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Product:PowerFactor&
Harmonics: StacoSine: MGE
Now the learning…
oWhy is Power quality important?
oCauses of Harmonics
oEffects of Harmonics
oStandards Governing Harmonics
INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC OF
HARMONICS
WHY IS POWER QUALITY
IMPORTANT?
o Increasingly
Sensitive Loads
o Increasing use of
power electronics in
equipment
o Increasing emphasis
on power system
efficiency and
maximum utilization
DEFINITION OF A POWER
QUALITY PROBLEM
o UPS Alone
o UPS & MBPS
 2 Piece Shipping Split
o Ambidextrous Side Car
o Standard Kick Plates
o Easy Transport & Installation
o Single Hole or NEMA 2 Hole Landing
o Standard UVR For Battery Cabinet
 Can Be Configured For Shunt Trip
A power quality problem is-
“Any occurrence that manifests itself in voltage, current or frequency deviations that
results in failure or miss-operation of end-user equipment”
…a very broad problem
TYPES OF POWER QUALITY
PROBLEMS
o UPS Alone
o UPS & MBPS
 2 Piece Shipping Split
o Ambidextrous Side Car
o Standard Kick Plates
o Easy Transport & Installation
o Single Hole or NEMA 2 Hole Landing
o Standard UVR For Battery Cabinet
 Can Be Configured For Shunt Trip
o Harmonics
o Impulses
o Transients
o Excessive Neutral Currents
o Wiring and Earthing Problems
o Interruptions
o Sags/Surges
WHERE DO WE FIT IN?
o UPS Alone
o UPS & MBPS
 2 Piece Shipping Split
o Ambidextrous Side Car
o Standard Kick Plates
o Easy Transport & Installation
o Single Hole or NEMA 2 Hole Landing
o Standard UVR For Battery Cabinet
 Can Be Configured For Shunt Trip
o Our specialties include:
• Harmonic Reduction
• Neutral Current Reduction
• Sag Reduction
o These all contribute to an increase in Reliability
WHAT WILL WE DISCUSS?
o UPS Alone
o UPS & MBPS
 2 Piece Shipping Split
o Ambidextrous Side Car
o Standard Kick Plates
o Easy Transport & Installation
o Single Hole or NEMA 2 Hole Landing
o Standard UVR For Battery Cabinet
 Can Be Configured For Shunt Trip
o This presentation will deal specifically with:
• Harmonics
 3rd (150 Hz)
 Others
• Neutral Currents
• Drives Harmonics
READY?
WHY ARE HARMONICS
SEEN TODAY?
o UPS Alone
o UPS & MBPS
 2 Piece Shipping Split
o Ambidextrous Side Car
o Standard Kick Plates
o Easy Transport & Installation
o Single Hole or NEMA 2 Hole Landing
o Standard UVR For Battery Cabinet
 Can Be Configured For Shunt Trip
v i
Until recently, most electrical equipment drew current in a
“linear” fashion:
• Current (i) is periodic, but not “sinusoidal”
v
i
• Current (i) & Voltage (v) are both “Sinusoidal”
Today, many electrical loads draw current in a
“non-linear” fashion:
THE CAUSE OF HARMONIC
CURRENTS
F undamental & all harmo nics
The “Choppy”, non-linear current drawn by electronic loads is actually a
“fundamental” (50hz) component plus many integer multiples of that
fundamental frequency:
These “integer multiples of the fundamental frequency” are just higher
frequency currents & they cause the problem
WHAT PRODUCES “NON-
LINEAR” CURRENT?
