As for high rise buildings, these are generally above six floors or stories in height. Also, most high rise buildings are 100 meters in height. (These should not be confused with “skyscrapers,” which are generally much taller, as little or as much, as 200 meters in height. A high-rise building is a tall building, as opposed to a low-rise building and is defined differently in terms of height depending on the jurisdiction. It is used as a residential, office building, or other functions including hotel, retail, or with multiple purposes combined.

1. SERVICES IN HIGH-RISE BUILDING

2. • As for high rise buildings, these are generally above six floors or stories in height. Also, most high rise buildings are 100 meters in
height. (These should not be confused with “skyscrapers,” which are generally much taller, as little or as much, as 200 meters in
height.
• A high-rise building is a tall building, as opposed to a low-rise building and is defined differently in terms of height depending on
the jurisdiction. It is used as a residential, office building, or other functions including hotel, retail, or with multiple purposes
combined.
• The first high-rise buildings were constructed in the United States in the 1880s. They arose in urban areas where increased land
prices and great population densities created a demand for buildings that rose vertically rather than spread horizontally, thus
occupying less precious land area. High-rise buildings were made practicable by the use of steel structural frames and glass exterior
sheathing. By the mid-20th century, such buildings had become a standard feature of the architectural landscape in most countries
in the world.
What is a high-rise building?

3. High rise is defined differently by different bodies.
Emptoris standards- “A multi-story structure between 35- 100
meters tall, or a building of unknown height from 12-39 floors
is termed as high rise.
The International Conference on Fire Safety – "any structure
where the height can have a serious impact on evacuation“
Massachusetts, United States General Laws – A high-rise is
being higher than 70 feet (21 m).
Building code of Hyderabad, India- A high-rise building is
one with four floors or more, or one 15 meters or more in
height. National Building Code – Fire and Life Safety all
buildings 15m and above in height shall be considered as high
rise buildings.
INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION

4. Need of high-rise building.
• The reasons for adopting high-rise buildings could be solutions for density problems and lack of available land for
development, sometimes tall buildings more about power, prestige status, where they play an important role in meeting occupier
demand for large prestigious headquarters, and aesthetics than efficient.
• They save space and accommodate more residents as compared to shorter buildings. The higher floors are relatively more airy
and receive more sunlight. Taller buildings are a better option for the idea of a green building since they are more lit, airy and
provide more surface area to install solar panels

5. Historical
development in
high-rise
buildings.

6. The Stone Age: 8000 — 2570 BCE
• Experts estimate that the Tower of Jericho in modern-day Palestine, took 11,000 working days to construct—roughly 30 to 40
years—and is thought to have served as flood protection, and to mark the summer solstice. According to some archaeologists, it also
inspired awe to “motivate people [into] a communal lifestyle”.
• The next significant structure was built nearly 4,000 years later. The Anu Ziggurat (White Temple) is located in Uruk, the ancient city
of Sumer. Towering over the city’s defensive walls and visible from afar, it symbolized the city’s political power at the time.
• Egypt’s era of pyramids was ushered in with the Step Pyramid of Djoser. A few decades later, the founding pharaoh Sneferu is credited
for the vision behind the three major Egyptian pyramids—the Meidum, Bent, and Red Pyramids of Dahshur. The different designs
reflect both the engineering shortfalls and advancements experienced during their construction…eventually leading to the most
monumental pyramid of all.
• The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest of the ancient world wonders, and the only one that is still intact today. It weighs an estimated
6 million tonnes—and rising up at 481 feet (147 meters), it was unsurpassed as the tallest structure for thousands of years.

7. Cathedral Creation: 1221 — 1549 CE
The timeline below skips ahead over 3,000 years after the construction of the
Great Pyramid, as the reign of cathedrals begins to take over, starting with
the Old St. Paul’s Cathedral in 1221—which needed over 200 years to complete.
The Lincoln Cathedral enjoyed its title of tallest structure for over 200 years, until
the St. Mary’s Church in Germany was constructed. However, all three of these
cathedrals suffered serious damage for some reason or another: towers or spires
collapsed, the buildings caught on fire, or were struck by lightning.
•The construction of religious monuments continued well into the late 19th
century, with the Cathedral of Saint Peter of Beauvais to the Cologne cathedral.
Several cathedrals were originally constructed years prior, but only gained the
title of tallest structure once the Great Pyramid had significantly eroded by about
33 feet (10 meters).
•The Washington Monument, the world’s tallest obelisk, was created
in memoriam of the first U.S. President. Though the majority of the Monument is
marble, its apex is aluminum and bears several inscriptions on each face.
•The Eiffel Tower likely needs no introduction—the Parisian cultural icon became
the tallest in the world in 1889. The wrought-iron lattice structure costed close to
8 million gold Francs, or US$1.5 million to build.
•Finally, the Chrysler Building’s art-deco architectural style drew criticism and
rave reviews in equal measure. Born out of a skyscraper boom in New York City, it
was the first to rise above 1,000 feet—toppling the Eiffel Tower’s tallest title in
1930.

8. Bigger, Better, Glitzier: 1931 —
Present
•The “race for the sky” continues with the Empire State
Building, an essential contribution to the classic New York
City skyline—which cements its place as one of the seven
wonders of the modern world.
•Between 1954 and 1991, the tallest man-made constructions
were all TV towers, mostly located across the United States,
and the Warsaw Radio Mast in Poland. That’s not to say
there was a gap in skyscrapers during this time—in fact, it
was quite the opposite all around the world.
•Saving the best for last, the Burj Khalifa was completed in
five years and costed a whopping $1.5 billion. At an
impressive 163 floors (2,722 feet or 830 meters),
Dubai’s incredible achievemene shatters all world records
for tallest structures—coming in at nearly 100 times
higher than the Tower of Jericho, where this visual timeline
first began.

9. Areas of investigation - Types of high-rise buildings.
The use of a building has considerable influence on its security and fire life safety needs. There are different types of high-rise
buildings classified according to their primary use. This book addresses the following ones:
1.Office buildings. An office building is a “ structure designed for the conduct of business, generally divided into individual offices
and offering space for rent or lease. ” 52
2.Hotel buildings. “ The term ‘ hotel ’ is an all-inclusive designation for facilities that provide comfortable lodging and generally, but
not always food, beverage, entertainment, a business environment, and other ‘ away from home ’ services. ” 53 There are also hotels that
contain residences. Known as hotel-residences, this type of occupancy is later addressed in mixed-use buildings.
3.Residential and apartment buildings. A residential building contains separate residences where a person may live or regularly stay.
Each residence contains independent cooking and bathroom facilities and may be known as an apartment, a residence, a tenement, or
a condominium. An apartment building is “ a building.

