Textile industries and wastes produced from such industries.

2. INTRODUCTION
Textile wastewater includes a large variety of dyes and
chemical additions that make the environmental challenge
for textile industry not only as liquid waste but also in its
chemical composition.
Main pollution in textile wastewater come from dyeing and
finishing processes.
These processes require the input of a wide range of
chemicals and dyestuffs, which generally are organic
compounds of complex structure.

3. Because all of them are not contained in the final product,
became waste and caused disposal problems.
Water is used as the principal medium to apply dyes and
various chemicals for finishes.
Major pollutants in textile wastewaters are high suspended
solids, chemical oxygen demand, heat, colour, acidity, and
other soluble substances.
Substances which need to be removed from textile
wastewater are mainly COD, BOD, nitrogen, heavy metals
and dyestuffs.

4. COTTON TEXTILE WASTES
 An integrated cotton textile mill produces its own yarn from the
raw cotton.
 This process includes opening &
cleaning,picking,carding,drawing,spinning,winding,and
warping.
 All these are Dry operation and as such as do not contribute to
the liquid waste from the mill.
 Different type of waste generated are
Appearance,Ph,Color,Heavy Metal, Suspended Solid, Total
Dissolved Solid, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),Bio
Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD),Oil & Grease, Surfactant.

5.  The entire liquid waste from the textile mills comes from
the following operation of
i. Sizing(caboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA))
ii. Desizing(mineral acid)
iii. Scouring(Caustic soda, soda ash, detergent )
iv. Bleaching(sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or hydrogen
peroxide (H202))
v. Mercerizing (caustic soda solution)
vi. Dyeing (vat dyes, developing dyes,naphthol dyes, sulfur
dyes, basic dye, direct dyes etc.)
vii. Finishing (starches,dextrines,natural and synthetic waxes,
synthetic resins)

6. NATURE OF WASTE GENERATED AT EACH
PROCESS

7. WOOLLEN MILL WASTES
• Woolen fibre, unlike cotton is a fibre of animal origin. Wool
contains considerable quantities of dirt, grass , etc.
• Contain 30% fibre and 70% foreign matter.
• In extreme cases, raw wool may contain as little as 30%
fiber, 70% foreign matter, of which 45% is grease.
• Wooling waste originated from scouring, carbonizing,
bleaching, dyeing,oiling,fulling and finishing operations.

8. • Scouring: Wool grease and foreign matters are removed by
Scouring with wool in hot alkali, soap and soda ash.
• Carbonization: It is a process in which hot concentrated
Sulphuric acid is used to convert the vegetable matter in the
wool into loose, charred particles, followed by mechanical
dusting of the same.
• Dyeing: Hot dye solutions are circulated through the wool
packed in a metal container. Waste water generated by
dyeing is highly colored and contains many toxic
substances.

9. •Oiling: Usually olive oil or barg-oil-mineral-oil mixture is
mixed with water and sprayed on the wool to increases
cohesion of the fibers and aids in spinning operation.
•Fulling: The loosely woven wool from the loom is shrunk
into tight, closely woven cloth. To aid this process, chemicals
like soda ash, soap etc are uesd.Excess fulling chemicals, all
of the oil etc are washed out of the fabric in a finishing
process.
•Finishing: Waste from a dyeing and finishing process are
contributed by the spent liquors and by subsequent washing of
wool after bleaching, dyeing, and finishing.

11. EFFECTS OF MILL WASTES
 The crude waste if discharged into streams causes rapid
depletion of the dissolved oxygen of the streams.
 The alkalinity and the toxic substance like sulphides and
chromium affect the aquatic life and also interfere with the
biological treatments.
 The colour often renders the water unfit for use for some
industrial purposes.
 The presence of sulphides makes the waste corrosive
particularly to concrete structures.

12. WASTE WATER TREATMENTS
Preliminary
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
TERTIARY

13. PRELIMINARY TREATMENT: It involves removal of
large solids such as rags, sticks, grit and grease that may result
in damage to equipment or operational problems (Physical
treatment).
PRIMARY TREATMENT: It involves removal of floating
and settable materials, i.e. suspended solids and organic matter
(Physical and Chemical).
SECONDARY TREATMENT: It involves removal of
biodegradable organic matter and suspended solids (Biological
and Chemically).
TERTIARY TREATMENT: It involves removal of residual
suspended solids / dissolved solids (Physical, Chemical and
Biological).

15. CONCLUSION
•It has become utterly necessary to reduce the pollutants
emitted by the textile industry.
•Contamination of the air, water, and land by textile industries
and its raw material manufacturing units has become a serious
threat to the environment.
•It has endangered the life of human beings and various other
species on Earth. Global warming is a direct result of the
pollutants released by such industries.
•It also causes harmful diseases and health issues in people
getting exposed to the pollutants in the long run.

16. •The use of organic raw material can help in fighting the
emission of pollutants by the textile units.
•Organic cotton is especially beneficial as the production of
cotton asks for the maximum amount of pesticides and
fertilizers.
•Besides, the waste generated from textile manufacturing
plants should be processed in a manner that it is free from
toxic chemicals before it is disposed.

17. THANK -YOU