Development of electric transportation

1. Development of electric
transportation
SITO seminar, 10th of June 2015
Mikko Pihlatie
Kuvapaikka
(ei kehyksiä kuviin)

2. 29.6.2015 2
Outline
 Electric transportation
 Different transport modes, commercial fleets
 City & PTA strategic perspective – case Helsinki
 Electric bus activities in Helsinki region
 Overview of electric bus activities in Helsinki region
 Integrated approaches
 Summary and conclusions

3. 3
Viability of electric
transportation
Place for a photo
(no lines around photo)

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Helsinki Region Transport – fleet strategy 2025
Estimated effect on emissions by 2025 (compared to 2010): reduction of NOx (-92%), PM (-95%), CO2 (-90%)
• For conventional buses, biofuels are phased in and constitute 100% from 2020 onwards

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Questions to be asked
 From the car owner’s or fleet operators’ point of view:
 Which vehicles provide best fuel and overall economy?
 Ensuring high reliability, availability and productivity of the system
 From the point of view of decision makers and those responsible for
transport services and procurement (city & PTA):
 Which vehicles actually deliver low emissions (regulated, CO2)?
 And the practical issues…
 How should the charging infrastructure for EV’s be organised?
 How to facilitate the adoption of the new technologies?

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Why are electric buses attractive?
 City buses are the ideal case for e-mobility:
 Fixed route length
 Fixed schedule
 High utilisation rate
 Low energy cost
 Possibility for profitability
 No local emissions
 Quiet
 High passenger comfort
 Multimodality potential (rail, tram)
 What about the total cost of ownership?

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Total ownership costs of electric buses – Espoo case
(note: the results do not apply generally)
Ref: M. Pihlatie et al, Fully electric city buses – the viable option, IEEE IEVC 2014, Florence 17-19 December, DOI: 10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056145

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What about other modes of (urban) transport?
 Techno-economic viability of electrification of commercial fleets
is highest (high utilisation rate of capital-intensive components)
 Buses are the backbone of many public transport systems
 Urban deliveries, logistics and freight
 Utility vehicles and machinery (refuse, maintenance, ..)
 Taxis and private passenger vehicles
 Waterborne transport (boats, ships, ferries)
 Huge impact of urban transport on local emissions
 Fuel efficiency is important for operational costs
 Potential synergies and value to be addressed
 Shared charging infra, V2G-G2V

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Helsinki region electric
bus activities with pre-
commercial pilot “ePELI”

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Comprehensive steps into electrifying the bus
system
”Vehicles”
(eBus)
”System”
(eBusSystem
eCharge)
Pre-commercial
pilot (ePELI)
Commercial electric
bus operation
• Components
• Vehicular
technology
• Single vehicles
• Systemic view
• Charging technology
• Operation concepts
• A few vehicles
• Market dialogue: building
the business ecosystem
• Pre-commercial pilot
with operators
• Innovation platform
• Small fleet & charging
infrastructure
• Normal commercial
procurement
• Value chains and service
providers established
• Several bus operators active
• Charging infrastructure
available
HRT timeline: 2012 2014 2015 2016 - 2017 

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”Vehicles”: ECV-eBus project
 The aim is to find out usability of electric
buses in commercial transport
 Field study and laboratory research
• Electric bus test line 11 Tapiola-Friisilänaukio
• Four commercial eBuses in operation
• Vehicle technology analysis
o Full-size VTT-owned electric bus prototype
as a development platform
• Battery laboratory
o climatic chambers for components
• Simulation tools for system performance and
energy use
 Challenging weather conditions
The prototype bus became so good it was
operating one week in commercial
passenger traffic in 5/2014

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The transport
system
How do electric buses fit into
the public transport system?
- Ministry of Transport
- Helsinki Region Transport
- City of Espoo
- Transdev, Aalto University
The energy supply
How can electric buses be
charged and how is the grid
affected?
- Smart grid, grid services and
smart bus depot
- Utilities (Fortum), Siemens,
charger manufacturers
- Rail traffic synergy, cities
- VTT, TUT, LUT
The vehicle
How do electric buses
perform?
- Transdev, VTT
- Bus manufacturers (BYD,
Caetano, Ebusco, VDL)
- Component manufacturers
(Visedo, Tamware, Vacon)
- Transport Safety Agency
”System”: eBusSystem – the Espoo
demonstration
Public sector
Private sector
Bus operator
Research

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”ePELI” topics and key players
 Helsinki Region Transport (HSL)
 Ensure high productivity and reliability of
the system
 Scalability to larger amount of e-buses
 Direct procurement of 12 Linkker buses for pilot operation
 Engagement of 3 – 4 bus operators, building the ecosystem
 Opening of market dialogue to create the e-bus ecosystem
 City of Helsinki and Espoo
 Procurement of charging infrastructure for electric bus pilot
operation
 How to build up the system, ownership, roles and services
 A number of enterprices to participate in the market dialogue
 Timeline: 2 buses Sept.2015, 4 buses Spring 2016, 4 buses
autumn 2016, 2 evolution buses start of 2017

