2. Questions about English, and
about language?
What is language?
– Can only humans use language?
What kind of language is English?
Where does English come from?
What makes English a global language?
2
3. Essay assignment
One week to write your essay
It is related to the lesson today
But you will do your own research
Choice of two topics
This PowerPoint is available online
3
4. 4
Bee dancing
Honey bees perform a sort of dance when they
return to the hive, after finding food, which
shows
– the direction relative to the sun
– the distance
– perhaps, the quality of the food source
Is it a kind of language?
5. 5
Other animals
Talking to horses and dogs (anyone?)
Training chimpanzees
– Gua: “understood 100 words”
– Viki: could say mama, papa, etc
– Washoe: used sign language, made sentences
Any other examples?
Are the animals really using language?
6. 6
Do these count as language? Rank
0 to 10, in your opinion
A person talking (rank 10)
A dead fish with its mouth open (rank 0)
Now rank these
– A person talking on the radio
– A parrot talking
– A dog wagging its tail
– Bees dancing
– A computer voice on the telephone
– Sign language used by deaf people
– Sign language used by hearing people
– Body language (for example, folding your arms)
– Sneezing
– Wearing odd socks (for example: one black, one green)
7. Choose one
Bee dancing
Training chimpanzees to speak
Dolphin communication
Give a 3 minute presentation
First, watch:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_1FY5
kL_zXU
7
8. 8
A selection of Hockett’s design features for
language (1959)
1. Discreteness
– set of items that can be combined to communicate new ideas
– (items = sounds, words, tones…)
2. Grammar
– the way the discrete items can be combined
3. Displacement
– linguistic messages may refer to things remote in time and space,
or both, from the site of the communication
4. Productivity
– users can create and understand completely novel messages
9. 9
More design features (he actually described
15 altogether – can you guess 5, 8 and 9?)
5. Rapid Fading
– message does not linger in time or space after production
6. Interchangeability
– individuals who use a language can both send and receive any
permissible message within that communication system
7. Feedback
– users of a language can perceive what they are transmitting and
can make corrections if they make errors
8. Arbitrariness
– there is no logical connection between the form of the signal and
its meaning
9. Prevarication
– linguistic messages can be false, deceptive, or meaningless
10. Language families
Are English and Russian related?
Russian and Hindi?
English and Chinese?
10
13. The creation of English
The Germanic invaders (Angles, Saxons,
Jutes) arrived from 450 AD
– drove the Celtic ‘Britons’ out of England
– west to Wales
– and north to Scotland
Their dialects were called Englisc
English is a Germanic language
– related to Dutch, German, Swedish, Icelandic,
Danish
14. The creation of English
The Anglo-Saxon invasions (~450AD) (Source: BBC
[bbc.co.uk])
16. William the Conqueror
In 1066 the French invaded England
Norman French became official language
New French/Latin vocabulary in English
– perspire (cf. sweat); cuisine (cf. cooking)
17. Origins of English words
Loan words
– Kung fu
– Jihad
– Dacha
– Glasnost
– …
But two main sources
Germanic
– From old languages of Northern Europe
Graeco-Latin
– From Greek or Latin or both
Wikipedia: English language
18. Graeco-Latin vs Germanic
words
Graeco-Latin words are often
– Specialist
– Technical
– Scientific
– Academic
– Learned
– Posh
– Longer
Germanic words are often
– ordinary
– shorter
19. Quiz: which words are
Germanic?
discover
intelligent
deep
foretell
altitude
help
leave
error
wage
pork
find
clever
profound
predict
height
assist
depart
mistake
salary
pig
20. Russian words in English
20
balaclava
samovar
sable
cosmonaut mammoth
vodka
blini
Are there
any
English
words in
Russian?
21. Is English a global language?
English is an official language in more than
70 countries
Language of
– air traffic control
– science and technology
– business and diplomacy
used by large numbers of
non-native speakers
– as a lingua franca
22. How many people speak English?
Approximately 350 million+ native speakers
around world
But Mandarin (955m) and Spanish (405m)
have more! (Ethnologue.org)
1.5 billion (?) ‘use’ English as a ‘second’ or
‘other’ language
– or have ‘some level of competence in it’ (British
Council)
– or are learning it!