10. Vertical Circulation and Services of High Rise

11. Vertical circulation is the means by which building occupants access specific areas of a building, including internal stairs. internal
ramps. elevators.
Elements of vertical circulation .
Vertical circulation
A ramp is a slope or an incline, a
surface that tilts from one level to
another. Someone using a
wheelchair might need a ramp to
get from the doorway of a
building down to its parking lot.
Medium of travel which
connects two consecutive
horizontal surfaces.
A lift (or elevator) is a form of
vertical transportation
between building floors,
levels or decks, commonly
used in offices, public
buildings and other types of
multi - storey building
An escalator is a moving
staircase which carries
people between floors of a
building or structure.
Ramp Staircase Lift Escalator

12. Requirements of a good stair stairs should be safe and easy for everyone to use.
• they should be clearly visible and easy to identify.
• width of a stair (minimum 90 cm in residential use).
• length of flight (maximum 12 steps ).
• pitch of stair (should not exceed 40 degree and should not be flatter than 25 degree).
• head room (should not less than 2.14m).
• materials.
• balustrade to ensure safety.
• landing (should not be less than the width of stair).
• avoid winders and extra materials. use optimum use of materials.
• step proportion.
Staircase
Defination : medium of travel which connects two consecutive horizontal surfaces. a complete arrangement of steps, stringers, newel
posts, hand rails, balusters, etc.
easy and quick access to different floors with comfort and safety.
a) every high rise building have minimum 2 number of staircases.
b) b) width of staircases varies from 1 m. to 2 m.

13. TYPE OF STAIRCASE
• Straight - This one is straightforward (literally).
Straight stairs feature a single linear flight with no
change in direction.
• L-shaped - The classic straight style, zhuzhed up
a little. In this design, the stairs make a 90-degree
turn at some point, going left or right after a
landing.
• Winder - The slightly more complicated sister to
the L-shaped staircase. A set of winders—treads
that are wider on one side than the other—takes
the place of the landing to save space.
• U-shaped (half-turn) - If you've ever promised
yourself you'd take the stairs every day at your
office, you've seen this back-to-basics style. The
bend is taken even further to form a full U shape,
and similar to the L-shaped staircase, a landing
separates the two parallel flights.

14. • Spiral - a compact design centered around a single
pole, so that if you looked at it from above, it would
form a perfect circle. something to consider: a spiral
staircase's narrow wedge-shaped treads aren't the
easiest to traverse. (avoid them if you're clumsy.)
• Surved - unlike winder or l-shaped staircases, a curved
style has no landings. instead, the stairs are
continuous, following the bend of the banister to make
a striking architectural statement.
• Bifurcated - the grandest of them all—this is the style
of the iconic titanic staircase—bifurcated stairs include
one sweeping set of steps that splits off into two
smaller flights going in opposite directions.
TYPE OF STAIRCASE

15. DCR RULES
Staircase enclosures for buildings more then 15 min height the internal enclosing wall of staircase shall be of brick or r. c. c.
construction having fire resistance of not less than 2 hours.
All enclosed staircases shall be reached vial ventilated lobby and shall have access through self closing doors of at least half hour fire
resistance. these shall be single swing doors opening in the direction of the escape. the door shall be fitted with check action
door closers.
The staircase enclosure on external wall of the building shall be ventilated to atmosphere at ea permanent vent at the top equal to 5%
of the cross sectional area of the enclosure and openable ashes at each landing level with area not less then 0.5 sq m on the external
wall shall be provided.
The roof of the shaft shall be at least 1 m above the surrounding road. there shall be no glazing or glass bricks in any internal
enclosing wall of a staircase. if the staircase is in the core of the building and can not be ventilated at each landing a positive pressure
of 5 mmw. g by an electrically operated blower/ blowers shall be maintain the mechanism for pressurizing as staircase shaft shall be
so installed that the same shall operate automatically and also with manual operation facilities when the automatic fire alarm
operator.

16. LIFT
•A lift (or elevator) is a form of vertical transportation between building floors, levels or decks, commonly used in
offices, public buildings and other types of multi-storey building. lifts can be essential for providing vertical
circulation, particularly in tall buildings, for wheelchair and other non-ambulant building users and for the vertical
transportation of goods. some lifts may also be used for firefighting and evacuation purposes.
•Lift speed : lift speed is usually expressed in m/sec (metres per second). platform lifts under the machinery
directive are limited to a maximum speed of 0.15m/sec (150mm per second). in order to calculate the time that the
lift will take to complete a single journey you will need to divide the total lift travel by the speed
•Lift lobby : the elevator is used in a building having floors numbered from 1 to so on, where the first floor is known
as a lobby. you already know that your building's elevator lobby is the first impression you make on your visitors. that
means it's one of the most important aspects of interior design for a building.

17. •No of lifts : There should be one elevator for every 90 units. a maximum of 150
feet from the elevators to the farthest elevator is a must.
•city apartments and really high priced units can require an elevator for every 50
– 60 units. Always have an elevator with higher ceilings (9 feet) and higher
weight capacity (3500 lbs.) for moving furniture and heavy items.
•if you are over 10 floors, a service elevator or small freight elevator should
be considered. Four stories or more above grade a gurney sized elevator is
required.
LIFT

18. Lift enclosures
The wall enclosing lift shaft shall have a fire resistance of not less than two hours shafts shall have permanent vents at the top not less
than 1800 sq. m. (0.2 sq. m.) in clear area, lift motor rooms preferably be sited at the top of the shaft and shall be separated from lift
shafts by the enclosing wall of the shaft or by the floor of the motor rooms.
Landing doors in lift enclosures shall open in the ventilated or pressurised corridor lobby.
The number of lifts in one lift bank shall not exceed four. Shaft for fire in a lift bank shall be separated from each other by a brick
masonry or R. C. C. of wall of fire resistance of not less than two hours. If the lift shafts and lift lobby are in the core of the building a
positive pressure of not less than 2.5 m and not more than 3 mm wag by an electrically operated blower/blowers shall be maintained in
the lift lobby and positive pressure of not less than 5 mm w. g. shall be maintained in the lift shaft. The mechanism for pressurizing the
lift shaft and lobby shall be so installed that shall operate automatically when the automatic fire alarm operate.Exit from the lift lobby if
located in the core of the building shall be through a self-closing smoke stop door of half hour fire resistance.
The lift machine room shall be separate and no other machinery shall be installed therein. Lift shall not normally communicate with
the basement. However, one of the lift may be permitted to basement level is pressurized and separated from the best of the basement
area, by smoke actuated fire resisting door of two hour fire resistance. These doors can I also be kept in hold-open position by an electro
magnet device to be linked with smoke detector

19. ESCALATOR
•Definition : An escalator is a moving staircase which carries people between floors of a building or structure. it consists of a
motor-driven chain of individually linked steps on a track which cycle on a pair of tracks which keep them horizontal.
•Distance : escalators typically rise at an angle of about 30 degrees from the ground. they move at 0.3–0.6 meters per second
(1–2 ft/s) – like moving walkways – and may traverse vertical distances in excess of 18 meters (60 ft).

