
• If it is needed to navigate to immediate following or preceding node of
an element, then it is advisable to use following-sibling or preceding-
sibling as applicable instead of just using following o preceding axes.
• This will enable faster/efficient identification of such elements
Examples:
//li[text()='Next BG Due:']/preceding-sibling::li[text()='xyz, abc']
//li[text()='xyz, abc']/following-sibling::li[text()='Next BG Due:']

TestNG
• TestNG is an open source automated testing framework, NG means
Next Generation.
• TestNG is similar to JUnit but it is much more powerful than JUnit but
still it’s inspired by Junit.
• Cedric Beust who is the creator of TestNG.
• Using TestNG we can write more flexible and powerful tests with help
of easy annotations, grouping, sequencing & parametrizing.

Need of TestNG
• TestNG can generate reports based on our Selenium test results.
• WebDriver has no native mechanism for generating reports.
• TestNG can generate the report in a readable format like the one
shown below.

Annotations in TestNG
Def:-TestNG which guides it for what to do next or which method
should be executed next. TestNG has also facility to pass parameters
with annotations.
• @BeforeSuite: The annotated method will be run before all tests in
this suite have run.
• @AfterSuite: The annotated method will be run after all tests in this
suite have run.
• @BeforeTest: The annotated method will be run before any test
method belonging to the classes inside the tag is run.
• @AfterTest: The annotated method will be run after all the test
methods belonging to the classes inside the tag have run.
• @BeforeGroups: The list of groups that this configuration method
will run before. This method is guaranteed to run shortly before the
first test method that belongs to any of these groups is invoked.

• @AfterGroups: The list of groups that this configuration method will
run after. This method is guaranteed to run shortly after the last test
method that belongs to any of these groups is invoked.
• @BeforeClass: The annotated method will be run before the first test
method in the current class is invoked.
• @AfterClass: The annotated method will be run after all the test
methods in the current class have been run.
• @BeforeMethod: The annotated method will be run before each test
method.
• @AfterMethod: The annotated method will be run after each test
method.
• @Test: The annotated method is a part of a test case.

Example of without TestNG code

Example of with TestNG code

Use of testng.xml
• Basically testng.xml is a configuration file.
• We need to create testng.xml file to create and handle multiple test classes.
• The xml file where you will configure your test run, set test dependency, include or exclude
any test, method, class or package and set priority etc.
• testng.xml looks like:-
• <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
• <suite configfailurepolicy="continue" name="Suite" parallel="none">
• <test name="Test" preserve-order="true">
• <classes>
• <class name="TestCases.TestCases"/>
• <methods>
• <include name="TC_001"/>
• <exclude name="2"/>
• <exclude name="3"/>
• </methods>
• </classes>
• </test>
• </suite>

Advantages of TestNG
• It gives the ability to produce HTML Reports of execution
• Annotations made testers life easy
• Test cases can be Grouped & Prioritized more easily
• Parallel testing is possible
• Generates Logs
• Data Parameterization is possible

First Script in Selenium WebDriver
• We need to import following two packages:
org.openqa.selenium.* -> contains the WebDriver class needed to
instantiate a new browser loaded with a specific driver.
org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver -> contains the FirefoxDriver class
needed to instantiate a Firefox-specific driver onto the browser instantiated
by the WebDriver class.
• If your test needs more complicated actions such as
accessing another class, taking browser screenshots, or
manipulating external files, definitely you will need to
import more packages.

• Instantiating objects and variables
Webdriver driver=new FirefoxDriver();
A FirefoxDriver class with no parameters means that the default Firefox profile will
be launched by our Java program.
• Launching a Browser Session
driver.get(baseUrl);
WebDriver's get() method is used to launch a new browser session and directs it to
the URL that you specify as its parameter.

• Get the Actual Page Title
actualTitle = driver.getTitle();
The WebDriver class has the getTitle() method that is always used to obtain the
page title of the currently loaded page.
• Compare the Expected and Actual Values
if (actualTitle.contentEquals(expectedTitle)) //compare the actual title of the page
with the expected one
{
System.out.println("Test Passed!");
} else {
System.out.println("Test Failed");
}

• Terminating a Browser Session
 driver.close();
 The "close()" method is used to close the browser window.
• Terminating the Entire Program
• System.exit(0);
 If you use this command without closing all browser windows first, your whole
Java program will end while leaving the browser window open.

