DETAILS ABOUT THE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEN AND OTHER SYSTEMS WORKING IN AN ORGANISATION.

2. Operational level:- This layer has the information which is required for day to day performance of activities and their control.

3. Middle level:- This layer has the information which is useful for tactical planning and decision making to implement the policy of top management.

5. Management directed:- A good mis removes the lack of knowledge, enriches experience and improves analytical abilities leading to better business judgement.

6. Integrated system:- MIS binds together database of business system and through information interchange, integrates the organization. It also provides adequate development resources and removes the human and organizational barriers to progress.

7. Avoid redundancy:- Since mis is a integrated system, it avoids unnecessary inconsistency and redundancy in data gathering and storage.

8. Common data flow:-MIS provides common data flows, which try to utilize minimum data processing efforts and minimize the number of output document.

9. Heavy planning element:- Designing and implementation of mis require detailed and meticulous planning of activities like acquisition and utilization of resources.

10. Common database:- MIS acts as a master that holds the functional sub-system together. It achieves this aim by allowing access to different master files of data to several functional sub-systems.

11. Flexibility:- MIS design should be flexible so as to provide alternate ways of processing data and system should be easy to operate so that not much of computers skills are required.

12. Computerization:- MIS can be computerized because of its nature. This provide speed, accuracy and consistency in creating and access of files.

13. Relevance:- MIS should deal only with operation and control of relevant information.

14. Support to top management:- MIS cannot be effective unless they receive the full support of top management. For this, top management should be educated about cost and benefits of mis.

16. Data process:- Data process uses different procedures, so that data can be properly analyzed and effective information is generated. Procedures explain people how to operate the computer hardware, what program to run, what data to use and what to do with the results.

17. Data communication:- There are different ways for communication of data. It may be informed orally or in the form of written report. Written forms are more appropriate than oral ones as it is permanent and systematic way of organizing information.

18. Information:- Data are facts and figures that are not currently being used in decision process. Data is process by applying different procedures to obtain information. It may be recorded into computer, storage media or manual files and is retrived whenever required.

19. System planning:- We have achieved a very high degree of automation and combination sub-system in scientific, mechanical and factory manufacturing operation. The system concept of mis is therefore of optimizing the output of the organization by connecting the operation sub-system, through the medium of information exchange.

21. Store and process data:- After creation of data, a database must be stored and processed in a form useful to managers. The data can be loaded into computers for easy access by user.

23. It fulfills the needs of individual, group, management.

24. Mis helps in strategic planning, management control, operational control and transaction processing system.

25. Mis plays an important role in information generation, communication, problem identification and decision making administration.

26. With good mis support marketing, finance, production and personnel functions increases efficiency.

27. Mis creates structured database and therefore saves time.

29. Timeliness :- information must be delivered at the right time and the right place to the right person otherwise information would be of little value to the organization. hence, making information available to the receiver within time is very crucial for every organization.

30. Relevance :- information should be to the point and meaningful to the decision maker. Relevance of information for different users will be different.

31. Correct information format :- information should be given to the user in such a form that it could be easily understood by user.

32. Completeness :-information is said to be complete if decision maker can satisfactory solve the problem at hand using that information. Incomplete information has no meaning for user.

33. Subjectivity :- it is the value and usefulness of the information.

36. They improve the quality of work in terms of content, throughness, timeliness and accuracy.

37. They speed up specific functions and thereby increases the quantity of clerical output.

38. They reduce the time spent on input capture and creation.

39. They co-ordinate and integrate office tasks.

40. They enable more cost- effective and time- effective communications.

42. Oas can disrupt traditional office work roles and environment.

43. Oas may lead to security problems.

44. EIS(Executive Information System):- The decision made by executives are mostly unstructured for which informational requirements are generally for processed and summarized data from variety of sources. Initially tip executive information system relies on non computer source. Top level executives get information whenever they require from many sources like letters, memos, periodicals and report produced manually as well as by computer system. Thus, with computer based EIS provides top management with immediate and easy access to selective information, which reduces the information overload on executives and help to achieve firm’s strategic objective.

45. ES(Expert System):- Expert system aims at formalizing expertise and makes it available for repetitive types of business decisions. They use artificial intelligence tools to generate knowledge out of information. It helps human experts perform their jobs effectively and is important where expertise is scarce and is therefore expensive. The expert system has been developed for the purpose of expertise from those with the knowledge in a convenient and easily accessed manner. Expert systems are designed to replace the function formed by human experts. Expert system provide information to managers as expert advice.

46. An expert system supports the intellectual work of professionals engaged in design, diagnosis or evaluation of complex situation requiring expert knowledge in a well- defined area.

47. Advantages:-

48. Planning:- ES can make a valuable contribution to planning. It can use information from earlier project which can be used to improve subsequent plans.

49. Decision making:- ES can support decision making by storing information in its knowledge base from several experts rather than a single expert.

50. Monitoring:- ES can be used to monitor the process, activities of employees and cash management etc.

51. Diagnosis:- ES can be used in diagnosing different conditions. Ex- in diagnosing the reasons for manufacturing equipment, human diseases in medicine etc.

52. Training:- when an ES is being used as a regular nature in the course of work, users learn the way the system reaches destination.

53. Timely response:- ES are available on call at all the time and, can be used to provide immediate support and to perform task immediately.

55. It may take longer time to solve problem than an expertise.

59. The informal organization

60. The individual as a system

61. The organizational communication system

62. The power system

63. The functional system

64. The managemnet process system

66. Start with overall company’s objectives and develop a hierarchy of network of system required.

68. Measuring performance- once standards have been established it is necessary to measure performance against standards. The statement of measurement and of any difference is usually in form of personal observation type of report in oral or written form.

