1. Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14th Edition Chapter 11 Shohail Motahir Choudhury

4. Human Population Size and resource use Human Activities Agriculture, industry, economic production and consumption, recreation Indirect Effects Direct Effects Degradation and destruction of natural ecosystems Alteration of natural chemical cycles and energy flows Changes in number and distribution of species Pollution of air, water, and soil Climate change Loss of biodiversity

5. Projected Status of Biodiversity 1998–2018 Critical and endangered Threatened Stable or intact NORTH AMERICA Atlantic Ocean Natural Capital Degradation ANTARCTICA EUROPE AFRICA ASIA SOUTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA Pacific Ocean Antarctic Circle Pacific Ocean Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Indian Ocean 150° 90° 60°E 0° 30°W 90° 120° 150° 0° 60° 30°N 30°S 60° Arctic Circle Arctic Circle

6. Why should we care about biodiversity? Intrinsic value Instrumental value or Existence value Aesthetic value Bequest value

8. Management of Forests Old-growth (frontier) forests 22% Second-growth forests 63% Tree farms/plantation 5%

9. Managing and Sustaining Forests Ecological Importance of Forests Food webs and energy flow Protect soils from erosion Local and regional climate Numerous habitats and niches Air purification

10. Economic Importance of Forests Fuelwood Lumber Paper Livestock grazing Mineral extraction and recreation Managing and Sustaining Forests

11. Forest Management Even-aged management Uneven-aged management Improved diversity Sustainable production Multiple-use Rotation cycle

12. Management Strategies: Rotation Cycles

13. Roads Lead to Forest Degradation Increased erosion and runoff Habitat fragmentation Pathways for exotic species Accessibility to humans

14. Harvesting Trees Selective cutting High-grading Shelterwood cutting Seed-tree cutting Clear-cutting Strip cutting

15. Trade-Offs Clear-Cutting Forests Advantages Disadvantages Higher timber yields Maximum economic return in shortest time Can reforest with genetically improved fast-growing trees Short time to establish new stand of trees Needs less skill and planning Best way to harvest tree plantations Good for tree species needing full or moderate sunlight for growth Reduces biodiversity Disrupts ecosystem processes Destroys and fragments some wildlife habitats Leaves moderate to large openings Increases soil erosion Increases sediment water pollution and flooding when done on steep slopes Eliminates most recreational value for several decades

17. Fire Surface fires Crown fires

18. Trade-Offs Advantages Disadvantages Logging in U.S. National Forests Helps meet country’s timber needs Cut areas grow back Keeps lumber and paper prices down Provides jobs in nearby communities Promotes economic growth in nearby communities Provides only 4% of timber needs Ample private forest land to meet timber needs Has little effect on timber and paper prices Damages nearby rivers and fisheries Recreation in national forests provides more local jobs and income for local communities than logging Decreases recreational opportunities

19. Tropical Deforestation: Consequences Rapid and increasing Loss of biodiversity Loss of resources ( e.g ., medicines) Contributes to global warming

21. Figure 11-19 Page 213 Protect most diverse and endangered areas Educate settlers about sustainable agriculture and forestry Phase out subsidies that encourage unsustainable forest use Add subsidies that encourage sustainable forest use Protect forests with debt-for-nature swaps, conservation easements , and conservation concessions Certify sustainably grown timber Reduce illegal cutting Reduce poverty Slow population growth Reforestation Rehabilitation of degraded areas Concentrate farming and ranching on already-cleared areas Restoration Prevention Solutions Sustaining Tropical Forests

23. Ecological Restoration: Basic Principles Mimic nature Recreate lost niches Control nonnative species Reconnect small patches Rely on pioneer species

24. Individuals Matter Wangari Maathai Green Belt Movement