Common Commands in Webdriver
• Instantiating Web Elements
WebElement
myElement=driver.findElement(By.id(“name_3_firstname”));
myElement.sendKeys(“Harry”);
 Instead of using the long "driver.findElement(By.locator())" syntax every time you
will access a particular element, we can instantiate a WebElement object for it. The
WebElement class is contained in the "org.openqa.selenium.*" package.
• Clicking on an Element
driver.findElement(By.className(“wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-
submit”)).click();
 The click() method is used to simulate the clicking of any element.
 It does not take any parameter/argument.
 The method automatically waits for a new page to load if applicable.
 The element to be clicked-on, must be visible (height and width must not
be equal to zero).

Navigate commands in Webdriver
navigate().to() •It automatically opens a new browser window and
fetches the page that you specify inside its
parentheses.
•It does exactly the same thing as the get()
method.
navigate().refresh() •Needs no parameters.
•It refreshes the current page.
navigate().back() •Needs no parameters
•Takes you back by one page on the browser's
history.
navigate().forward() •Needs no parameters
•Takes you forward by one page on the browser's
history.

Switching Between Frames in Webdriver
• To access GUI elements in a Frame, we should first direct WebDriver to
focus on the frame or pop-up window first, before we can access
elements within them.
• In order to do that, we must first instruct WebDriver to switch to the
"classFrame" frame using the "switchTo().frame()" method.
• We will use the name attribute of the frame as the parameter for the
"frame()" part.
• WebDriver allows pop-up windows like alerts to be displayed.
• To access the elements within the alert (such as the message it
contains), we must use the "switchTo().alert()" method.
• In the code below, we will use this method to access the alert box and
then retrieve its message using the "getText()"method, and then
automatically close the alert box using
the "switchTo().alert().accept()" method.

Waits in Selenium Webdriver
• There are two kinds of waits.
• Implicit wait - used to set the default waiting time throughout the
program.
• Explicit wait - used to set the waiting time for a particular instance only.
• Implicit Wait
It is simpler to code than Explicit Waits.
It is usually declared in the instantiation part of the code.
We will only need one additional package to import.
To start using an implicit wait, we would have to import this package:
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
On the instantiation part of your code, add this. 

• Explicit Wait
Explicit waits are done using the WebDriverWait and ExpectedCondition
classes.
For the following example, we shall wait up to 10 seconds for an element
whose id is “username " to become visible before proceeding to
the next command.
Steps to write an Explicit wait in Selenium Webdriver:
Step 1 -> Import these 2 packages.
 import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
 import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
Step 2 -> Declare a WebDriverWait variable. In this example, we will use "myWaitVar" as
the name of the variable.

Methods used in conditional and looping operations
• isEnabled() is used when you want to verify whether a certain
element is enabled or not before executing a command.
• isDisplayed() is used when you want to verify whether a
certain element is displayed or not before executing a
command.

• isSelected() is used when you want to verify whether a
certain check box, radio button, or option in a drop-down
box is selected. It does not work on other elements.

Keyboard Mouse Events
Method Description
clickAndHold() Clicks (without releasing) at the current mouse location.
contextClick() Performs a context-click at the current mouse location.
doubleClick() Performs a double-click at the current mouse location.
dragAndDrop(source, target) Performs click-and-hold at the location of the source
element, moves to the location of the target element,
then releases the mouse.
Parameters:
source- element to emulate button down at.
target- element to move to and release the mouse at.
dragAndDropBy(source, x-offset, y-offset) Performs click-and-hold at the location of the source
element, moves by a given offset, then releases the
mouse.
Parameters:
source- element to emulate button down at.
xOffset- horizontal move offset.
yOffset- vertical move offset.