20. RAMP
• Defination : a ramp is a slope or an incline, a surface that tilts from one level to another. someone using a wheelchair might
need a ramp to get from the doorway of a building down to its parking lot.
• Ramp calculation : the slope can be expressed as a percentage that results from the ratio between the height to be overcome
(h) and the length of the horizontal plane (d), multiplied by 100.
• Slope expressed as a percentage = (h/d) x 100
• from this expression, we can solve for the unknown values of each term. an existing ramp of 1 meter in height with a horizontal
distance of 10 meters, will have a slope of 10%.

21. Water supply and plumbing Drainage, Storm
water, STP In High Rise Building

22. A water supply system is a system for the collection, transmission, treatment, storage and distribution of water from source to
consumers, for example, homes, commercial establishments, industry, irrigation facilities and public agencies for water—related
activities
Distribution of water
The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to consumer with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure. Distribution
system is used to describe collectively the facilities used to supply water from its source to the point of usage.
Distribution of water within a building
The system of water supply in which water is fed directly either from municipal main or through hydro-pneumatic system is called
“upfeed system”.
In this system, water is allowed to be drawn by individual consumers from rising mains and the amount of water which goes into the
overhead tank is the residual water after draw off by the various occupants at different floors.
Requirement for good distribution of water
• Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution pipes.
• It should be capable of supplying water at all the intended places
with sufficient pressure head.
• It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water
during firefighting.
• The layout should be such that no consumer would be without water
supply, during the repair of any section of the system.
•All the distribution pipes should be preferably laid one metre away or above
the sewer lines.
• It should be fairly water-tight as to keep losses due to leakage to
the minimum.

23. Various systems of water supply practiced for high rise building are
Down take pressure reducer valve system Multiple storage system
Break pressure tank system Hydro pneumatic system

24. Down take pressure system
• Water storage tanks are provided on terrace
• The down take line from the tank is laid out horizintally in a
loop on the terrace.
• The pressure in loop at peak demand should become negative .
• Vertical down take are taken from the loop as per the
requirement and each down take is linked for zone of four
storeys at a time .
• These down take are designed for peak demand it has to serve .
• These down take are provided with pressure reducing valve to
limit the head to a maximum of 25 m
Multiple storage system
• In this system the building is divided into sub zones of 8 to
10 floors by introducing service floors .
• domestic and flushing tanks are provided for such zones
independently on the service floor .
• a suction tank with storage capacity of one days requiremnet
is designed.
• these tanks serve to floor located below .
• An indiviual or combined connection to each zone is given
and water is lifted through single or set of pumps.

25. Break pressure tank system Hydro pneumatic system
In this system as the name suggest thepressure is broken by
introducing a break tank at every 5 to 8 storey.
The entire building is conveniently divided into suitable zones
reach of 5 to 8 storey.
The capacity of each break pressure tank should not be less
than 2000 litres each for flushing and other domestic purpose
seperatly.
The total number of water is first pumpd to the overhead tank
than break pressure tanks receive the supply through down
take sytem .
In this system the water supply is made through ,
hrdro-pneumatic pressure tank fitted with accessories
like non return valve and pressure relief valves on each
zone.
Each zone of height restrictd to 7 storey to 20 m height
whichever is less.
The capacity of the pump selected to cope up with peak
demand required .
Usually set of 3 pumps name as lead pump ,
supplementray pump, stand by pump are provided .

26. Systems for boosting water pressure
Pressure- boosting systems can be of several different types:
• Pumping from a ground level or basement gravity tank to a gravity roof tank
• Pumping from a gravity storage tank or public water main into a hydropneumatic pressure tank that uses captive air pressure to
provide adequate drinking-water supply pressure
• Installation of booster pump sets consisting of multiple staged pumps or variable speed pumps that draw water directly from a
gravity storage tank or the public water main .
Single booster system Zone-divided system Roof tanks Series-connected systems

27. Plumbing in high rise buildings
plumbing in tall buildings requires high pressure-rated pipes to deal with the greater water pressure that these systems require to
properly function. optimal design for a high-rise plumbing system uses a different booster pump for each pressure zone.
various types of plumbing :
• plumbing system for water supply.
• plumbing system for solar water heating system.
• plumbing system for recycle water for cistern in toilets.
• plumbing system for recycle water for garden
• the "straight" sections of plumbing systems are of pipe or tube. a
• pipe is typically formed via casting or welding, where a tube is made through extrusion.
• pipe normally has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded,where tubing is
thinner-walled and requires special joiningtechniques such as "brazing", "compression
fitting", "crimping", or forplastics, "solvent welding".
• the two major categories of plumping pipe are plastic and metal.plastic pipes include
polyvinyl chloride (pvc), chlorinatedpolyvinyl chlorine (cpvc), pex pipe and polypipe®.
• copper stainless steel and galvanized steel are all types of metalplumbing pipe.
• not all pipes are as useful or effective as others, and each type isused for a specific purpose
in plumbing.
• pvc pipe is a type of plastic plumbing pipe primarily used to transport high pressured
water.
• it is available in several standard sizes, ranging from ½ inch (1.3centimeters) to 4 inches
(10.2 centimeters) in diameter. pvc pipe isonly made to handle cold water, as hot water will
cause the pipe towarp

28. TYPES OF PIPES
Gray metal pipe Copper c pipe Grey pipe Creamy plastic pipe
Copper pipe
Stainless steel pipe
Transculent plastic pipe

29. Field of application
•potable water pipe network for cold & hot water installations i.e.in residential buildings, hospitals, hotels, offices & schoolbuildings
etc.pipe networks for rainwater utilization systems.
•pipe networks for solar plants.
•eating pipes for residential house.
•Advantages:
•resistance against chemicals.
•small and taste neutrality.
•physiological safeness.
•high environmental compatibility.
high impact rate.
•less pipe roughness.
•heat and sound insulating
•characteristics.
•very good welding properties.
high –heat stabilized.
water supply for residences:-
a minimum of 70 to 100 litres per head per day may be consideredadequate for domestic needs of urban communities, apart from
non-domestic needs as flushing requirements. as a general rule the following rates per capita per day may be considered minimum
for domestic and non-domestic needs:
a) for communities with population up to 20000 and withoutflushing system:water supply through 40 lphd, min stand postwater supply
through 70 to 100 lphd house service connection
b) for communities with 100 to 150 lphd population 20000 to100000 together with full flushing system
c) for communities with 150 to 200 lphd population above100000 together with full flushing system.

