2. Projective hypothesis
DEFINITION: In a projective test, an
individual “supplies structure to
unstructured stimuli in a manner
consistent with the individual’s own
unique pattern of conscious and
unconscious needs, fears, desires,
impulses, conflicts, and ways of
perceiving and responding.”
3. Concerns About Projectives
Assumptions:
The more unstructured
the stimuli, the more
examinees reveal about
their personality.
Projection is greater to
stimulus material that is
similar to the examinee.
Every response provides
meaning for personality
analysis.
There is an
“unconscious.”
Subjects are unaware of
what they disclose.
Situational variables:
Age of examiner.
Specific instructions.
Subtle reinforcement
cues.
Setting - privacy.
4. Inkblots as projective stimuli
The Rorschach:
Hermann Rorschach (1884 - 1922).
10 bilaterally symmetrical inkblots on
separate cards:
5 black and white.
2 black, white, and red.
3 multicolor.
5. Inkblots: Initial administration
“What might this be?”
Record response verbatim:
Include time until first response.
Position of card, spontaneous statements,
nonverbal gestures or body movements.
No discussion of examinee’s responses.
6. Inkblots: “The inquiry”
“What made it look like _____?” or “How
do you see ____?”
Clarify initial responses and determine
which aspects of inkblot were most
influential.
Determine if examinee remembers
initial responses and if original response
is still seen.
Ask about “any new perceptions?”
7. Inkblots: “Testing the limits”
Ask specific questions to get additional
information about personality
functioning.
Identify confusion/misunderstanding
about the task.
Determine if examinee is able to do
better with more testing structure.
8. Inkblots:
Scoring Categories
Location:
Part of inkblot utilized:
Entire blot, large or small
section, minute detail, white
space.
Determinants:
Qualities of the inkblot:
Form, color, shading,
movement.
Popularity of response
Frequency of response.
Content:
Human figures,
animal figures, blood
etc.
Form:
How accurately
examinee’s
perception matches
the corresponding
part of the inkblot.
9. Inkblots:
Interpretation of scores
Generate hypotheses based on
patterns of response, recurrent
themes and interrelationships among
scoring categories:
Whole responses - conceptual thought
processes.
Form - reality testing.
Human movement - imagination.
Color - emotional reactivity.
10. Inkblots:
Psychometric Properties
Split-half and test-retest methods are
not feasible.
Inter-scorer reliability (with respect to
categories) is acceptable.
Inter-scorer reliability (with respect to
interpretation) is not always acceptable.
Convergent validity of .41:
WAIS - .62
MMPI - .46
11. The Rorschach Ink Blot:
Still widely used clinical instrument:
Most frequently used projective test;
Most frequently taught projective technique
in counseling psychology programs and
practicum sites.
Extensively used as a research
instrument:
Thousands of references in the Mental
Measurements Yearbook.
12. Exner’s system for the
Rorschach
Comprised of best
features of 5
different systems.
Coding categories:
Location.
Determinants.
Form quality.
Content.
Popularity.
Coding categories
(cont.):
Organizational
activity.
Special scores.
Indexes derived:
Obsessive style.
Depression.
Coping deficit.
Schizophrenia.
13. Pictures as Projective Stimuli
First used in 1907:
Differences reported
in responses of boys
and girls to 9
pictures.
Variety of pictures
utilized:
Paintings, drawings,
etchings, or photos
of animals, people,
objects or anything.
14. Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT)
Morgan and Murray (1935).
Elicit fantasy material from patients in
psychoanalysis.
31 cards:
30 black & white with scenes:
Describe story.
1 blank:
Imagine picture on card and tell related story.
15. TAT: Administration
A set of 20 cards is recommended, but
the number may vary based on length
of stories:
Some cards are suggested for use with
adult males, adult females, or both.
Some cards are best used with children;
however, all cards may be administered
to any subject.