keyDown(modifier_key) Performs a modifier key press. Does not release the
modifier key - subsequent interactions may assume
it's kept pressed.
Parameters:
modifier_key - any of the modifier keys (Keys.ALT,
Keys.SHIFT, or Keys.CONTROL)
keyUp(modifier _key) Performs a key release.
Parameters:
modifier_key - any of the modifier keys (Keys.ALT,
Keys.SHIFT, or Keys.CONTROL)
moveByOffset(x-offset, y-offset) Moves the mouse from its current position (or 0,0)
by the given offset.
Parameters:
x-offset- horizontal offset. A negative value means
moving the mouse left.
y-offset- vertical offset. A negative value means
moving the mouse up.

moveToElement(toElement) Moves the mouse to the middle of the
element.
Parameters:
toElement- element to move to.
release() Releases the depressed left mouse button at
the current mouse location
sendKeys(onElement, charsequence) Sends a series of keystrokes onto the
element. Parameters:
onElement - element that will receive the
keystrokes, usually a text field
charsequence - any string value representing
the sequence of keystrokes to be sent

Action Class
• Action Class in Selenium is used to handle keyboard and mouse events.
• Following steps to be performed while using Action class.
Step 1: Import the Actions and Action classes.
• Step 2: Instantiate a new Actions object.
• Step 3: Instantiate an Action using the Actions object in step 2.
• Step 4: Use the perform() method when executing the Action object we designed in Step
3.

Uploading Files
• Remember following two things when uploading files in WebDriver
• There is no need to simulate the clicking of the "Browse" button.
WebDriver automatically enters the file path onto the file-selection
text box of the <input type="file"> element
• When setting the file path in your Java IDE, use the proper escape
character for the back-slash.

Frameworks
• A framework defines a set of guidelines/best practices that enforces a
standard which makes it easy to use for the end users to work.
• There are 4 types of Framework. They are:
Keyword-Driven Framework.
Data-Driven Framework.
Hybrid Framework.
POM Framework.

Keyword-Driven Framework
• Keyword Driven Framework is a type of Functional Automation Testing Framework which is also known
as Table-Driven testing or Action Word based testing.
• Keyword nothing but a code which represent some action, say “login”. in this framework, we map the
set of code which perform certain action with a keyword and then we use that keyword across the
framework.
• Keyword Driven Framework can be done and maintained with the help of Excel spread sheet:
• Test Step: It is a very small description of the Test Step or the description of the Action going to
perform onTest Object.
• Test Object: It is the name of the Web Page object/element, like Username & Password.
• Action: It is the name of the action, which is going to perform on any Object such
as click, open browser, input etc.
• Test Data: Data can be any value which is needed by the Object to perform any action, like
Username value for Username field.

Data-Driven Framework
• When some test needs to repeat for different data set , Data driven
framework gets used.
• In this framework, Parameters in the test case gets linked to database, excel,
csv, text files from there test case run for all defined parameter in the file.
• We will use the data excel‘src/test/resources/testData/default.xlsx’ file and
the file looks as below.

Hybrid Framework
• Combination of Keyword Driven Framework and Data Driven
Framework.

POM Framework
• Page Object model is writing all the functionalities / reusable
components of a page that we want to automate in a separate class.
• The main advantage of Page Object Model is that if the UI changes for
any page, it don’t require us to change any tests, we just need to change
only the code within the page objects (Only at one place).
• Advantages:
 There is clean separation between test code and page specific code
such as locators (or their use if you’re using a UI map) and layout.
 There is single repository for the services or operations offered by
the page rather than having these services scattered through out the
tests.

Pros
• Low Cost Tool
• Browser Compatibility Testing
• Choice of Language
• Scripts can be saved and re-run at any time
• Multiple Testing Frameworks
• It is quite popular for quick-cycle development methodologies such as
Agile or Extreme Programming
• Test Driven Development
• Useful for Comprehensive Testing

Cons
• It doesn’t support windows based applications
• Despite its acceptance of other test script languages, it demands higher-
level technical skills, such as programming, from QA team members.
• It requires third-party frameworks, language bindings and so on to be
truly effective.
• Captcha image text can’t be automatable.(we need to request
developers to give separate build to execute captcha image text
verification)

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