2. INTRODUCTION
The sections, as they are prepared, are
colourless and different components cannot
be appreciated.
Staining them by different coloured dyes,
having affinities of specific components of
tissues, makes identification and study of
their morphology possible.
Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) is the most
frequently used stain in histology
3. OBJECTIVES
describe Hematoxylin and its preparation
describe the properties of Hematoxylin
explain Eosin and its preparation
describe the method of staining.
4. HEMATOXYLIN
It is extracted from the bark of a tree,
“hematoxylom campechianum”.
To obtain the bark, the freshly logged tree is
chipped off, then boil the chips in water.
• Hematoxylin itself is not a stain.
• The major oxidization product is hematin, a
natural dye that is responsible for the color
properties.
5.
6. Hematin can be produced from hematoxylin
in two ways:
1. NATURAL OXIDATION (‘RIPENING’)
by exposure to light and air.
• This is a slow process, takes as long as 3-4
months.
• Solution retains its staining ability for a long
time.
• E.g. Ehrlich’s and Delafield’s solutions.
7. 2. CHEMICAL OXIDATION :
Oxidation occurs instantaneously.
These solutions have a shorter shelf life.
Oxidation using sodium iodate – most
commonly used (0.2gm oxidizes 1.0 gm
hematoxylin) e.g. Mayer’s hematoxylin.
Oxidation by mercuric oxide e.g. Harris’s
hematoxylin
Ferric chloride and potassium
permanganate can also be used.
8.
9. Hematein is a weak basic dye having a poor
affinity for tissue, and is inadequate as a
nuclear stain without the presence of a
mordant.
Mordant is a substance which acts as an
intermediary between dye and tissue. It’s a
metal with valence of atleast two (2+ charge)
Various mordants used are ammonium or
potassium alum ferric salt, chrom alum and
phosphotungstic acid
10.
11. Classification of hematoxylin solutions
according to the mordant used:
• Alum hematoxylins – Harris’ and Meyer’s
• Iron hematoxylins – Weigert’s and Verhoeff’s
• Tungsten hematoxylins
• Molybdenum hematoxylins
• Lead hematoxylins
12. PROPERTIES OF HEMATOXYLIN
1. Hematoxylin has no staining property
2. Hematin with mordant such as ammonium or
potassium alum forms lake which functions
as cationic dye and stains anionic tissue
components.
3. Hematin in an aqueous solution can be
acidic or an alkaline dye depending on pH.
4. Hematin has affinity for several tissues with
an appropriate mordant.
13. GENERAL FORMULA FOR HEMATOXYLINS
REAGENT PURPOSE
Dye Precursor Hematoxylin
Alcohol To rapidly dissolve the hematoxylin
Water Most hematoxylins are aqueous solutions
Oxidising agent Oxidise hematoxylin to hematin
Mordant Binds to hematin and enables attachment to
the substrate
Bacteriostatic
agent
Prevent mold growth
An Accentuator Limits staining to the nuclei and strongly
acidic structures (pH – 2.2 to 2.9)
14. Progressive staining:
When tissue is left in the stain just long
enough to reach the proper end point. The
slides have to be examined at different
interval to find out when the staining is
optimum
Regressive staining:
In this method the tissue is overstained and
then destained (differentiate) until the proper
endpoint is reached.
15.
16.
17. Harris hematoxylin is a regressive stain; the
overstaining is removed by acid -alcohol. The
removal of this excess dye is called
differentiation.
The hematoxylin alum gives a reddish hue to
the tissues because of acidic pH.
To convert this colour to the final blue, alkaline
pH is required.
This process is called “blueing”. It is done either
by tap water or by ammonium hydroxide
19. Method:
Dissolve the hematoxylin in absolute alcohol
and ammonium alum in hot water.
Mix the two solutions and heat to boiling.
Remove from flame, and add mercuric oxide
and cool rapidly.
Glacial acetic acid if added gives brisk nuclear
staining, but life of the solution is reduced.
Hence if acetic acid is to be added, it should be
added in working solution
21. Method:
Hematoxylin is dissolved in distilled water
using gentle heat. Then alum is added and
dissolved. Then sodium iodate, citric acid
and chloral hydrate are added respectively.
22. EOSIN
Eosin is used as the counterstain that stains the
cytoplasm rose coloured.
The most widely used eosin is “eosinY”.
The “Y” stands for yellowish.
It is available in either water soluble or alcohol
soluble form.
Most laboratories use the water soluble form of
eosin Y in an alcohol-water solution which is
described here.
24. PREPARATION
Dissolve eosin in water and then add this to
95% alcohol (one part eosin solution with 4
parts alcohol).
To the final mixture add a few drops of acetic
acid (0.4ml).
The acetic acid increases the staining intensity
of eosin.
When ready to use, the stain should be cloudy;
if clear, add a few drops of the acetic acid.
The solution should be standardized by staining
the control slides.
25. METHOD OF STAINING
1. Deparaffinise sections in xylene for 10-20
minutes. Filter Hematoxylin.
2. Rehydrate sections:
100% alcohol for 1-2 minutes
95% alcohol for 1-2 minutes
3. Rinse in tap water
4. Rinse in distilled water
5. Stain with Hematoxylin for 3-5 minutes
6. Wash in tap water
26. 7. Differentiate section with 1% HCl in 70%
alcohol 1-2 dips and check under microscope.
If necessary, return slides to HCl for further
differentiation.
8. Wash slides in running tap water for 15
minutes
9. Stain slides in Eosin for 1-4 minutes
10. Dehydration and Differentiation:
95% alcohol 5-6 dips
100% alcohol 5-6 dips
11. Clear slides in xylene 2 times
12. Mount slides with mounting media
(Permount or DPX)
27. Note :
1. At no stage of staining the section should be
dry
2. H&E is a regressive stain in which a tissue is
over-stained and then excess dye is
removed to obtain desired intensity of stain
3. Filter Hematoxylin each time before staining
4. Change most of alcohol and xylene each
time before staining