• Computers
• Fax Machines
• Copiers
M • Variable
Speed
Drives
• Electronic
Ballasts
• Almost
anything
electronic
THE SOURCE OF
HARMONIC CURRENTS:
Single Phase Loads: Phase to Neutral
• Switch Mode Power Supplies
•PC’s, Electronic Lighting, Fax’s, Copiers, etc
• generate high 3rd harmonic
• primarily responsible for ‘Neutral Currents’
3-phase loads:
• Rectifiers / Chargers
• controlled Graetz bridges
•Drives, UPS
• generate high harmonic
• currents of orders 5, 7, 11, 13, …
Ph
N
FL
Is
L1
Z
CL2
L3
e1
e2
e3
iIIs
THE SOURCE OF
HARMONIC CURRENTS:
Single Phase Loads: Phase to Phase
•Eg. Welders, HID lighting
•generate high 3rd harmonic
• Those 3rd harmonics flow only in the phase
conductors
•lasts between 20 and 50 cycles !
v
L
R
C
U
r
D
HARMONIC “SIGNATURES”:
o Each type of load draws current in a unique way which produces a
“signature” which determines the frequency of the harmonics
present:
Typical 1 Phase Load
1 3 5 7 9 11 13
Typical 3 Phase Load
1 3 5 7 9 11 13
TYPICAL SINGLE LOAD
SPECTRA’S
Predominant harmonic spectrums for common loads
Load
Load
Type 3rd 5th 7th 9th 11th 13th
Distorted
Composite
Waveform
Personal Computer
Single
Phase
Office equipment
Single
Phase
Electronic Lighting
Single
Phase
High-bay Lighting
Single
Phase
Main frame
computer
Three
Phase
UPS
Three
Phase
6-pulse VFD
Three
Phase
12-pulse VFD
Three
Phase
Note: loads shown above produce smaller amounts of harmonics not specifically highlighted
HARMONIC “SIGNATURES”:
oWhat this means is
• We can predict which type of harmonic will be dominant
dependant upon the load profile
• Knowing that, we know what the likely problems will be
• Knowing that, we know what the likely solutions will be.
HARMONIC PROBLEMS CAN BE
TRACED TO TWO PHENOMENA:
oCurrent Distortion
oVoltage Distortion
o Note: current distortion causes voltage distortion
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION:
CURRENT
• A measure of the amount by which a composite current
waveform deviates from an ideal sine wave
• Caused by the manner in which electronic loads draw
current for only a part of a complete sine wave
• Measured as THD:
 
  
  



I
I I I
I
I
I
THD
h
h2
2
3
2
4
2
1
2
2
1
100% 100%

Causes additional heating in conductors and
transformers, and leads to Voltage Distortion
EFFECTS OF CURRENT
DISTORTION
o Overheating of conductors and insulation degradation
o Neutral overload *
o Increased transformer losses (need to over-size)
o Nuisance tripping of circuit breakers
o Neutral-earth potential *
o Significant voltage distortion on networks with generators
o Overheating and possible resonance with capacitors
o Lighting ballast failures
o PC monitor stroboscopic effect *
o Improper operation of microprocessor-based equipment *
o Re-injection of harmonic currents into the utility network.
* Caused by third or triple-n (triplen) harmonics
VOLTAGE DISTORTION
oAs those harmonic currents flow across the network
impedance, they create a voltage drop at the same
frequency as the harmonic current. This cause voltage
distortion.
Network Z
Ih
Vh
  V I Zh h h
+-
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION:
VOLTAGE
oA measure of the amount by which a composite voltage
waveform deviates from an ideal sine wave
oCaused by harmonic currents flowing across system
impedance's
oCauses erratic behaviour or failure of equipment sensitive to
voltage waveform
oMeasured as THD:
 
  
  


V
V V V
V
V
V
THD
h
h2
2
3
2
4
2
1
2
2
1
100 100

% %
EFFECTS OF VOLTAGE
DISTORTION
o Causes linear devices to draw non-linear current (resulting in current
distortion effects)
o Torque pulsation in motors
o Capacitor dielectric failure
o Insulation breakdown
o PC monitor and power supply failure
o Electronic lighting failure.