69. Deviation control- we know that measuring deviation first comparison of standards with actual performance is made. If deviation is found then correction is made by taking some course of action to achieve the targeted objectives.

70. Methods and techniques for correcting deviation can be described in terms of functions of management-

71. PLAN- recycle the management process, review the plan, modify the goal or change standards.

72. Organize- examine the organization in standard and make sure duties are well understood.

73. Staffing- improve selection of sub-ordinate, improve training, reassign duties.

75. INPUT/OUTPUT SYMBOL:- In a program i/p and o/p symbols identify the logical positioning of input and output operations. i/o symbol indicates to take input from user and o/p symbol is used to generate solution to the problem.

76. PROCESSING SYMBOL:- In this, data are automatically processed. We can define computations and after that data moves to storage area or output area.

77. DECISION SYMBOL:- It is also called logical symbol to solve Many business problems, many comparisons of data are made before selecting the best alternative. The two principal components of decision symbol are-

78. A question that defines the logical operation.

79. The result of the decision (i.e. yes/no)

80. Connector:- A flow chart becomes very long, the flow lines start crossing many places that causes confusions. In that case, it is useful to utilize the connector symbol as a substitute for flow lines. It is indicated by a circle and a letter or digit is placed within the circle.

82. It helps to identify a relationship that exists among problem element.

83. It helps us in effective analysis by breaking down into detailed part of a study.

84. Flow –chart act as a guide or blue print during the system analysis program preparation phase.

86. If alterations are required, the flow chart may require re-drawing completely.

87. No uniform practice is followed for drawing flow-chart.

89. INPUT DOCUMENT:- After the system description is completed. It is necessary to specify how the information will be put into the form that is acceptable to the computer. Volume of information, frequency, accuracy and verification requirement and the handling of the information are considered in the selection of input format.

90. OUTPUT DOCUMENT:- Outputs are subject to much the same considerations as input document but the output format should be treated with additional care because It represents the objective and purpose of entire operation. It is the output document with which the management is almost exclusively concerned and because of its critical nature care should be taken in its design.

91. FILE DESIGN:- The logic required to control the flow of data through the system is a part of system design and the flow is in turn dependent upon the design of data files. In this we consider the type of equipment, storage capacity, nput and output media and format.

92. PROGRAM LOGIC AND COMPUTER PROGRAM:- Although there are numerous means of thinking through and document programming logic, we will use flow-chart because they are easy to depict and understand. The program flow-chart is the program logic of step-by-step representation of how the computer program will accomplish the job. It’s the blue print of the program.

93. SYSTEM VERIFICATION:- After the program has been written and run through the compilation process. It’s placed memory in binary form and is ready to process the file on disk and print the required report. The verifications means to check the work is done according to the specifications or not. If not, what steps are to be taken to meet specifications?

95. System Management Programs- it manages the hardware, software and data resources of the computer system during its extension of the various information processing jobs of users. Major system management programs are operating system, database management system and telecommunication monitors.

96. System Support Programs:- programs that support the operations management and the user of a computer system by providing a variety of system services. Major support programs are system utilities, performance monitors and security monitors.

97. System Development Programs:- Programs that help user to develop information system programs and procedures and prepare user programs for computer processing. Major development programs are language translators, programming tools and case packages.

98. APPLICATION SOFTWARE:- It refers to the program which helps the computer to work effectively for specific applications. Application software,thus,refers to the program of instructions, tailored to cause the hardware to function in a desired way for processing an application, unique to the user. Application software, therefore is also often called user software.

99. General Purpose Program:- General applications programs are programs that perform common information processing job for end users.

100. Ex:- Word processing, spreadsheet , data base management programs, integrated packages and graph programs are popular with micro-computer uses for education, business, scientific and many other purposes.

101. Application Specific Program- Thousand of application software packages are available to support specific application of end users, major categories of such application specific program are as follow-

102. Business application program:- it is related to the business function or industry’s requirements, examples of such business function and this corresponding application are accounting, marketing, finance, manufacturing, operation management.

103. Scientific application program:- Programs that perform information processing task for natural, physical, social and behavioural science and for mathematics, engineering and all areas involved in scientific research, experiment and development.

105. METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK:- Network that covers a large city or metropolitan area can also be included in this category. Such large networks are becoming a necessity for carrying out the day to day activities of many business and government organization and their end users. They are used by manufacturing firms, banks, retailers, distributors, transportation companies, government agencies and many other organizations to transmit and receive information across cities.

107. Telecommunication Processors

108. Telecommunication channels and Media

109. Computers

111. SOFTWARE RESOURCES- DSS software packages are called DSS generators. They contain modules for database, model and dialogue management. A database management module provides for creation, interrogation and maintainance of DSS.

112. DATA RESOURCES- A DSS database contains data and information extracted from the databases of organization, external databases and a managers personnel databases.

113. MODEL RESOURCES- The model base includes a library of mathematical models and analytical techniques stored in a variety of program modules and files.

115. A MARKETING DSS- BRAND AID is used for marketing planning, especially in the packaged good industries. It helps brand managers to make pricing, sales efforts, promotion, advertising and budgeting decisions for products, product lines and brand of products

116. GOVERNMENT DSS- GADS (GEODATA ANALYSIS AND DISPLAY SYSTEM) was developed by IBM. It constructs and display maps and other graphics display that supports decisions affecting the geographic distribution people and other resources.

118. Fast response to unexpected situations.

119. DSS is particularly designed for an individual or group of decision makers.

120. A DSS is best conceptualized as a process instead of product.

121. Cost saving

122. Improving managerial effectiveness.

123. Improve the effectiveness of decisions.

124. Flexible and adaptable to change in the external environment.