16. TAT: Conclusions
Based on:
Stories told by examinee.
Clinician’s notes:
Examinee’s response to the cards.
Extra-test behavior and verbalizations.
Analysis of story requires special
training.
17. TAT: Interpretation
Murray’s concepts:
Need - determinants of behavior arising
from within the individual.
Press - determinants of behavior arising
from within the environment.
Thema - interaction between need and
press.
18. TAT Interpretation (cont.)
Basic assumption:
Examinee is identifying with protagonist in
the story.
Examinee’s concerns, hopes, fears, and
desires are reflected in the protagonist’s
needs, demands, and conflicts.
That is, the examinee’s personality is
projected onto the protagonist.
19. TAT Psychometric properties
Reliability:
Split-half, test-retest,
and alternate-form
reliability measures are
not appropriate.
Inter-rater reliability is
acceptable.
Situational factors:
Examiner.
Events just prior to
administration.
Delivery of instructions.
Transient internal needs
states.
Stimulus pull.
Desire to fake good or
bad.
Validity:
Conflicting opinions
regarding the validity of
the assumptions and the
interpretations.
20. Variations of the TAT
Thompson TAT
1949:
Use with African
Americans.
CAT 1949 (3-10):
Pictures of animals.
CAT - H:
Humans instead of
animals.
Blacky Pictures Test
1950:
Used Blacky the dog
and his family and
friends.
25. Other Picture-Story Tests
The Picture Story Test 1949:
Used with adolescents.
Education Apperception Test and
School Appreciation Test:
Measure kids’ attitudes toward school and
learning.
TEMAS:
Hispanic characters and urban settings.
26. Other picture-story tests (cont.)
Make A Picture Story Method 1952:
Arrange pictures of figures on pictorial
backgrounds.
The Apperception Personality Test
1990:
8 stimulus cards with recognizable people
in everyday settings; more upbeat than
TAT.
Multiple choice questions fill in the gap.
27. Words as Projective Stimuli
Semi-structured technique:
Use of open-ended words, phrases and
sentences provides a framework within
which the examinee must operate.
Word association and sentence
completion tests:
2 best-known examples.
28. Early Influences:
Word Projection
Galton 1879:
Present series of words and respond with first
word that comes to mind.
Jung 1910:
Key words representing possible areas of
conflict.
Kent-Rosanoff Free Association Test
1910:
Attempt to standardize responses to specific
words.
29. Word Association Test
Rapaport, Gill and Schafer (1946):
3 part test consisting of 60 words.
Basis of evaluation:
Popularity.
Response time.
Content.
Test-retest response.
30. Sentence Completion Tests
Complete the following:
“I like to _____________.”
Stems may be general or specific
depending on the setting.
Obtain information about interests, goals,
fears, conflicts, needs, etc.
High degree of face validity:
Most vulnerable projective test to faking.
31. Rotter Incomplete Sentences
Blank (1950)
Most popular.
40 incomplete sentences .
3 levels:
high school, college and adult.
Estimates of inter-scorer reliability (with
respect to scoring categories) are in the
.90s.
32. Projective:
Figure Drawings
Quick and easy administration:
Individually or in a group.
Non-clinicians can administer.
Pencil and paper only.
Used to obtain information about
intelligence, neurological intactness, visual-
motor coordination, cognitive development,
and learning disabilities.
Questionable use.
34. Machover’s
Draw-A-Person Test Evaluation
Criteria
Placement of the figure:
right - future; left - past; upper right - suppress
past and optimism; lower left - depression.
Facial expressions:
large eyes or ears - suspiciousness; paranoid.
Light pencil pressure:
character disturbance.
Figure size, line quality, symmetry etc.
35. Other Figure Drawings
House Tree Person
(HTP)
Buck 1948.
Kinetic Family Drawing
(KFD):
Burns & Kaufman (1970).
Picture of everyone in
family doing something.
No widely accepted
scoring system.