SEQUENCE COMPONENTS
o Any complex sinusoidal can be described by a series of positive, negative or zero
sequence components.
o The fundamental plus all harmonics have a sequence (rotation) associated with
them.
o Positive sequence voltages cause rotation in the positive direction
o Negative sequence voltages cause rotation in the negative direction
o Zero sequence voltages result in no rotation
o Note that all even harmonics cancel (due to symmetry)
o Note that 5th & 11th (etc) harmonics cause a negative rotation (this causes torque pulsation in
motors).
o Note zero sequence components won’t cancel & don’t rotate
Sequence Components:
Harmonic: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Rotation: + - 0 + - 0 + - 0 + - 0 + - 0 + - 0 + - 0
3RD HARMONIC ISSUE
oThird (triple-n) harmonics in the phase conductors add in
the neutral
o Neutral current can be up to 172% of phase currents
oThird harmonics circulate in the delta winding, causing
overheating of the Tx
oNeutral conductors must be oversized
oEddy current losses cause excessive heating in the
transformer: De-rating required
oStandard transformers DO NOT cancel harmonics
200% RATED NEUTRAL ISSUES
Note!
Note!
Note!
Note!
TRANSFORMER DE-RATING
o Standard transformers experience excessive heating from harmonics:
o Increased Eddy current losses
o Increased I2R losses
o If the neutral conductors are 200% rated, so must the transformer have a 200% rated neutral
internally. Problem: no such “standard” transformer exists!
o In order to get 200% rated neutrals inside the transformer, you must specify K-
Rated transformers
OR
o Standard transformers should be de-rated
o if over-sized standard transformers are used, circuit protection must be suitably under rated- this
may cause nuisance tripping from transformer inrush.
Either option is expensive!
TRANSFORMER DE-RATING FOR
NL LOADS
% Transformer Capacity vs % Non-linear load
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
% Non-linear Load
%TransformerCapacity
% Tx Capacity
A Transformer carrying 2/3 non-linear load needs to be doubled in size
Sources: (1) BSRIA (2) ANSI/IEEE Std C57.110
3RD HARMONIC
PHENOMENON -
BREAKERS
NUISANCE TRIPPING CAN
OCCUR FOR SEVERAL
REASONS:
o Residual current circuit breakers are
electromechanical devices. They do not
sum high frequency components and
therefore can trip spuriously
o The current flowing in the circuit will be
higher than expected due to the
presence of harmonic currents. The
trip settings may therefore be incorrect.
o Peak sensing breakers may trip
needlessly since the crest factor of
distorted waveform may be high
(Crest Factor = Peak/RMS)
BREAKERS WITH 200% RATED
NEUTRALS
oMany specifier’s are calling for 200% rated switched-neutral
breakers
o THEY DON’T EXIST
oThis forces manufacturers to supply double sized breakers
(e.g. 200A for 80A phase current) In order to protect
neutrals
oWhen large incoming breakers are involved, it may require
PARALLEL breakers to meet the specification.
o You cannot adequately co-ordinate parallel breakers. One will
ALWAYS beat the other under a fault condition.
o This in turn causes problems of co-ordination with downstream
breakers
MOTOR DE-RATING CURVE
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1.0
Harmonic Voltage Factor % (HVF)
De-rating
Factor
U.K. LIMITS FOR THD:
oG5/3 is considered the standard across the UK for
acceptable levels of THD
oStage 2 for Current Limits
oStage 3 for Voltage limits
o Maximum 5% THD in voltage for LV systems
o Maximum 4% THD for 11kV systems
HARMONIC 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 thd
G5/3 LEVEL
STAGE 2 (A)
34 56 40 19 16 6 6 -
G5/3 LEVEL
STAGE 3 (%V)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5
SO HOW DO WE RID A NETWORK OF
HARMONIC CURRENTS AND
VOLTAGE?
THEORY OF HARMONIC
MITIGATION:
oAvailable Options:
A) Bracing
B) Blocking
C) Filtering
D) Phase shifting
A) BRACING
Examples include:
o Oversized neutrals
o Conductor spacing/ sizing
o Specifying maximum harmonic levels for equipment
o Isolation of harmonic loads
o Grouping
o Non-linear (NL) transformers
o Non-linear (NL) panelboards
Good practice anyway
B) BLOCKING
Examples include:
o Line Reactors
o Isolation Transformers
o Employ magnetics to trap or impede the flow of harmonic currents
 DIAGRAM (with reactors)
C
e1
e2
e3
M
iIIs
C) FILTERING
o Passive Filters
o Capacitor/Reactor combinations can be tuned to provide a low
impedance path to specific frequencies
o Harmonic currents normally flow from source to utility. Filtering provides a low
impedance path for the harmonics so that they don’t flow to the utility.
