1. 1910
Albrecht Kossel
1853-1927
(Germany)
Contribution:
Recognition of the
contributions to our
knowledge of cell
chemistry made
through his work on
proteins, including the
nucleic substances.
1933
Thomas Hunt Morgan
1866-1945
(United States)
Contribution:
Discoveries concerning
the role played by the
chromosome in
heredity
1958
George Wells Beadle
1903-1989
(United States)
Edward Lawrie Tatum
(USA)
1919-1975
Contribution:
Discovery that genes
act by regulating
definite chemical
events.
Joshua Lederberg
1925-2008
(United States)
Contribution:
Discoveries
concerning genetic
recombination and
the organization of
the genetic material
of bacteria.
1962
James Dewey Watson
1928-present
(United States)
Francis Harry Compton
Crick
1916-2004
(United Kingdom)
Maurice Hugh Frederick
Wilkins
1916-2004
(New Zealand,
United Kingdom)
Contribution:
Discoveries concerning
the molecular
structure of nucleic
acids and its
significance for
information transfer in
living material.
1965
François Jacob
1920-2013
(France)
André Lwoff
1902-1994
(France)
Jacques Monod
1910-1976
(France)
Contribution:
Discoveries concerning
genetic control of
enzyme and virus
synthesis.
1968
Robert W. Holley
1922-1993
(United States)
Har Gobind Khorana
1922-2011
(India)
Marshall Warren
Nirenberg
1927-2010
(United States)
Contribution:
Interpretation of the
genetic code and its
function in protein
synthesis
1969
Max Delbrück
1906-1981
(United States)
Alfred D. Hershey
1908-1997
(United States)
Salvador E. Luria
1912-1991
(United States)
Contribution:
Discoveries concerning
the replication
mechanism and the
genetic structure of
viruses.
1975
David Baltimore
1938-present
(United States)
Renato Dulbecco
1914-2012
(United States)
Howard Martin Temin
1934-1994
(United States)
Contribution:
Discoveries concerning
the interaction
between tumor viruses
and the genetic
material of the cell.
1978
Werner Arber
1929-present
(Switzerland)
Daniel Nathans
1928-1999
(United States)
Hamilton O. Smith
1931-present
(United States)
Contribution:
Discovery of
restriction enzymes
and their application
to problems of
molecular genetics.

2. 1980
Baruj Benacerraf
1920-2011
(Venezuela)
Jean Dausset
1916-2009
(France)
George D. Snell
1903-1996
(United States)
Contribution:
Discoveries concerning
genetically determined
structures on the cell
surface that regulate
immunological
reactions.
1983
Barbara McClintock
1902-1992
(United States)
Contribution:
Discovery of mobile
genetic elements.
1987
Susumu Tonegawa
1939-present
(Japan)
Contribution:
Discovery of the
genetic principle for
generation of antibody
diversity.
1989
J. Michael Bishop
1936-present
(United States)
Harold E. Varmus
1939-present
(United States)
Contribution:
Discovery of the
cellular origin of
retroviral oncogenes.
1993
Sir Richard J. Roberts
1943-present
(United Kingdom)
Phillip A. Sharp
1944-present
(United States)
Contribution:
Discoveries of split
genes.
1995
Edward B. Lewis
1918-2004
(United States)
Christiane Nüsslein-
Volhard
1942-present
(Federal Republic of
Germany)
Eric F. Wieschaus
1947-present
(United States)
Contribution:
Discoveries concerning
the genetic control of
early embryonic
development.
2001
Leland H. Hartwell
1939-present
(United States)
Sir Tim Hunt
1943-present
(United Kingdom)
Sir Paul M. Nurse
1949-present
(United Kingdom)
Contribution:
Discoveries of key
regulators of the cell
cycle.
2002
Sydney Brenner
1927-present
(South Africa)
H. Robert Horvitz
1947-present
(United States)
Sir John E. Sulston
1942-present
(United Kingdom)
Contribution:
Discoveries concerning
genetic regulation of
organ development
and programmed cell
death.
2006
Andrew Z. Fire
1959-present
(United States)
Craig C. Mello
1960-present
(United States)
Contribution:
Discovery of RNA
interference - gene
silencing by double-stranded
RNA.

3. 2007
Mario R. Capecchi
1937-present
(United States)
Sir Martin J. Evans
1941-present
(United Kingdom)
Oliver Smithies
1925-present
(United States)
Contribution:
Discoveries of
principles for
introducing specific
gene modifications in
mice by the use of
embryonic stem cells.
2009
Elizabeth H. Blackburn
1948-present
(United States,
Australia)
Carol W. Greider
1961-present
(United States)
Jack W. Szostak
1952-present
(United States;
Poland)
Contribution:
How
chromosomes are
protected by telomeres
and the enzyme
telomerase.