ANATOMY OF JOINTS

1. ANATOMY OF JOINTS
MBBS 1st yr
Dr. SK SAH
Associate. Prof.
25/09/2022
DEPT. OF ANATOMY
NMCTH, BRT

2. JOINT(ARTHRON)
• Junction where 2 or more bone or cartilage meets.
• A device to permit movement.
• Joints are the weakest part of a skeleton.
• Is usually considered movable but its not always true.
• There are more no. of joints in child than in adults.

3. JOINTS
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL REGIONAL NO. OF ARTICULATING BONE
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Synarthrosis
Diarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Skull type
Vertebral type
Limb type
Compound
Complex
Simple

4. CLASSIFICATION
A) STRUCTURAL: determined by how the bones are connected to
each other.
1)FIBROUS JOINTS– Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
2)CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS—
Primary Cartilaginous Jt.(Synchondrosis)
Secondary Cartilaginous Jt.(Symphysis)
3)SYNOVIAL JOINTS--

5. B) FUNCTIONAL: is determined by the degree of movement
between the articulating bones.
(1)Synarthrosis— little or no mobility.
-- Fibrous joints.
(2)Amphiarthrosis— Slight mobility.
--Cartilaginous joints.
(3)Diarthrosis— permits a variety of movement.
--All synovial joints.

6. REGIONAL BASIS
1) SKULL TYPE:- Immovable.
2) VERTEBRAL TYPE:- Slightly movable.
3) LIMB TYPE:- Freely movable.

7. ACCORDING TO NO. OF ARTICULATING BONES:
1)SIMPLE JOINT:- 2 bones articulate.
Eg; Interphalangeal joint.
2)COMPOUND JOINT:- More than two bones articulate
within one articular surface.
Eg; Elbow joint, Wrist joint.
3)COMPLEX JOINT:- When joint cavity is divided by an intra-
articular disc.
Eg; Temporomandibular Joint,
Acromioclavicular Joint,
Sternoclavicular Joint.

9. TMJ
ELBOW JT.

10. 10
FIBROUS JOINT
Sutures:
i) Plane
ii) Serrate
iii) Denticulate
iv) Squamous
v) Schindylesis

11. 11
TYPES OF SUTURES

12. SYNDESMOSIS

13. GOMPHOSIS
• Ligament holds them in
bony socket.
• Immovable joints.

14. CARTILAGINOUS JOINT
• Bones are united by cartilage.
1) PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS JT.(SYNCHONDROSIS):
• Bones are united by a plate of hyaline cartilage.
• Temporary, immovable and strong.
• After some age it gets converted into bone, called
SYNOSTOSIS.
• Eg;
Joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones,
1st Chondrosternal joint,
Costochondral joint.

15. PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS JT

16. 2) SECONDARY CARTILAGINOUS JT.(SYMPHYSIS):
• Articular surface are covered by hyaline cartilage but united
by a pad of fibrocartilage.
• Are permanent and persist throughout life.
• Due to the presence of compressive pad of fibrocartilage it
permits a slight degree of movement only.
• Typically it occurs in median plane of the body.
• Eg;
Symphysis pubis,
Manubriosternal joint,
IV disc between the vertebrae.

17. SECONDARY CARTILAGINOUS JT

18. SYNOVIAL JOINT
• Those joints in which the articulating bones are separated by
a fluid containing joint cavity.
• Are freely movable,also called DIARTHROSIS.
• Eg;
All the limb joints ,
Most joints of the body.

19. ANATOMY OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
• Characterised by:-
--Articular cartilage
--Joint(Synovial) cavity
--Articular capsule
--Synovial fluid
--Ligaments.

20. SYNOVIAL JOINT:FRICTION REDUCING STRUCTURES

21. STABILITY OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
• Stability of Synovial joint is determined by;
--Articular surfaces
--Ligaments
--Muscle tone(most important stabilizer)
--Tendons that are kept tight at all times by muscle tone.

22. TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
1. Plane joint
2. Hinge joint
3. Pivot joint
4. Condylar/Bicondylar
joint
5. Ellipsoidal joint
6. Saddle/Sellar joint
7. Ball and socket joint

23. 1. PLANE JOINT
• Articular surface more or less flat.
• Permit gliding movement.
• Eg;
Acromioclavicular jt,
Intervertebral jt,
Intercarpal jt,
Intertarsal jt,
Intermetacarpal jt,
Intermetatarsal jt,
Sacroilliac jt,
Costovertebral jt,
Costotranseverse jt,etc

24. 2. HINGE JOINT
• Articular surface is Pulley-
shaped.
• Convex surface of one bone fits
in concave surface of 2nd bone.
• Movements permitted in one
plane around transverse axis.
• Movement; Flexion and
Extension.
• Eg;
Elbow joint,
Ankle joint,
Interphalangeal jt.

25. 3. PIVOT JOINT(TROCHOID JT)
• Rounded surface of one bone
articulate with the ring formed
by 2nd bone and ligament.
• Allows rotation around a
vertical axis.
• Eg;
Sup. and Inf. radio-Ulnar jt.,
Atlanto-axial jt. (turning head
side to side=no).

26. 4. CONDYLAR/BICONDYLAR JOINT
• Articular surface include two
distinct condyles.
• Convex male surface fits into
concave female surface.
• These jts permit movement
mainly in one plane around a
transverse axis.,but partially
rotation around vertical axis.
• Eg;
Knee joint,
Temperomandibular joint.

27. 5. ELLIPSOIDAL JOINT
• Articular surface include an oval convex
surface fitting into an elliptical concave
female surface.
• Free movement permitted in both axes;
flexion,extension in transeverse axis and
abduction, adduction in antero-posterior
axis.
combination of movement produces
circumduction.
• Eg;
Wrist jt,
Atlanto-occipital jt,
Metacarpophalangeal jt.

28. 6. SADDLE/SELLAR JOINT
• One bone saddle shaped, other bone fits like a
person riding on a saddle.
• Multiaxial:
--Circumduction allows the tip of thumb to
travel in a circle.
--Opposition allows the thumb to touch tip of
other finger.
Eg;
1st carpo-metacarpal jt.,
Sternoclavicular jt.
Incudo-malleolar jt.,
Jt between Femur and Patella.

29. 7. BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
• Ball fitting into a cup-shaped depression.
• Multiaxial:
--Flexion/Extension
--Adduction/Abduction
--Rotation
--Circumduction
• Eg;
Hip joint,
Shoulder joint,
Incudostapdial joint,etc.

30. BLOOD AND NERVE SUPPLY
• Supplied by the articular and epiphysial branches given off by
the neighbouring arteries.
• The nerve supply of a synovial joint is derived from the
muscles which act on the joint ,best expressed by Hilton’s law.
• States that “a motor nerve to the muscle acting on joint
tends to give a branch to that joint and another branch to
the skin covering the joint”.

31. APPLIED ANATOMY
• Arthropathy
• Dislocation of joint
• Subluxation
• Sprain
• Bursitis
• Tendonitis
• Osteoarthritis
• Gouty arthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis

32. BURSITIS/OSTEOARTHRITIS

33. GOUTY ARTHRITIS

34. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

36. Arthroscopy (Examination of joint)

37. Arthroplasty
Hip Replacement

38. Hip Prosthesis

40. THANK YOU