30. sewerage system, or wastewater collection system, is a network of pipes,
pumping stations, and appurtenances that convey sewage from its
points of origin to a point of treatment and disposal.
The sewerage systems or water carriage systems are of the following
three types:
1. separate system
2. combined system
3. partially separate system.
Separate system
1)In this system two sets of sewers are provided-one for carrying
domestic or sanitary sewage and industrial sewage, and the other for
carrying storm water (or rain water).
2)the sewage from the first set of sewers is carried to the treatment
plant, and the storm water (or rain water) from the second set of sewers
is directly discharged into a natural stream or river without any
treatment.
Sewerage system in high rise buildings

31. Combined system:
In this system only one set of sewers is provided for carrying
domestic or sanitary sewage and industrial sewage as well as
storm water (or rain water). thus in this case sewage and
storm water (or rain water) are carried to the sewage
treatment plant before its final disposal.
Combined sewer overflow events can also cause too much
wastewater to reach sewage treatment plants. When this
happens the plant is not able to treat the wastewater
properly.
Even worse, during extremely severe weather events
combined sewers can even cause wastewater – including raw
sewage – to back-up into inhabited buildings. The cost to
clean up this stinky mess is no insignificant amount.
Partially separate system:
In this system domestic or sanitary sewage and industrial sewage,
and the storm water (or rain water) which is drained from back
yards and roofs of houses are carried in the same set of sewers,
while the storm water (or rain water) drained from house fronts as
well as from streets and roads is collected and conveyed in a
separate set of open drains. the sewage and storm water (or rain
water) carried by the sewers is usually delivered to a sewage
treatment plant, and the storm water (or rain water) carried by the
open drains is delivered to a natural stream or river for disposal.

32. Purpose of sewage system
The main function of a sanitary sewer system is to protect water quality and public
health. a series of underground pipes and manholes, pumping stations, and other
appurtenances convey sewage from homes, businesses and industries to wastewater
treatment plants where it is cleaned and returned to the environment.
objectives of maintenance:
quality maintenance of sewerage system consists of the optimum use of labour,
equipment, and materials to keep the system in good condition, so that it can
accomplish efficiently its intended purpose of collection of sewage.
Type of maintenance: there are three types of maintenance of a sewerage
system – preventive, routine and emergency.
1. preventive or routine maintenance should be carried out to prevent any breakdown
of the system and to avoid emergency operations to deal with clogged sewer lines or
over flowing manholes or backing up of sewage into a house or structural failure of
the system.
2. preventive maintenance is more economical and provides for reliability in
operations of the sewer facilitiy.
3. emergency repairs, which would be very rare if proper maintenance is carried out
well, also, have to be provided for. proper inspection and preventive maintenance
are necessary.

33. Purpose : it harvests and treats rainwater from roofs for reuse in toilets and
other purposes not requiring drinking-quality water. stormwater from paved areas is
collected to irrigate the landscape, and be biologically treated and filtered.
under-drains collect the filtered irrigation water for further treatment and reuse.
the fundamental purpose of a high-rise drainage system is the removal of fluid and solid
waste to the sewer, while protecting the inhabitants of the building form cross
contamination from sewer gases and pathogens from within the drainage system, by
ensuring water trap seals are maintained.
storm water inlets : storm water inlets are devices used to collect runoff and discharge it to
an underground storm drainage system. inlets are suitably located on pavements, in gutter
sections, paved medians, road side and at locations of specific requirement.
Inlet locations : inlet structures are located at the upstream end and at intermediate
points along the gutter line. inlet spacing is controlled by the geometry of the site, inlet
opening capacity and tributary drainage magnitude. inlet placement is generally a trial and
error procedure that attempts to produce the most economical and hydraulically effective
system.
Storm water drainage system

34. In the case of permanent pumping
stations the following need to be
considered :
· identification of pumping points
· details of space availability
· distance / route of rising main alignment
· estimation of design runoff at pumping station
· capacity of the wet well i.e. the detention time in minutes pertaining to the peak
of the routed hydrograph at the drainage pumping node.
· additional storage capacity if required.
· number of pumps including standby and operating point (q vs h) of pumps,
determined from synchronization of pump characteristics (single or in parallel) &
system head curve and authenticated through npsh, as well as, discharge vs power
input curves and other typical elements related to pumping system.
· electric motors or fuel engine driven pumps.
· operation and maintenance requirement.
· generator sets of appropriate capacity. in the case of diesel based transit pumping
systems, the following need to be considered.

35. The estimation of runoff involves the following assumptions:
a) the maximum size of a catchment should be between 8 to 10 sq km.
b) larger catchments can be sub-divided into smaller sub-catchments.
c) the peak flow occurs when the entire catchment is contributing to the flow.
d) the rainfall intensity is uniform over the entire catchment.
e) the rainfall intensity is uniform over a time duration equal to the time of concentration.
f) the frequency of the computed peak flow is the same as that of the rainfall intensity corresponding to the return
period of the ‘design storm.
g) the coefficient of runoff is the same for all storms of all recurrence probabilities

36. HVAC SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE BUILDING

37. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
HVAC refers to are the different systems that are used for
moving air between outdoor and indoor areas, along with
cooling and heating both commercial and residential buildings.
These systems ensure that you feel cozy and warm during
winter and fresh and cool during summer. Indeed, the primary
function of an HVAC system is to maintain the air in your home
at a comfortable level. However, these systems also clean and
filter indoor air and keep the indoor humidity levels at a safe
and healthy level.
An HVAC system guarantees an even distribution of warm and
cold air due to the series of ducts and vents through which the
air moves.
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is designed to achieve
the environmental requirements of the comfort of occupants and a process. HVAC
systems are more used in different types of buildings such as
industrial, commercial, residential and institutional buildings.