M
Reducing the amount of
harmonic current that
flows through the
transformer reduces the
voltage distortion
D) PHASE SHIFTING
o Destructive interference of specific frequencies
Composite
+ 180o Phase
Shifted harmonics
=Fundamental
HARMONIC MITIGATION
o Available Equipment:
A) K-Rated Txs; NL Panels
B) Line reactors, Isolation Transformers
C) De-tuned Capacitor/Reactor Systems
D) Active filter technology, Harmonic
reducing transformers
Phase Shifting
Blocking
Bracing
Filtering
Designed to handle harmonic currents without overheating, or de-rating
Relatively low cost
Little chance of misapplication
Disadvantages of K-Rated Equipment
Assumes neutral conductors also oversized
Does not reduce or eliminate harmonics
-other equipment will still be affected
May still introduce voltage distortion
Over sizing may worsen harmonics
Advantages of K-Rated transformers
• Very effective at reducing specific harmonics
• Very cost effective at 415V
• Power Factor Correction (demand reduction)
Disadvantages of Tuned L/C Filters
• Requires detailed network study for proper design
• Must not add additional capacitors without study: significant
changes/ additions to network may change tuning point, lead to
resonance
• Only suitable for removing a single offending harmonic
Advantages of Tuned L/C Filters
Advantages of line reactors
• Line reactors are relatively inexpensive when only a few drives are in question
or if there is relatively little (<30%) drive load and the goal is to minimise
harmonic problems
Disadvantages of line reactors & Isolation Tx’s
• Blocking reactors are not effective enough to reduce the harmonic currents
below the level of causing problems when large number of drives are present
• Expensive when added to a large number of drives
• Isolation transformers DO NOT remove 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, etc harmonics, the
primary output of the drives they are applied to!
• They will only block Triple-n harmonics (3rd, 9th, 15th)
COFFEE BREAK
Toll Free: 866.261.1191 | sales@stacoenergy.com | www.stacoenergy.com
SineWave Active Harmonic
Conditioner
THE PRODUCT
o Sinewave was developed by MGE when they were wholly owned by Schneider
o It is currently on its 2nd generation, having been in the market since 1994
o Employs digital electronics and IGBT switches (Drive Technology) to measure and
create and equal amount of harmonic current which it injects anti-phase into the
network, thus cancelling the harmonics
o It negates the need for 200% rated neutrals, K-rated transformers, etc.
THE PRODUCT
o Is a ‘plug n play’ black-box technology which is relatively easy to apply
o Available in sizes from 20A RMS
to 480 A RMS (60A to 1440A
Neutral current)
o Connects in parallel as any other
load
o Require three xxx:1 CT’s
(placement is critical)
ACTIVE FILTER TECHNOLOGY
Non-
linear
loads
Linear
loadsActive
Filter
WHAT’S INSIDE? –POWER
CIRCUIT
PWM
INVERTER
(IGBT)
DC ENERGY
STORAGE
PWM REACTORS
OUTPUT FILTER
LINE REACTOR
+
-
L
N
WHAT’S INSIDE? –SIGNAL
PROCESSOR
Supply
Load
Sinewave
P N
Extraction of
Harmonics
Regulation &
Monitoring
Control
Signal
Generation
Ct1
Control Electronics
Ct2
ACTIVE FILTER TOPOLOGY:
M M M
Final distribution
enclosure
feeder 1 feeder 2 feeder 3
Secondary
sw itchboard
Main LV
Sw itchboard (MLVS)
feeder 1 feeder 2 feeder ...n
LV
Active
Filter
Active
Filter
Active
Filter
Although Active
Filters can be
located in a variety
of places, it’s best
to locate as close
to harmonic
source as possible
ACTIVE FILTRATION
• With the increase in variable speed drives and non
linear loads, harmonic filtration is becoming
essential.
