planning concepts and strategies as reference for learning in master in public administration

1. PLANNING CONCEPTS AND
STRATEGIES
SITTIE PIERON ABUTAZIL-DU,RN
MPA STUDENT

2. Chapter Objectives
• Define planning.
• Why is there a need to plan in management?
• Importance of planning.
• Planning function.
• Define objectives and its kinds.
• Differentiate between strategic and tactical planning
(kinds of planning)
• Differentiate planning and strategic management
• Discuss the planning process
• Discuss the planning hierarchy and roles for managers

3. WHAT IS PLANNING?
• Is the process of setting objectives to be accomplished
by an organization during a future time period and
deciding on the methods of reaching them.
• In planning, managers attempts to bridge the gap
between where the organization at the moment and
where he wants it to go. In advance, it answers the
WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHY, and HOW of future actions.
• Planning is a never-ending activity. The manager must
examine plans regularly and if necessary modify them in
view of new situations and variables.
• It integrates various activities of organization

4. • It is an interdependent process which
coordinates the various business
activities.
• It requires considerable time form
implementation.
• It not only selects the objectives but also
develops policies, programs and
procedures to achieve the objectives.
• Planning is looking into the future

5. Importance of Planning
• It reduces uncertainty of future events
• It makes objectives clear and specific
• It brings economy in operations.
• It provides the basis of control
• It establishes unity and coordination.
• Optimum utilization of available resources
• It helps to control hasty decisions.
• It is for the development of the organization.

6. Kinds of Planning
1. Strategic planning – is the type of planning that is generally
reserved for top-level managers since it involves the
determination of overall direction.
- This concerns itself with issues such as the purpose of the
organization, the major social, political, and technological
influences which might seriously affect its business.
2. Tactical Planning – type of planning generally reserved for the
middle and lower level managers.
- This primarily concerned with how to get, where the
organization wants to go.
- It is concern with determining the tasks to be done,
establishing responsibilities and accountabilities, setting
quantitative measures for each tasks, implementing the
planned actions, and exercising controls.

8. Planning function
• It consists of three major activities:
1. The manager must critically appraise the present
position of his organization. He must take a complete
inventory and attempt to realistically determine just
where his organization is at the moment.
2. The manager must set objectives. He must decide where
his organization must go.
3. The manager must develop a set of plans to achieve
these objectives.

9. What is objective?
• Are clear-cut and carefully considered statements
designed to give an organization and its members
direction and purpose.
• Goals, aims, purposes or missions are commonly used
interchangeably with objectives.

10. Kinds of objectives
1. Organizational – deals with the general direction and
purposes of the organization
2. Managerial – subordinate but directly related to the
organizational objectives which identify the goals of
particular departments or organizational segment.
3. Individual – are personalized objectives which outline
what individuals in the group are trying to accomplish
- All these three kinds of objectives should blend together
and not be conflict so that it will contribute to the
organizational realization of its PLANS and for the future
success.

11. Strategic Planning & Strategic
Management
• STRATEGIC PLANNING - is an organizational management
activity that is used to set priorities, focus energy and
resources, strengthen operations, ensure that employees and
other stakeholders are working toward common goals, establish
agreement around intended outcomes/results, and assess and
adjust the organization’s direction in response to a changing
environment.
STRATEGIC PLAN- is a document used to communicate with the
organization, the organizations goals, the actions needed to
achieve those goals and all of the other critical elements
developed during the planning exercise.

12. • STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT – can be defined as the art and
science of formulating, implementing, and evaluating cross-
functional decisions that enable an organization to achieve its
objectives.
- Comprehensive collection of ongoing activities and processes
that organizations use to systematically coordinate and align
resources, actions with missio,vision and strategy throughout
the organization.
- The strategic management activities transform the static plan into a system that
provides trategic performance feedback to decision making and enables the plan to
evolve and grow as requirements and other circumstances change
- The process by which managers of the firm analyze the internal and external
environment for the purpose of formulating strategies and allocating resources to
develop a competitive advantage in an industry that allows for the successful
achievement of organizational goals.
- It includes understanding the strategic position of an organization, making
strategic choices for the future and managing strategy in action,

13. STEPS IN PLANNING
1. Establish Goals
- Identify specific company goal
- Overview of each goal including the reasons for its selection And the anticipated outcomes
2. Identify Resources
- Financial and human resources projections
3. Establish Goal-Related Tasks
- Outlining tasks or activities
4. Prioritize Goals and Tasks
- Ordering objectives in terms of their importance.
5. Create Assignments and Timelines
-consider the abilities of staff members and the time realistically to complete assignments.
6. Establish Evaluation Methods
-through requesting a monthly progress report from department heads.
7. Identify Alternative Courses of Action
- A management plan should include a contingency plan if certain aspects of the master plan prove to
be unattainable.

14. Management Levels: A Hierarchical View
• An organization can have many different managers,
across many different titles, authority levels, and levels
of the management hierarchy.
• The three levels of management typically found in an organization are
low-level management, middle-level management, and top-level
management.
• Top-level managers are responsible for controlling and overseeing the
entire organization.
• Middle-level managers are responsible for executing organizational
plans which comply with the company's policies. These managers act at
an intermediary between top-level management and low-level
management.
• Low-level managers focus on controlling and directing. They serve as
role models for the employees they supervise.

16. IF YOU FAIL TO
PLAN, YOU PLAN
TO FAIL…
ANONYMOUS…

17. THANK YOU
AND
WASSALAM