38. HOW DOES HVAC WORKS.
Basic principles to know:
▪ When gas is compressed, it heats up. Conversely, when a gas loses
pressure, it cools down. When a liquid evaporates, it cools down.
▪ Everything on our planet has some amount of heat energy, even
when we think it is really cold outside. All air conditioning systems
work by transferring heat from one place to another.
▪ When something changes states, such as from a solid to a liquid or
from a liquid to a vapor, heat gets rapidly transferred.
▪ Refrigerant (a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat
pump and refrigeration cycle) is a special formula that is used to
transfer heat in A/C systems, designed to change states at specific
temperatures for optimum efficiency and cooling. R-22, a type of
Freon, is the refrigerant of choice in most HVAC systems. It’s also
referred to as HCFC (hydrochlorofluorocarbon)

39. The V in HVAC, or ventilation, is the process of replacing or exchanging air within a space. This provides a better quality of air indoors and
involves the removal of moisture, smoke, odors, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases as well as temperature control and
oxygen replenishment. There are different types of HVAC systems, but they all begin with same essentials - 1 st source of fresh air either from
outside or from within the indoors. This process is known as NATURAL VENTILATION and MECHANICAL VENTILATION
NATURAL VENTILATION
Important to
replenish oxygen,
and to remove
odors, carbon
dioxide,
unpleasant odors,
and excessive
moisture
Air typically moves in
and out through
windows, doors, vents,
and other openings
uses
mechanical
system to
use air in
and out
MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
air is drawn
through filters
to remove dirt,
dust,
allergens, and
other
particles
air is either
sent to be
heated or sent
to be cooled
and have
excess
humidity
removed
air is drawn into an
air handling unit
where the work
begins

40. Mechanical ventilation
It is a artificial mechanism of air processing inside the
building including retention and exhaust air .
Provision of air movement
Natural stack effect :
It is the movement of air into and out of building ,
chimneys or other containers driven by bouyancy .
Stack effect

41. Heating systems can take a couple of different forms.
▪ Some are furnaces that burn material to provide heated air through the ductwork, while another popular choice is boilers that heat
water for steam radiators, or forcedwater systems with baseboard radiators, electric heat, and heat pumps.
▪ Another option is a radiant floor, also known as a hydronic heating system. These use piping under a floor, and are made up of flexible
tubes that are filled with water or a glycol solution.
▪ These can heat any kind of floor, including concrete, and are an efficient method of providing warmth in a home. They can even be
retrofitted into wooden flooring, though they need to be carefully installed in sheathing for wooden floors.
HEATING SYSTEM

42. COOLING SYSTEM
Air conditioners come in many forms, from the massive boxes designed to cool an entire house to a portable window-mounted box
that can be pulled out and used in cooler climates to handle short summers.
▪ Many air conditioners can even be installed, with ductless mini split systems a popular choice.
▪ For dryer climates, evaporative coolers are a popular choice. They draw outside air into the system, passing it through
water-saturated pads, which cool and moisten the air before pushing it into the living space and displacing the hot air

43. KEY PARTS IN THIS SYSTEM :
Expansion valve - This
device creates a restriction
in the liquid line of a
system, which in turn
creates a pressure drop.
Evaporator - This device is
what removes heat from the
space by exchanging it for a
boiling refrigerant.
Compressor - Think of
this component as the
system’s heartbeat - it
creates the energy and
thrust to move
refrigerant around the
system.
Condenser - This is
the device that
pushes the heat that
has built up inside
the refrigerant into
the outside air.

44. HVAC System Design for High-Rise Buildings
In commercial buildings, HVAC systems heat, cool, and ventilate each floor,
either through a central system or separate units. Without them,
your high-rise building would be freezing in the winter, hot and humid in
the summer, and inconsistent from floor to floor. Because temperatures drop
in high altitudes, the outside temperature on a skyscraper’s ground floor is
higher than on the top floor. Commercial HVAC systems combat
temperature variations and ensure good air quality.
The heating component in an HVAC system pulls air through water, gas, or
electric heating components, resulting in a stream of warm air. Air
conditioners do the opposite; they lower air temperature by pulling it
through refrigerant coils. Heating and cooling systems need a ventilation
component to filter out mold, pollen, dust, excess moisture, bacteria, and
carbon dioxide.

45. How does hvac work in high rise building
1 High-rise buildings are a great way to maximize square footage in
densely packed cities . However, figuring out how to maintain a
comfortable temperature on each floor of a towering building can be
challenging.
2. In high rise buildings, HVAC systems heat, cool, and ventilate each
floor, either through a central system or separate units. Without
them, your high-rise building would be freezing in the winter, hot
and humid in the summer, and inconsistent from floor to floor.
Because temperatures drop in high altitudes, the outside
temperature on a skyscraper’s ground floor is higher than on the top
floor. High rise HVAC systems combat temperature variations and
ensure good air quality.
3. The heating component in an HVAC system pulls air through
water, gas, or electric heating components, resulting in a stream of
warm air. Air conditioners do the opposite; they lower air
temperature by pulling it through refrigerant coils. Heating and
cooling systems need a ventilation component to filter out mold,
pollen, dust, excess moisture, bacteria, and carbon dioxide.

46. Types of High-Rise HVAC Systems :
The three main categories that commercial HVAC systems fall into aresingle-split, multi-split, and variable refrigerant flow (VRF)
systems.
single-split system Multi-split system VRF system

47. Single-Split System :
Single-split systems are an affordable option. They heat and cool individual rooms
instead of using a central system for the entire building. Single-split systems are
cheaper than centralized systems, and they allow tenants to control the temperature
in their own space. Plus, if one unit in the building breaks down, it won’t negatively
affect other units.
The main drawback to single-split systems is the amount of space they require—each
system needs its own indoor and outdoor unit. If you have limited space around
your building, single-split systems aren’t ideal.
Firstly, the split air conditioner has a larger compressor when compared to the
window air conditioning units. This means that it can cool a larger area space.
Secondly, the split air conditioner cools rooms without any ducting and is a simpler
system. This means that you can attach the compressor to different ductless units
giving you more control over the areas from an independent location.
The next issue for effectiveness is maintenance. The split air conditioner system is
very easy to maintain – both outdoor and indoor units.
A final concern for effectiveness is the efficiency rating. If a conditioning unit is not
running in a specific room, this means it is not operating and no operation cost;
however, the compressor is always prepared to allow for cost-effectiveness in the
starting and shutting down of the unit. It is a little-known fact that the majority of
the cost of an air conditioning unit lies in starting and shutting down costs, and this
reduces the amount.

48. Multi-Split System :
An energy-efficient HVAC system that requires less outdoor space than
a single-split system, multi-split systems are a great option. These
systems work like single-split systems, except multiple indoor units
connect to one outdoor unit to save space. Multi-split systems also save
energy by detecting small temperature changes and making minor
adjustments accordingly.
Though multi-split systems use less outdoor space, they require more
extensive pipework. As a result, they are more expensive to install. Plus, if
an outdoor unit breaks down, it affects multiple units instead of just one.

49. 3. Variable Refrigerant
Flow (VRF) System :
Though single- and multi-split systems are
cost-effective HVAC types, they don’t work well
in large commercial spaces. VRF
systems are easy to install, efficient, and
reliable. Heat pump VRF systems are ideal for
large buildings with open floor plans because
they can provide heating or cooling to large
areas. Heat recovery systems work well for
buildings with smaller zoned areas because
they can heat and cool separate spaces
simultaneously.
VRF systems have higher upfront costs than
split systems, and they need to be installed
by HVAC specialist who understand the
system’s intricacies. However, in the long run,
VRF systems save money on monthly energy
costs.