• Power Factor of such loads is improving with a
VSD typically 0.93 power factor.
• IT loads increasing the amount of 3rd harmonic on
the system
• Neutral filtration becoming the norm.
• Conventional passive filtration
methods becoming limited.
• Mixing passive and active filters to
get most cost effective solution for
high power applications.
SINEWAVE ACTIVE FILTERS
o Sinewave Active Filters are the best on the market for
small/ medium installations.
o Neutral filtration is an almost unique feature as others
have no neutral connection.
o The devices are plug and play and require little or no
modelling
ACTIVE FILTER TECHNOLOGY
o Sinewave is rated for filtration in the phase conductors, so is able to filter up to 3
times the phase output. For example a 20 amp active filter can filter up to 60 amps
of 3rd harmonic in the neutral.
o Filtration removes the cause of the problem not the effect.
o The device is connected in parallel and as such does not add a potential point of
failure as with a series connected device.
Sinewave active filters have significant benefits for
filtering triple-N (3rd) harmonic current:
ACTIVE FILTER TECHNOLOGY –
200% NEUTRALS:
By introducing Sinewave active filters at source, 200%
neutral can be avoided
This has significant benefits:
o No need for costly 200% rated neutral bus-bars (standard ratings can be used)
o No need for costly 200% rated switchboards (standard ratings can be used)
o No need for transformer de-rating (standard ratings can be used)
Standard product means
reduced prices
and standard delivery
SINEWAVE INSTALLED BASE:
Sinewave has been proven in the field with
customers
• Royal Opera House
• Chelsea building Society (Office)
• Sainsbury’s Homebase
• South West Water
• Land Registry (Office)
• Mersey Tunnel
• Manchester Airport
• East of Scotland Water
• North Devon Hospital
• Buchanan House (Office)
• Seven Trent Water
• Axis Resources (Office)
• MOD
• Carlton Television
• Alsthom
• ...
• Removes almost 100% of harmonic current, Including neutral currents!
• Highly effective
• Can not be misapplied: plug & play
• Simple operation
• No danger of resonance
• Can not be over-loaded
• Can filter 3rd harmonic (phase - neutral)
Disadvantages of Active Filters
• Expensive for large power applications
• Specialist maintenance
Advantages of Active Filters
For hi power
applications,
we have the
hybrid filter
HYBRID FILTER BENEFITS
Hybrid filters combine the best attributes of both Active and Passive
filters. By combining those two elements within one enclosure, they
provide benefits over either element alone:
• Cost-effective high power filtering of one specific harmonic via the passive
elements means a smaller, thus lower cost, active element
• Broadband filtering of all other harmonics via the active element
• 3rd harmonic filtration via the active element
• Low cost power factor correction via the passive element
• Greater reliability than either element alone
HYBRID FILTER BENEFITS
Reliability
Cost
Capability
Passive
Hybrid
Active
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
POINTS OF CONNECTION
• As with PFC, dependant on
where the problem is
• Main Incomer
• Sub board feeder
• Individual motors/ equipment
• Golden Rule: The Sinewave
CT must not see the AF
output
M
CT POSITIONING
A BWhich position is
correct, A or B ?
CT POSITIONING cont…
Sinewave
CT’s
AF Breaker
Main ACB
Bus Bars
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
CT POSITIONING cont…
Bus Bars Sinewave
CT’s
AF Breaker
Main ACB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
ALTERNATIVE CONNECTION-UP
TO 6 LOADS
• Each Ct sized for total load
• (I.e. total = 1000amp each ct should be
1000/1)
• All CT’s in same direction
• P1P2 etc
• S1s connected together
• S2s connected together
• Not Summated!!
SIZING SINEWAVE
• Determine if the goal is to meet G5/3 (G5/4) or to reduce the requirement for 200%
rated neutrals
• The former is generally more expensive
• For existing installations, take measurements
• Contact PQc to arrange a harmonic survey
• For new installations, supply a schedule of loads
• Include primary transformer rating, % Impedance
• Include a diversity factor
• Rule of thumbs for budget purposes:
• £200/Amp
• 120A per 1000kVA Transformer (50% non-linear load)
Remember, it can always be expanded!
