Embedded systems open gates to a new world where standard of living is sophisticated using technology. This is a brief look at the term Embedded Systems.

1. Introduction to Embedded Systems

2. Contents
• Definition
• Embedded Systems and
General Purpose Computer
Systems
• Examples
• Classifications
• Applications
• Purpose

3. What is an Embedded System?
• Any computing system designed to serve a dedicated
purpose.
• A computer system with a dedicated function within
a larger system.

4. Continued...
Embedded Systems consists of
both :
 Hardware
 Software

5. Continued...
Definition of Embedded
System:
An embedded
system is an electro-
mechanical system designed to
perform a specific function
and combination of hardware
and software.

6. Embedded Systems & General Purpose Computer
System
General Purpose Computer System Embedded System

7. Continued...
General Purpose
Computer System
• Generic
hardware+General
purpose OS= Various
operations
• General purpose OS
• Applications
programmable by users.
• Performance
• Not power concerned.
• Not time critical.
• Not needed
Embedded System
• Special purpose hardware+Embedded
OS= Specific operation
• May or may not contain OS
• Applications non-programmable by
users.
• Application specific equirements.
• HIGHLY Power concerned.
• Highly critical.
• Behavour is deterministic for
certain types.
1. Contents
2. Operating system
3. Alterations
4. Key factor
5. Power consumption
6. Response time
7. Deterministic
Behaviour

8. History of Embedded Systems

9. Continued...
1960: Apollo Guidance Computer
1MHz clock
4 KB words ROM
256 words RAM
1961: Minuteman 1 missile used
Autonetics D-17 guidance computer
First one to be produced in mass.
1971: Intel introduced the
world's first microprocessor
chip called the 4004
Used in business calculators

10. Examples
1.Washing Machine
• Hardware: Buttons, Display,
buzzer, electronic circuitry
• Software: A chip on a circuit
that holds the software which
drives controls and monitors the
operations.
• Mechanical components: The
internal that actuall wash the
clothes control input and output
of water the chasis itself.

11. Examples
2. Air Conditioner
• Hardware: Remote, display, buzzer, infrred
sensors, electronic circuitry
• Software: A chip on the circuit that holds the
software that drives controls and monitors
operstions.
• Mechanicl compnents: The internals, motor, the
chasis, the outlet.

12. Continued...
• Range of embedded systems
is from low-end applications
like calculators to high-end
applications like robots,
missile guiding system.

13. Classification
Classification of Embedded Systems:
• On generation
• On complexity and performance
• On deterministic behaviour
• On triggering

14. Classification: On generation
First generation
• 8 bit microproccesor
like 8085 and 4 bit
microcontroller.
• Simple in hardware
circuit
• Assembly code.
• e.g. Digital telephone
keypads.
Second generation
• 16 bit microprcessor and
8 or 16-bit
microcontrollers.
• Complex instruction set
comparatively.
• e.g. Data acquisition
system, scada system.
Third Generation
• 32-bit
microprocessor and
16-bit
microcontroller.
• Digital Signal
Processor(DSP) and
Application Specific
Integrated
Circuits(ASICs).
• e.g. Networking,
media, etc.
Fourth Generation
• 64-bit microprocessor
and 32-bit
microcontroller.
• System on
chips(SOC), Multi
core processors.
• Hgh performance real-
time embedded
system.
• e.g. Smart Phone

15. Classification: On complexity and performance
Small-scale
• Single 8/16 bit
microprocessor or
microcontroller.
• Less complex
hardware and
software.
• Assembly language.
• e.g. washing machine,
etc.
Medium-scale
• 8/16 bit microprocessor
or microcontroller.
• Real time constraints.
• e.g. industrial machines,
voice recognisition
system.
Large-scale
• Assembled 32/64 bit
RISC
microprocessor/microco
ntroller.
• Real time operation
system.
• Safety critical
applictions.
• e.g. Missile guidance
system, Aircraft
navigation system.

16. Classification: On deterministic behaviour
• Applicable for “Real Time”
systems.
• Based on execution
behaviour Real Time
embedded systems are
divided into Hard and Soft.

17. Classification: On triggering
• Embedded systems which are
“Reactive” in nature can be
based on triggering.
• Reactive systems can be:
Event triggered
Time triggered

18. Applications
Embedded
Systems
Home
appliances
Automotiv
e industry
Home
automatio
n and
security
Telecom
Computer
peripherals
Healthcare
Banking
and Retail
Card
readers
Computer
networking
systems
Consumer
Electronics

19. Purpose
1. Data collection/storage/representation
2. Data communication
3. Data signal processing
4. Monitoring
5. Control
6. Application specific user interface

20. Data Collection/Storage/Representation
• Any data: text, voice,
image, audio, video, etc.
in either analog or digital
form can be
collected/stored/represent
ed using embedded
system.
e.g. Digital Camera: Collection/Storage/Representation

21. Data Communication
• From complex satellite
communication to simple
home networking systems.
• Data transmission can be
wired through USB and
TCP/IP or wireless through
Bluetooth and WiFi.
• e.g. Hubs, Routers,
Switches

22. Data Signal Processing
• Signal processing
functionalities like speech
coding, audio video code,
transmission
applications,etc.
e.g. Hearing aid

23. Monitoring
• All embedded products
under medical domain are
with monitoring functions.
• e.g. ECG machine, CRO,
digital multimeter, etc.
e.g. A patient monitoring system

24. Control
• Sensors and Actuators are
used in control function.
• Sensors sense the changes
at the input and actuators
connected at the output
are controlled as per the
changes in input variable.
e.g. Air conditioner

25. Application Specific User Interface
• Switches. keybad,
lights,bells, display units,
etc.
• e.g. Mobile phones

26. Summary
• Embedded systems are designed to do a specific task.
• Differ from general purpose computer system.
• Embedded systems have evolved to great extent.
• There are various applications of embedded systems.
• The future of embedded system is would be
next level of living standard of human beings.