50. • VRF systems have larger outdoor units (larger compressors). Heat is transferred between the outside ambient air and refrigerant
within the VRF outdoor condensing unit.
• Refrigerant is delivered from the condensing units to indoor fan coil units within the building, via a BC. Heat is transferred
between the refrigerant within the fan coil unit and the air within the conditioned space.
The system arrangement includes:-
•A single outside condensing unit, consisting of DC/digital scroll compressor/s, condenser coil, DC discharge fan/s and associated
electronics.
•Multiple indoor fan coil units, each consisting of an evaporator coil, DC supply fan/s, expansion valve and associated electronics. An
extensive range of wall mounted, in-ceiling ducted and other fan coil unit types are available.
•Insulated refrigerant piping connected between the condensing unit and each fan coil unit.
•Associated system control panels and temperature sensors.

51. FIRE SAFETY AND PROTECTION
IN HIGH RISE BUILDING

52. Every building shall be so constructed, equipped, maintained and operated as to avoid undue danger to the life and safety of the
occupants from fire, smoke, fumes or panic during the time period necessary for escape.
Type of construction
• The design of any building and the type of materials used in its construction are crucial in determining the building’s fire resistance.
• The fire resistance of a building or its structural and non- structural elements is expressed in hours against a specified fire load (Fire
Load — Calorific energy, of the whole contents contained in a space, including the facings of the walls, partitions, floors and ceilings)
which is expressed in kcal/sq m, and against a certain intensity of fire.
• For high rise buildings, non-combustible materials should be used for construction.
Structural Element Construction type No.of hours
Walls Type 1 construction 4
rcc 120 mm thick 1
Bricks of clay 170 mm 1
Timber stud 25 mm plaster board 1
Framed wall with plaster 13mm thick 1
Exposed reinforced
concrete column
200 mm thick 1
Reinforced cont concrete
95mm thick
95 mm 1
Fire resistance rating of structural and non structural elements

53. General requirements
• A building may be occupied during construction, repairs,
alteration or addition only if all the means of exit and
well maintained fire protection measures are in place.
During construction of a high rise building following measures
must be taken:
• dry riser pipe (100 mm dia) with hydrant outlets should be
constructed on all floors with a fire service inlet and in well
maintained condition should be laid down.
• 2000 l capacity water drum with 2 fire buckets on each floor.
there should be a 20,000 l capacity water storage tank.
open spaces and street width
• buildings should have 6m wide open space on its four sides.
• at least one side main street should be 12m wide.
• for buildings with height above 30m, the road should not be a
dead end.
• the premises should have at least 4.5 m wide and 5 m high
gateway.
set back and street width open space road width minimum set
backs according to building height up to 18m high

54. Fire alarm system
There are 2 type of
system manuallyoperated electrical
automatic fire alarm system
fire alarm system
• Depending on the occupancy, M.O.E.F.A. system or automatic
operated system shall be provided in the building.
• Every building more than 15m in height shall provide both I.e.
M.O.E.F.A & A.F.A.
• Manually operated Electrical fire alarm system Automatic Fire Alarm
System Residential & office buildings between 15m & 24m in height
may be exempted from installation of automatic fire alarm system if
local fire brigade is well equipped to face the emergency up to 24m.
• One has to manually operate the glass in M.O.E.F.A.S.
• M.O.E.F.A.S. requires a special person or separate person to operate.

55. Fire detection system
Different types of detectors are provided as per the risk involved in the area.
Zones are made as per the risk or as per the floor.
2way communication system to be provided which will help to contact from
ground floor to specific floor or vice-versa.
Mike on every floor has to be provided.
On mike instructions can be given as per situation.
Manual call points, automatic detector & public address system shall be
interlinked.
Detectors shall be installed as per IS 2189/ 1988

56. TYPES OF FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS:
Duct detector Smoke detector Water flow switch Notification
appliance
Manual pull station Control station Fire control panel

57. SPRINKLER SYSTEM
Sprinkler system is a must for basement parking & other risk areas where large
quantities of combustible materials are stored.
Each sprinkler should cover 6.96m2 area.
Normally a separate sprinkler should be provided for a separate car.
Sprinklers may connect to main water tank & pump, but capacity of the tank & pump
shall be increased in that proportionate.
The capacity of water tank shall be calculated on the basis of sprinklers.

58. Alternate power system
A stand by generator should be installed to supply power for staircase
lighting, corridor lighting, fire pump, pressurization fan & blowers, in the
event of disconnection of failure of main supply
Portable fire extinguishers
First Aid Fire fighting appliances shall be provided & installed in accordance
with LATEST IS 2190.
Escape route
The escape route should be marked with a sign board on the corridor &
passage to guide evacuation. Normally, the escape route sign board must be
written in luminous paint for easy identification. This is to guide every
occupant of the building who is bound to panic in the event of accident
Fire drill and fire orders
It`s very important to have a fire safety
plan to prevent & extinguish any fire in the
building with details action to be taken by
each occupant. Telephone nos. of all
emergence services much be indicated
in the plan

59. BUILT IN FIRE
FIGHTING SYSTEM
WET RISER CUM DOWN COMER SYSTEM
• Wet riser : It is a vertical pipeline (dia. depends on the floor area of the building)
connected to a bottom tank(underground water tank).
• Down Commer : It is a vertical pipeline (dia. depends on the floor area of the
building) connected to a overhead tank.
• Dry riser : It is a vertical pipe which is always kept dry to avoid the freezing of
water.
• Hydrant : It is a horizontal pipe line with outlet of 63 mm. dia. connected to
underground water tank

60. Wet riser
Wet riser cum down commer or only down commer system shall be provided for residential
building.
For commercial building only only wet-riser system shall be provided.
For hotels wet-riser cum down commer both the systems shall be provided.
Diameter of riser will be 150mm for all the buildings.
For each 1000m2 floor area or it’s part one riser shall be provided.
At every landing twin outlet each of 63mm dia. shall be provided (one should be connected to
hose reel & another should be to hose & branch)
Length of hose should be shall that it should reach at the last point of floor area.
Minimum two courtyard hydrants shall be provided (courtyard hydrant will be an extention to
riser).
Hose reel hose of 12mm dia. shall be provided from landing valve to wet-riser at each floor.
A separate fire service inlet shall be provided at the ground floor.
Location of wet-riser shall be preferable as near to staircase.

