The document discusses linguistic imperialism and the impacts of global language dominance. Linguistic imperialism refers to the transfer and promotion of a dominant language and its culture to other language groups. It can assume both active promotion by powerful groups over weaker groups, as well as more passive acceptance. English in particular has achieved global dominance through factors like its use in international organizations, academia, and news media. This dominance can disadvantage non-English speakers through exclusion from information and difficulties qualifying in professional contexts that require English proficiency.

1. Linguistic Imperialism Impacts of global language dominance

4. Different views of the source of Linguistic Imperialism “ It may take a militarily powerful nation to establish a language, but it takes an economically powerful one to maintain it and expand it” David Crystal (1997:1) “ Linguistic Imperialism is a sub-type of Cultural Imperialism. Linguistic Imperialism permeates all the other types of imperialism, since language is the means used to mediate and express them” Robert Phillipson (1992, 65)

6. Historical examples of active Linguistic Imperialism exercised by Conquerors/Oppressors FRENCH over ENGLISH following the French invasion of England in 1066 JAPANESE over KOREAN following the annexation of Korea by Japan in the early 20 th Century RUSSIAN over UKRANIAN following Soviet oppression of the Ukraine in the early 20 th century

7. Book cover copyright Xinran, 2006 2006 published series of essays originally published in The Guardian (UK) newspaper and related to modern day issues facing Chinese people throughout the world. 2010 published non fiction book describing realities of everyday life for North Korean citizens and defectors from North to South Korea.

8. I found a very cheap place in north London. It had three bedrooms and one living room, and was occupied by 15 Chinese men who all worked in restaurants. They shared a tiny kitchen and a bathroom, but kept a storeroom aside to let to a translator who could help them deal with local government. I tried to explain that I was not well qualified enough to take their very cheap room because my English was poor, I had no knowledge of the law and of how things worked in this country. I could not understand their papers from the Home Office. But I saw how scared, insecure and lost they were, the massive worry in their begging eyes and thirsty words. I felt so sorry I couldn’t help them. Xinran (2006) pg 64. The full content of many official documents like legal documents are produced only in English or primarily in English Negative mental health impacts on non speakers of language of power Local government communicates using the globally dominant language. This results in loss of independence for non- speakers and language learners

9. Book cover copyright Barbara Demick 2010 “ After years of fighting the South Korea Medical Board she bit the bullet and at age forty began a four-year medical program. Her studies, she told me, were difficult, not because her training in North Korea had left her ill prepared but because the South Korean medical school used English terminology that was completely unfamiliar to her. The only foreign language she had studied was Russian.” Barbara Demick (2010) pp. 259-260 When a globally dominant language is imposed even within cultures it does not originate from, it can be a battle for native speakers to fight for the right to use their native language If a language has not been actively promoted and/or is not used globally by speakers of power, that language is likely to be less available for practical use in global language situations Professionals who migrate to a new country or language community can be profoundly disadvantaged by aspects of Linguistic Imperialism found in the ‘ re-qualification’ requirements of the adopted country.

11. REFERENCES Crystal, D. (1997). English as a Global Language . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Crystal, D. (2003). English as a Global Language . Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University. Demick, B (2010). Nothing to Envy: Ordinary Lives in North Korea . New York: Spiegel & Grau English Language Imperialism: Year In Review 1997 . (2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved October 05, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1016976/language-imperialism Phillipson, R.H.L. (1992). Linguistic Imperialism . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Talbot, M., Atkinson, K., & Atkinson, D. (2003). Language and power in the modern world. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Widdowson, H.G. (1998a ) EIL: squaring the Circles. A Reply. World Englishes pp.397-401. Xinran (2006) What the Chinese Don’t Eat. Great Britain: Vintage.