25. What made English ‘go global’?
Colonization:
From 17C, British founded colonies around
the world, for example:
– India, the Caribbean, North America, Australia,
New Zealand, Africa
English was used as the language of
administration (‘official language’)
26. After the end of colonization
Still official language in many countries
Its status as main language of the United
States
Powerful economic and social reasons
learning English seen as an asset to countries
and individuals
27. What does it mean to say ‘English is a
global language’?
A curious fact: In 1990, Namibia adopted
English as its official language
28. English as a ‘lingua franca’
Namibia and many other countries have found
English to be a ‘useful’ language for national
(and regional) communication purposes
Many languages in the past and today have
had ‘regional’ significance: Latin, Arabic,
Mandarin Chinese, Swahili…
29. Could English eventually kill off all
other languages?
Minority languages are dying
– USA
– Australia
– UK
These places are surrounded by English native
speakers
– who hold economic and political power
But non-English speaking areas face language
death too
– South America
– China
– Spanish, Portuguese, Mandarin dominate minority
languages
No Yes
30. English is a lingua franca
– does not mean that it will become a ‘native language’
Requirements for English to become a more
widespread native language
– Use at home
– Children acquire as first language
A lingua franca is used for
– trade, government, media, education
– not ‘around the kitchen table’
So Yes or No?
Could English eventually kill off all
other languages? No
31. Summary
English has more ‘users’ than ‘native speakers’
– gap is likely to increase
The rise of English to global status
– rise of England as a global power and colonizer between 17th and 19th
centuries
This role continues today
– need for a ‘common language’ in an era of global communication
The use of English as a lingua franca
– does not mean adoption as a native language by the children of its users
– so other languages won’t disappear!
32. Your assignment
Answer ONE question:
– “Some animals can communicate using
language”. Discuss
– OR
– Will English lose its place as the main global
language?
This PowerPoint is available online
32
33. Simple essay structure
Introduction
Then
– 2 or 3 paragraphs stating your view
– 1 or 2 paragraphs stating the opposite view
OR
– 4 or 5 paragraphs, 1 topic per paragraph
– State both views in each paragraph
Conclusion
References 33
34. Introduction
Explanation of the issue (Why is it
important? Why is it interesting?)
Statement of both sides of the issue
Argumentative thesis statement
– State your position
34
37. Headings in essays
Write the essay title at the top
The introduction, main paragraphs and
conclusion don’t need headings
The only heading is?
References
37
38. Finding evidence
Academic sources
Use Google Scholar, not normal Google
Let’s find 2 useful articles using Google
Scholar
Search for “Hockett design features”
– You can download the 1959 article
Search for “English global language”
– You can download Seidlhofer’s short 2005 article
– It gives a lot of other useful sources
38
39. State your sources
In your essay
– Seidlhofer (2005) states that…
– According to Hockett (1959), the Design
Features…
In your References at the end
– Seidlhofer, B. (2005) English as a lingua
franca. ELT Journal, 59(4), 339-341
– Hockett, C. F. (1959) Animal “languages” and
human language. Human Biology, 31(1), 32-39
39
40. Here are two book chapters
you can download and read
40
Atkinson, M., Kilby, D., and
Roca, I.(2014) Foundations of
General Linguistics. London:
Routledge
Crystal, D. (1997) English as a
global language. Cambridge:
Cambridge University PressNow write the in-text citations
Atkinson, Kilby and Roca (2014)
Crystal (1997)
Are humans unique?
Why a global language?
41. Find at least 2 more sources for
your essay
Remember that recent sources are usually
better
Don’t cite Wikipedia
You can use Wikipedia to help you find
sources!
Two links to more sources:
– https://www.questia.com/library/communication/a
nimal-communication
– or
– http://www.citethisforme.com/topic-
ideas/english/english%20as%20a%20global%20la
nguage-14608401
41
42. Simple essay structure
Introduction
Then
– 2 or 3 paragraphs stating your view
– 1 or 2 paragraphs stating the opposite view
OR
– 4 or 5 paragraphs, 1 topic per paragraph
– State both views in each paragraph
Conclusion
References 42
43. Choose your essay
Write it before next Tuesday’s class
Bring your essay on your laptop or tablet
to the class
Write about 1000 words (excluding the
References)
43