61. Water tank
There are two type of water tank under ground water
storage tank
Terrace Level Tank
The Capacity of
• Underground water storage tank varies from 50,000 ltrs. to 250,000
ltrs. Depending on the type & occupancy of the buildings.
• The capacity of terrace level water storage tank varies from 10,000
ltrs. to 20,000 ltrs. Depending on the type & occupancy of the
building
Pump capacity
• For underground water storage tank, pump shall be installed of a
capacity either 1800 L.P.M. or 2400 L.P.M. depending on the type
and occupancy of the building along with jocky pump.
At topmost hydrant we should get a pressure of not less than 3.5
bar.
• For terrace level water storage tank,pump shall be installed of a
capacity either 450 L.P.M. occupancy of the building.
Alternative source of supply for the pump shall be provided.

62. STAIRCASES
• Every high rise building Have minimum 2 number of Staircases.
• Width of staircases varies from 1 m. to 2 m.
• For residential building width of staircases should be 1 mtr.
• Out of 2 staircases, 1 can be used as a fire escape staircase.
• Width of fire escape should be minimum 0.75 meter.
• Number of staircases shall be given as per the travel distances.
• Staircase shall not be extended to basement to prevent smoke ,
heat & gases. From the basement smoke, heat 7 gases can be travel
to upper floors.
• Access to the basement from the ground should be through a separate staircase, which is not
• connected to main staircase (i.e. It should be remote to each other.)
• Staircase shall be of enclosed type to prevent entry of smoke & fire to the staircase & vice versa.
• Spiral staircase shall be provided up to 9 mtr. Height
LIFTS
• Minimum 1 lift capable of carrying minimum 8 persons weighing 545
kgs. Shall be provided for every high rise building.
• Landing doors of lifts shall open to ventilated lobby & shall have a fire
resistance of 1 hour.
• 1 lift shall be designed as a “Fire Lift”
• “Fireman Switch” shall be provided for each lift.
• Lifts shall not be used as means of evacuation.
• Collapsible gates shall not be provided for the lift.
• If more than 1 lifts are installed the partition wall should be of minimum 2 hours fire resistance.

63. The refuge area
• For floors above 24m & up to 39m one refuge area on the floor immediately
above 24m.
• For floors above 39m one refuge area on the floor immediately above 39m &
so on after 15m refuge area shall be provided.
Service duct
As per appendix D 1.9 part IV of N.B.C. all the services ducts, if provided, should have to be
enclosed by
walls of at least 2 hour fire resistance & should have to be sealed at every alternate floor with
non-combustible materials having at least 2 hour fire resistance. The sealing at floor level is
to prevent
travel of smoke & fire to the upper floors through the ducts.

64. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

65. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN FOR HIGH-RISE
BUILDING
1.) High rise building power supply requirements
2.)High rise building system components
3.)Power supply system
4.)Emergency power system
5.)Feeder : Number & Sizes
6.)Load center,panel boards or switchgears
7.)Suggested steps in building wiring design

66. HIGH RISE BUILDING POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
a.) General lighting & power
Light for general illumination ,seeing tasks,decorative features,hallways and stairways,
Power for appliances and office machines.
b.)Heating , ventilation and air- conditioning (HVAC) system
Air conditioning for temp control
Blowers and fans
Heaters for humidity control
c.)Transport system
Elevators and escalators
Conveyors and dumbwaiters
d.)Water pump
Potable and non-potable water supply
Water sprinkler
Sewage ejectors

67. e.)Communication system
PABX telephone system
Intercom
f.)Automatic doors
Entrance and exit
Garage and freight
g.)Central computer system
Cpu and peripherals
Terminals
h.)Auxiliaries
Intrusion and hold up control
Fire supression and alarm system
Background music and paging
Noise masking and acoustics

68. POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Usually in large installations with private load centers, the practice is to use 208/120-volt for general lighting and power, and
460-volt for motors.
Three-phase electric motors are normally dual-voltage, i.e. 460/230 volts and using the higher 460-volt rating will result in
half-as much amperage draw, hence smaller wires, lower circuit breaker rating (although higher voltage) and smaller starter
unit.

69. HIGH-RISE BUILDING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
A high-rise building electrical system is composed of hundreds of components, designed and assembled into a safe, functional
power delivery system. The underground service connects the utility system to building's main distribution panel (MDP).
Located within the MDP is the main building over-current device, or main disconnect, as well as individual over-current devices
for the system components connected to the MDP. The MDP may also contain provisions for utility metering, as well as
instrumentation for the measurement of system voltage and current.
Thus, all components of the system must be chosen carefully based on design requirements and must function safely, under
normal operating conditions and also under abnormal conditions, such as short circuits.

70. EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEM
The more essential loads of the building are to be supplied with emergency power in cases of main power failure.
Normally, these are the following:Stairways' and hallways' lighting for safety purposes Counter areas for public transactions•
Water pumps and fire pumps
One or two elevators to be used by physically handicapped• Computer system Rooms or suites of top executives Power transfer
to stand-by generator can be done manually by double-throw transfer-switch or automatically by automatic-transfer-switch
(ATS).
For the latter, it is necessary that the feeder/s or line/s serving the essential loads should not include the non-essential facilities.
Separate emergency lines and panel boards will be provided exclusively for the purpose.

71. FEEDER: NUMBER & SIZES
Feeder line can either be bus way (bus bar trunking) or insulated conductors or combination of both. The former is more versatile,
neat in appearance but decidedly more expensive Bus ways are very popular especially for high ampere capacity lines. It can carry up
to 7,000 Amp as compared against wires of 540 Amp maximum per set.Bus ways, however, should not be used in highly
corrosiveatmospheres as in battery rooms, in concealed locations, and where itmay be subjected to serve mechanical injury as in
hoist ways.
For these cases, only insulated conductors in rigid steel conduit will suffice. All feeder runs will terminate in the low-voltage
switchgear and will be protected with appropriately rated circuit breakers or fuses.
There is no limit placed in determining the number of feeders, its maximum load and hence its corresponding circuit protection.
This is decided by the individual's perception as regards to flexibility, functionality and economy.

72. Load center, panel boards or switchgears
Ideally, load centers and panel boards should be located on the center of the loads to be served to save on wire runs and to
minimize line voltage drops.
electrical engineer should, however, strive to locate the panel boards at point where the farthest load to be served is within 30
meters.
In general panel boards and switchgear are used as control protection points for groups of feeder or branch circuits serving the
electrical loads in building area, usually a floor or a section of the floor.
A switchboard & switchgear, on the other hand are free standing assemblies of switches, fuses and circuit breakers, which serve as
locations for larger overcurrent devices, or as main distribution panels for an entire building. Switchboards are physically larger
than panel boards, due to the size of the overcurrent devices involved, and are design to provide the necessary space for
installation of larger cables

73. SUGGESTED STEPS in BUILDING WIRING DESIGN
Prepare an electrical load estimate based on areas of the building and other pertinent data; for office buildings, the P.E.C. has
information on the estimated general illumination load, some other books can furnish data for other loads.
An estimated load of 0.1 kilowatt per square meter of habitable area may be used to counter check the estimated load.
Consult the local company as regards the point of service entrance, service voltage, metering equipment and other requirements
for power connections; the same should be done for the telephone system.
Determine from other designers the exact electrical rating of all equipment, viz.
HVAC, plumbing elevators and escalators, kitchenand others; the electrical designer may be asked for comparative characteristics
of these equipment as regards the electrical supply.

74. INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
NETWORK

75. MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME (MDF)
Distribution cables of Suitable sizes are taken from a main
distribution frame (MDF) in the base to the various floors.
Provide one or more vertical ducts which raised from the
basement to the top of the building.
Signal distribution frame to interconnect and manage
telecommunication wiring.
Connects equipment to cables and subscriber carrier.
Cable supplies services lines end up at MDF.
Line distributed to equipment within local exchanges such
as Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX).
Each vertical dark should be located centrally with respect
to the distribution area.
A limit to the number of cables which can be taken from
any one Horizontal doctor from a ride to the telephone
instruments.
Number of risers and their sitting should be such that no
telephone outlet needs more than 328 m of cable to
connect it to a riser.

76. MAIN TELECOM ROOM
(MTR)
Consist cable trays or riser which
transmit the services.
To show internet connection
connect from the lowest to
highest floor (riser).
DISTRIBUTED NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE (DNA)
Arrangement of network
computers.
Several processors on scattered
machines, but working
independently and jointly.
Powerful analytical tools allow
prediction of system response to
operator actions & event via use
of real time and achieved data.
Local Area Network (LAN).
CENTRALIZED
NETWORK
Offer access service to
stations(user) by
distributing functions
among AC and multiple
TPs.
Centralized all network
equipment in single
location instead of
distributing among
floors.
LAN housed together,
CNA reduces the time &
cost of tasks.
Provides fewer points of
failure & less space
utilized in
telecommunications
closets.

77. SHARING OF RISERS AND OTHER
SERVICES
The telephone cable may be installed in a riser Used
for other services.
The cable are segregated from the electrical means.
Partition is giving Full segregation or preferred to
separating by distance only.
Access to each riser will be necessary on each floor
and should be available from a corridor or other
common spaces.
SIZE OF SHAFTS
The minimum internal dimension of the vertical ducts or
riser should be 150 MM.
For larger building the dimensions will have to be increased
to 600 MM into 20 25MM because of the larger cables.
An aperture Of 150 MM into 70 5MM is required to take the
cables through a horizontal dark in the structural floors.
AIRFLOW MANAGEMENT,
ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION AND
VENTILATION
The heat generated by systems such as
servers and cables causes issues like airflow
management.
Recommended to develop data centre heat
maps using ventilation requirements and
equipment power consumption.
Leads to an optimal layout for efficient space
uses, electrical distribution and ventilation.

78. TYPES OF CABLES
1. Twisted Cable: Two conductors of a single circuit are twisted
together for the purpose of cancelling out electromagnetic
interference (EMI) from external sources.
Advantages:
Lower signal attenuation loss as compared to the twisted and
coaxial cable.
Immune to electrical noise, electromagnetic interference and
radio frequency interference.
Less restrictive in harsh environments.
Disadvantages:
Components are expensive.
The lack of standardization in the industry has also limited the
acceptance of fibre optics.
2.Optical Fiber Cable: Consist a bundle of
glass threads, transmitting messages
modulated onto light waves.
Advantages
The components are cheaper relative to their
availability.
Perfect to be use in small local area network
with limited number of users.
Disadvantages:
Very susceptible to signal distortion errors
and the relatively low transmission rates they
provide over a long distance.

79. 3.Coaxial Cable :An inner conductor surrounded by a
turbular insulating layer which is surrounded by a
tubular conducting shield.
Advantages:
Sufficient frequency range.
Allows lower error rates, because of the inner
conductor which is located in a Faraday shield .
The greater spacing between amplifiers coax's
cable shielding reduces noise and crosstalk.
Disadvantages:
More expensive to install compare to twisted pair
cable.
Thicker cable = more difficult to work with.
STRUCTURED CABLING
SYSTEMS
Cabling & associated with hardware.
Comprehensive telecommunications
infrastructures.
Wide range for electronic devices.
Provides telephone line or transmit
data through computer network.
NEGLIGENCE OF
MAINTENANCE
Owners often neglect the maintenance
and repairs of the system. Safety rules
are also not followed.
This causes the system to malfunction
and cause damages.
One example of safety precautions:
proper trunking should be provided for
SPACE SHORTAGE
Limited space in telecommunication
room will cause cable transmission
problems and impact cable
performance.
The room is packed with cables,
telecommunication equipment and
other modern equipment.
The space is getting more cramped
and this causes uncomfortable
working conditions for the workers.

80. METER ROOM
A High Rise building is defined as a building larger
than three stories.
Meter rooms located inside shall be approved by
NES Meter Department during the design phase, or
be located outside.
Meter rooms located inside shall not be any closer
than one per three floors.
All residential meter centers shall be modular
grouped installations with individual breakers, and
on the approved meter base
list(http://www.nespower.com/guidelines.html).
Such equipment shall be referred NES Meter
Department prior to making commitments for the
purchase and installations of such equipment.
All meter locations shall be subject to NES Meter
Department.
Meter Base Sockets may be located inside an
electrical equipment room that shall be used solely
for power equipment. No Communications or like
equipment shall be in Meter Room.

81. Meter rooms shall have a 4” Hilti “Speed Sleeve” or an
equivalent sleeving product with a 4hr fire stop cloth
centered in front of the 36” plywood board.
Any floor that the radiating coax will pass through that does
not have a meter room, the coax shall have a continuous
piece of 4” schedule 40 PVC conduit.
All conduits shall not have more than 360 degrees of
cumulative turn for one vertical stack of meter rooms. The
only openings allowed in conduit are in electrical meter
room. (No pulling points in conduit)

82. Conduit shall continue to the roof into an NES approved CT
cabinet (32” x 32” x 15”) on the roof. Customer shall
provide a dedicated 20 amp circuit outlet in CT cabinet.
From the CT cabinet the customer shall provide a 2”
conduit to a structure 36” taller than any other structure
on the roof. Conduit shall also continue to lowest floor
electric meter room.
If lowest floor meter room is at or below grade, meter
room shall have an NES approved CT cabinet installed with
a 2”conduit that runs to the exterior of the building.
The point at which it exits the building must be between 8’
and 10’ with an 8” x 8” x 6” 3R Nema rated enclosure.
Before any bus duct is energized all meter sockets shall be
covered, sealed, and tagged with a transparent plastic
cover plate provided by the customer, or all main
disconnects will be locked out with NES company lock.