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Prototype ”eMule” (VTT)
Living Lab Bus innovation platform and
environment
Fleets (HSL, Turku)
Data
management
(VTT, companies)
New innovative technologies, products and services
- Development, PoC and prototypes in the ”eMule” (VTT gatekeeper)
- Piloting, product and services introduction in fleets (HSL gatekeeper)

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Living Lab Bus approach – Focus
 Addressing central elements to make public transport
 easier to use, seamless, smooth and more comfortable
 More energy and conomically efficient as well as environmentally
friendly
1. Innovative technologies R&D
 Driver’s aid, slippery detection, diagnostics, fleet management,
automated driving
2. End-user experience
 User needs guide design and service development
3. Seamless trip chains and co-operation in service development
 Co-operation between companies, research and end-users
 Co-creating and testing (pre-trip and during trip) services with
travellers

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Opening the international window
 Already up and running:
 ZeEUS (Zero emission urban bus system), UITP FP7
 EBSF_2 (Advanced bus concepts), UITP H2020
 Active market development in Europe
 Good potential for co-creation and partnerships
 Amsterdam electric public transport
 Oslo-Akershus fossil flee 2020
 Copenhagen e-bus procurement underway
 Paris announced fossil free by 2030
 Many city demonstration and e-bus activities

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Integrated approaches

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Network and participants in current projects
 Key project portfolio: National R&D network Electric Commercial Vehicles (www.ECV.fi)
comprising the Finnish eBus projects, ZeEUS (FP7), EBSF_2 (H2020)
 Tekes – Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation, EVE - Programme
 Cities & PTA’s:
 HSL – Helsinki Regional Transport Authority, Espoo, Helsinki, Turku
 Public authorities and ministries:
 LVM – Ministry of Transport and Communication, Trafi – Road safety agency
 Energy companies
 Fortum, Helen
 Bus operators
 Transdev, 2 – 3 more to join in the new ePELI project
 Vehicle and working machine manufacturers
 Linkker, Kabus – Bus manufacturers, working machine manufacturers
 Component manufacturers
 Leclanché, European Batteries (until 2013), Vacon – Electric drives,
Visedo – Inverters/electric motor/generator, Tamware – Sliding door systems
 Research
 VTT, Aalto University, LUT, TUT, Metropolia university of Applied Sciences

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Technology and concepts
 Things to address
 Charging technology development and standardisation
 Electric vehicle, powertrain and traction battery developments
 Vehicle performance analysis both in laboratory and fleets
 Lifetime and life cycle cost of key components
 Concepts of operation, dimensioning of charging infrastructure and
traction battery

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Understanding energy storages
 Battery technologies available
 Technological development and battery lifetime
 Design, performance and verification

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Methodology: Energy management simulation
 Serial hybrid bus energy system: diesel, engine, battery, converter,
motor/ generator, transmission, auxiliaries, and controls
 Design for recorded bus operation in co-operation with different city
/ commercial projects
 Next steps:
 Complete vehicle energy management
 System-level energy and cost efficiency
Driver
Generator
Frequency
Converter
IC
Engine
BatteryController
driving speed
state of charge
velocity set value
on/off, power set value
tractive power
recharge power
Electric
Drive
Frequency
Converter

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Methodology: Electric bus systems GIS planning tool
 Electric buses have system-level constraints that need to be addressed
 VTT is developing a GIS tool for public transportation planning
 Utilises existing data from environment, road network and public
transportation system registers, schedules etc.
 Utilises electric bus database provided by VTT
 Intended contents
 Cost and functionality analysis
 Reliability and sensitivity analysis
 Charging station capacity analysis
 Interfaces for scheduling and operational
planning tools
 Intended users are
 Transport system and infrastructure planners
 Public transport schedule planners
 Public transport operation planners

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VTT has integrated research capabilities for electric
vehicle R&D
Battery laboratory &
module development
platform
Battery simulator / power source for
chassis dynamometer & heavy-duty battery
pack tester
Vehicle laboratory &
eBus development
platform
Climatic chambers for
component testing

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Summary and
conclusions
Place for a photo
(no lines around photo)

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Summary and conclusions
 Electric bus systems are fast emerging
 Both vehicle technology and charging equipment available
 Electric city buses are heavy duty sweet spot, other use cases
and applications will follow
 Designing an efficient ebus system requires systemic approach
 Optimised vehicle and battery
 Operation concept analysis and design
 Charging infrastructure and energy management
 Co-operation of key players required: city, PTA, PTO, energy
company, service providers (e.g. charging service)
 Our value proposition: reduced system-level TCO
 Facilitating the economically viable cases for electrification

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TECHNOLOGY FOR BUSINESS