This ppt contains all the information about Concepts and levels of prevention. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
1. Concept & Levels of
Prevention
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
Assistant Professor
Department of Swasthavritta &Yoga
2. The goals of medicine are
To promote health
To preserve health
To restore health
when it is impaired and to minimize suffering
and distress.
• These goals are embodied in the word
"prevention”.
2
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
3. Prevention
Definition - Actions aimed at eradicating,
eliminating or minimizing the impact of
disease and disability, or if none of these are
feasible, retarding the progress of the disease
and disability.
3
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
4. Determinants of Prevention
Successful prevention depends upon:
Knowledge of causation.
Dynamics of transmission.
Identification of risk factors and risk groups.
Availability of prophylactic or early detection
and treatment measures.
An organization for applying these measures
to appropriate persons or groups.
Continuous evaluation of and development of
procedures applied.
4
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
5. Levels of Prevention
Primordial prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
5
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
7. 1. Primordial prevention
Special attention in prevention of chronic diseases.
Prevention of the emergence or development of
risk factors in countries or population groups in
which they have not yet appeared.
Ex. Many adult health problems (obesity,
hypertension) have their early origin in childhood,
because this is the time when lifestyles are formed
For ex. Smoking, eating patterns, physical
experience
7
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
8. In primordial prevention, efforts are
directed towards discouraging children
from adopting harmful lifestyles.
The main intervention in primordial
prevention is through individual and
mass education.
8
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
10. 2. Primary prevention
Primary prevention can be defined as,
the
, which removes the possibility
that the disease will ever occur.
It signifies intervention in the
or
health problem.(ex. LBW)
10
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
2. Primary prevention
11. • It includes the concept of ",
a concept that encourages achievement
and maintenance of "an acceptable level of
health that will enable every individual to
lead a socially and economically productive
life".
• Primary prevention may be accomplished
by measures designed to
.
(Health promotion and specific protection)
11
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
12. Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar 12
Primary prevention
Specific protection
Health promotion
Achieved by
Health education
Environmental
modifications
Nutritional interventions
Life style and
behavioral changes
Immunization
chemoprophylaxis
Use of specific nutrients
Protection against occupational hazards
Safety of drugs and foods
Control of environmental hazards,
13. Approaches for Primary Prevention
The WHO has recommended the
following approaches for the primary
prevention of chronic diseases where the
risk factors are established:
a. Population (mass) strategy
b. High -risk strategy
13
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
14. a. Population (mass) strategy
“Population strategy" is directed at the
whole population irrespective of individual
risk levels.
For example, studies have shown that even
a small reduction in the average blood
pressure or serum cholesterol of a
population would produce a large reduction
in the incidence of cardiovascular disease.
The population approach is directed
towards socio-economic, behavioral and
lifestyle changes
14
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
15. b. High risk strategy
• The high -risk strategy aims to bring
preventive care to individuals at special
risk.
• This requires detection of individuals at
high risk by the optimum use of clinical
methods.
15
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
17. Secondary Prevention
It is defined as “ action which halts the
progress of a disease at its incipient
stage and prevents complications.”
The specific interventions are:
a. Early diagnosis (e.g. screening tests,
and case finding program)
b. Adequate treatment.
17
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
3. Secondary prevention
18. Secondary prevention attempts to –
Arrest the disease process
Restore health by seeking out unrecognized
disease and
Treating it before irreversible pathological
changes take place
Reverse communicability of infectious
diseases.
18
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
19. It thus protects others from in the community
from acquiring the infection.
Thus provide at once -
a. Secondary prevention for the infected ones.
b. Primary prevention for their potential
contacts.
Secondary prevention is largely the domain of
clinical medicine.
The health programmes initiated by
government are usually at the level of
secondary prevention.
19
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
20. Drawbacks of secondary prevention
1. Patient has already been subject to mental
anguish, physical pain.
2. Community to loss of productivity
Imperfect tool in the control of transmission
of disease
More expensive and less effective than
primary prevention.
20
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
22. Tertiary prevention
It is used when the disease process has advanced
beyond its early stages.
Intervention in late pathogenesis phase.
It is defined as, “all the measures available -
to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities,
minimize suffering caused by existing departures
from good health
to promote the patients’ adjustment to
irremediable conditions.”
22
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
4.Tertiary prevention
23. • Intervention that should be accomplished in
the stage of tertiary prevention are disability
limitation and rehabilitation
23
Dr. Shubhangi Kshirsagar
