Fire prevention and power generation by generators in industries is explained.

1. Presented
by
Sohail AD
Fire Safety & Prevention
Generators

2. What is Fire?
The rapid oxidation of a fuel evolving heat, particulates,
gases and non-ionizing radiation
Fire needs 3 things to exist
Fuel
Oxygen
Heat
“The Fire
Triangle”
Fuel
Any combustible material – solid, liquid
or gas
Oxygen
The air we breathe is
about 21% oxygen –
fire needs only
16% oxygen
Heat
The energy necessary to
increase the temperature of
fuel to where sufficient
vapors are given off for
ignition to occur

3. Fuel
Chemicals - acetone, ether, methanol, etc
Gases - hydrogen, natural gas
Plastics - PCs, cable insulation, research equipment
Paper and cardboard - packaging
Wood - desks, benches
Fabrics - chairs, blinds, clothing
You…
Understanding Fire

4. Oxygen
A natural component of air @ 21%
Enriched atmospheres, > 21% oxygen
 labs, oxygen storage
Situations where oxygen / air is more difficult to control:
 Outdoors
 Automatic ventilation systems
 Open doors or windows

5. Heat (Ignition Source)
Heating appliances
Research and computer equipment
Other electrical equipment
Smoking materials
Arson

6. Hazards and risks of fire
Smoke & fumes
 Breathing difficulties, asphyxiation, poisoning
Heat & flames - up to 1250°C
 Burns
Building debris
 Impact injuries, burns
Injury while escaping fire
 Trips, falls, trampling

7. Fire Causes
The top fire causes include:
Cooking (49%)
Open Flame (10%)
Heating (9%)
Incendiary/Arson (8%)
Smoking (4%)
*leading cause of fire fatalities
Personal vigilance is the best way
to avoid and survive fires!

8. Fire Prevention (domestic)
Be fire safety aware
Control ignition sources
Prevent any accumulation of fuels
Only use electrical equipment that is
some standard tested
No smoking policy

9. Do not block fire exits, call points or extinguishers
Do not wedge fire doors open
Ensure good housekeeping
Maintain effective security
Report any bad practice or risks immediately to your
line manager
Fire Prevention (industrial)

10. Important Safety Elements
Alarms
Smoke
Carbon Monoxide
Fire extinguishers
Residential Fire Sprinkler Systems

11. Generators

12. Introduction
Electrical machines these can be divided into:
generators – which convert mechanical energy into
electrical energy
motors – which convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy
Both types operate through the interaction between a
magnetic field and a set of windings

13. Induced Current in a Generator
The effect of inducing a current in a coil by moving a
magnet inside it, is used for the generation of electricity
in power plants.
There are two types of generator or dynamo.
Both turn rotational energy into electrical energy.
1. One type involves rotating a coil inside a magnet.
2. The other type involves rotating a magnet inside a
coil
Both types produce ALTERNATING CURRENT.

14. Principle of working:
Generator works on
Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction.
When coil is rotated in a
magnetic field by some
mechanical means magnetic
flux is changed through the
coil and consequently EMF
is induced in the coil.

15. An electric generator consists of a magnet, which creates a
magnetic field, and a loop of wire which rotates in the magnetic
field. As the wire rotates in the magnetic field, the changing
strength of the magnetic field through the wire produces a force
which drives the electric charges around the wire. AS the loop
spins, the direction of the force changes, so too then does the
direction of the current The changing direction of the force after
every 180 degrees of rotation gives the alternating current.

16. Alternating Current
 AC has at least three advantages over DC in a power
distribution grid:
Large electrical generators happen to generate AC ,
so conversion to DC would involve an extra step.
Transformers must have alternating current to
operate, and the power distribution grid depends on
transformers.
It is easy to convert AC to DC but expensive to
convert DC to AC, so if you were going to pick one or
the other AC would be the better choice.

17. Three Phase Power
The power plant produces three different phases of AC
power simultaneously, and the three phases are offset
120 degrees from each other. If you were to look at the
three phases on a graph, they would look like this
relative to ground:

18. Types of Generators:
Mainly used generators are engine generators. They are
also known as Gensets. They use engine, which
provides mechanical energy by use of chemical energy
provided by different chemicals as Gasoline, Propane,
Diesel fuel and Natural gas.
They can further be classified into 3 main types:
Standby Generators
Portable Generators
Commercial Generators

19. Standby Generators:
These are large, often
permanent units often
stationed outside a building
and like to provide backup
power in case the in
electricity switches off.
They can sense when a
power interruption has
occurred and automatically
start to provide emergency
power

20. Portable Generators:
These generators are
designed to be transported
whether on cart trailer or
by hand where there is no
utility of power.
They are capable of
providing up to 1000
kilowatts (1 Megawatt) of
power. They use either
diesel, natural gas, gasoline
or propane as fuel

21. Commercial Generators:
In areas where power
supply is intermittent or
lacking as in THIRD
WORLD provincial areas,
generators can also be set
up to provide additional
power.

22. Three Phase Load
Calculating kVA and kW (Three Phase)
Formula: kVA = V x I x √3 ÷ 1000
Where: V = Volts generated
I = Amps available
P.F. - Power factor of load (Usually 0.8) √3 = 1.732
Example 1
A 415 volt, three phase generator provides 200 Amp. Calculate the
kW and kVA of this generator.
kW = V x I x P.F. x √3 ÷ 1000
= 415 x 200 x 0.8 x 1.732 ÷ 1000 = 115 kW
kVA = kW ÷ P.F. = 115 ÷0.8 = 143 kVA

23. Example 2
To calculate the current (Amps) available
from a 150 kVA generator at 415 Volts
kW = V x I x P.F. x √3 ÷ 1000 Therefore
I = kVA x 1000 ÷ V x √3 = 208 Amps
Example 3
To calculate the size of a generator required
to provide 150 Amps @ 440 Volt
kW = V x I x √3 ÷ 1000
= 440 x 150 x 1.732 ÷ 1000 = 114 kW