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2. Evolution’s Connection to Fate of Humanity Evolution is the correct explanation of Human Origins Evolution also provides predictions re Humanity’s future Evolution resembles Janus, the Roman God, who looked into both the past and future Particularly, the effects of our propensity for uncontrolled population growth Two behavioral changes added by the process that causes evolution to occur. Which increasing numbers are beginning to realize poses a serious threat to Humanity Of particular interest, I will show that the this was caused by

3. Not everyone recognizes Population Problem “ Escalating global demand for fuel, food and wood fibre will destroy the world's forests,… “ From a recent Internet Article “ Escalating global demand for fuel, food and wood fibre [ due to rapidly expanding world population ] will destroy the world's forests,… “ Something is missing Population is “the elephant in the room”

4. Objectives Explain why the EGP causes uncontrolled population growth Review evolution generation process (EGP) Discuss options Examine a Short Term and Long Term population related problems Two different sides of the same coin

5. Population Growth in last 10 K Years Many have wondered why “Population Explosions” occur The explanation is complex and only recently fully understandable . The explanation requires an acceptance and understanding of evolution.

6. Species Survival – Reproduction – EGP Replacement implies reproduction Re species survival requirements, simple fact: Thus, individuals must replace themselves before dying or no Species Survival All individuals have finite lives

7. Species Survival – Reproduction – EGP Thus reproduction is essential for Species Survival Darwin also realized that reproduction, or more accurately reproductive variability, was part of the process which causes Evolution to occur But Darwin did not understand how reproductive variability occurred And solves problem of species survival IF enough individuals reproduce Hence, his explanation of Evolution was incomplete

8. Brief Review of Reproduction Thus, reproduction, in multi-celled species, like us, must begin with a single cell The only animal that can reproduce directly, i.e., make a copy of itself, is a single celled animal In multi-celled species, the single cell (aka zygote) is created by combining Male and Female sex cells (aka gametes) Gametes are produced by Meiosis

9. Overview of Meiosis – first step is Mitosis DNA unwinds into two strands, one for each daughter cell DNA reassembles into the two daughter cells Begin with basic cell. + and - imply possibility for mutation during reassembly Each cell contains a pair of DNA molecules one from the Female, the other from Male DNA F DNA M DNA F- DNA M- DNA F+ DNA M+

10. Meiosis Continues with a Second Cell Division DNA does not unwind. Daughter cell from Mitosis One half of DNA pair goes to each “Gamete” ++ and +- indicate possibility for genetic mixing during DNA separation DNA F+ DNA M+ DNA M+- DNA F++

11. Putting it all together Select one gamete at random from male Cells fuse in Fertilization CREATE GENETICALLY UNIQUE INDIVIDUAL DNA F++ DNA M- - DNA F++ DNA M- - Select one gamete at random from female Reproductive variability origins: Random selection of gametes Mutations Male and female gametes from different genomes Genetic mixing

12. Result of Reproductive Variability Most human characteristics follow this pattern due to reproductive genetic variation 5 K race finish times, 2 – 3 minute finish time slice Avg. ~ 31 min.

13. Result of Reproductive Variability Extremely controversial

14. Survivability Variability Average = 68% Above Average = 16%

15. Reproduction and Natural Selection Relationship In general, selection is a filtering process Evolution Species Maintenance Probably didn’t make it

16. Reproduction and Natural Selection Relationship Causes EVOLUTION to Occur Steady improvement in survival ability Iterating over millions of years one can predict This is the PROCESS that

17. BUT, Conflict Between Individual and Species Survival Requirements threatens Solution How do you get individual males and females to cooperate and reproduce? X

18. Solution Evolution Generating Process selected: Females who are receptive only during times when offspring survival was maximum E.g., Animals with short gestation periods mate in Spring Males whose need for sex exceeds all other needs periodically

19. And the Result is: Primitive Multi-celled animals: approx. 600 Mya Fish Amphibians Primates Reptiles Mammals Man Steady progression of improved survivability Reptilian brain - most basic: sex, territory, violence Limbic add to Reptilian brain – seat of emotions Beginning Cortex added - reasoning Final Cortex – improved reasoning, Of Particular Importance: evolution of Triune Brain We term this progression, evolution

20. Excessive Population Growth – One Final Problem Unfortunately, evolution’s behavioral selections worked too well They led to the propensity for population growth to exceed available resources BUT, evolution generating process cannot “deselect” these behavioral selections E.g., reducing male sex drive would disable the solution to Species Survival

21. Excessive Population Growth – One Final Problem Only the human brain can fix the problem – But this is complicated by conflicts in the Triune Brain This is Evolution’s Fatal Flaw Which cause difficulties with population control

22. Opposition to Reasonable Resolutions Strong sex need can’t be eliminated. Abstinence: Contraception: Thus, some practical method that precludes sexual activity from producing offspring is needed for population control: Must contend with strong sex drive, not very effective Avoid gamete generation Probably best solution, but many strong forces opposed Keep gametes separated

23. Opposition to Reasonable Resolutions Strong sex need can’t be eliminated. 50 % of pregnancies unplanned Abortion If gametes combine Option of last resort Repugnant to many Unnecessary if have good contraception program

24. But: there is some hope Oct-Nov 2009 Cortex dominates Population is declining in some countries: e.g. France, Italy, Russia Reasoning that too many children is an unnecessary burden However, this leads to the Short Term Problem

25. The Short Term Problem Many countries are concerned about declining populations “ European Pension Systems Set to Collapse/Low Fertility Blamed” US Social Security reached crossover this year

26. Move The Cross-over point Re Social Security, this means raising retirement age Or could increase contributions by increasing level of compensation excluded from social security tax But irrational and emotional Limbic may reject these

27. Le Problem, WSJ, May 18, 2010 “ Workers and Retirees” “ All together in order to defend” France and other European countries are trying to move cross-over point, but “ The salaries, pensions and public services”

28. The Long Term Problem Reptilian/Limbic dominates June 2009, Nat’l Geo Overall Population is increasing Africa and some areas in Asia Are Increasing faster than declining countries 6.5 Bil to 9-10 Bil Uncertainty re Earth’s carrying capacity Much discussion re feeding the growing populations, but

29. Evolution and the Fate of Humanity If we don’t control population, we will ultimately exhaust resources, after all, the Earth is humanities Petri Dish Initial population control leads to support problems BUT Also population control must contend with opposition from our Reptilian and Limbic brains – supplied by the EGP

30. Evolution and the Fate of Humanity However, the EGP also provided the Cortex which equips us with reasoning powers Because of the EGP’s “gift,” humans are the first animal to realize consequences of over population All other animals have undergone population increases and decreases We can avoid fate of population increase and decrease – if we allow the Cortex to dominate

31. Evolution and the Fate of Humanity On the other hand our population size will be controlled Either consciously by us or by the “rules of the Petri Dish” Options: Education: the best choice, but tough AAAS and similar organizations should do more Could write a book

32. You Could Write a Book

33. Evolution and the Fate of Humanity Other Population Control Options: Coercion – ala China Let the Petri Dish decide

34. Evolution and the Fate of Humanity Figure from “Limits of Growth” MIT study

35. Evolution and the Fate of Humanity The choice is up to us Fate of humanity rests Which of the three brains will ultimately dominate? not in our hands but in our brains It is our choice

36. The end