Use the
survey
form!
THE MARKET
o Sinewave is sold via:
• MGE direct (generally into the UPS market),
• through =SE=,
• though J&P (Delta)
o MGE prefer not to promote the product themselves, but rather leave it
to us (it’s a tiny portion of the UPS business and too specialized for
their general sales force)
o Delta are not effective; having only one person to market and promote
o MGE are receptive to giving us exclusive channel rights in the UK.
THE COMPETITION
o ABB offer an active filter that does not inject third harmonic and
therefore does not reduce or remove neutral currents. As such it will
not overlap with our push into the commercial building markets.
o ABB do offer a separate THF (third harmonic filter) but it is ineffective
and causes many problems. It is not accepted in the marketplace.
o Seimens offers an active filter but only as a front end to their 6 pulse
drives
o Claude Lyons offers an active filter but it is more costly and less
effective than Sinewave
WE HAVE A DECIDED ADVANTAGE !
HOW DO WE MOVE FORWARD?
o Mention or ask about the 200% rated issue and sell our solution to
consultants and end users
o To leave behind a brochure that explains the issues and the solution
o To arrange seminars to gain awareness
The key to success is awareness. It’s a
relentless track that will get results.
THANK YOU
Toll Free: 866.261.1191 | sales@stacoenergy.com | www.stacoenergy.com

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Product: Power Factor & Harmonics: StacoSine: MGE filter presentation

  • 2. Now the learning… oWhy is Power quality important? oCauses of Harmonics oEffects of Harmonics oStandards Governing Harmonics INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC OF HARMONICS
  • 3. WHY IS POWER QUALITY IMPORTANT? o Increasingly Sensitive Loads o Increasing use of power electronics in equipment o Increasing emphasis on power system efficiency and maximum utilization
  • 4. DEFINITION OF A POWER QUALITY PROBLEM o UPS Alone o UPS & MBPS  2 Piece Shipping Split o Ambidextrous Side Car o Standard Kick Plates o Easy Transport & Installation o Single Hole or NEMA 2 Hole Landing o Standard UVR For Battery Cabinet  Can Be Configured For Shunt Trip A power quality problem is- “Any occurrence that manifests itself in voltage, current or frequency deviations that results in failure or miss-operation of end-user equipment” …a very broad problem
  • 5. TYPES OF POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS o UPS Alone o UPS & MBPS  2 Piece Shipping Split o Ambidextrous Side Car o Standard Kick Plates o Easy Transport & Installation o Single Hole or NEMA 2 Hole Landing o Standard UVR For Battery Cabinet  Can Be Configured For Shunt Trip o Harmonics o Impulses o Transients o Excessive Neutral Currents o Wiring and Earthing Problems o Interruptions o Sags/Surges
  • 6. WHERE DO WE FIT IN? o UPS Alone o UPS & MBPS  2 Piece Shipping Split o Ambidextrous Side Car o Standard Kick Plates o Easy Transport & Installation o Single Hole or NEMA 2 Hole Landing o Standard UVR For Battery Cabinet  Can Be Configured For Shunt Trip o Our specialties include: • Harmonic Reduction • Neutral Current Reduction • Sag Reduction o These all contribute to an increase in Reliability
  • 7. WHAT WILL WE DISCUSS? o UPS Alone o UPS & MBPS  2 Piece Shipping Split o Ambidextrous Side Car o Standard Kick Plates o Easy Transport & Installation o Single Hole or NEMA 2 Hole Landing o Standard UVR For Battery Cabinet  Can Be Configured For Shunt Trip o This presentation will deal specifically with: • Harmonics  3rd (150 Hz)  Others • Neutral Currents • Drives Harmonics
  • 9. WHY ARE HARMONICS SEEN TODAY? o UPS Alone o UPS & MBPS  2 Piece Shipping Split o Ambidextrous Side Car o Standard Kick Plates o Easy Transport & Installation o Single Hole or NEMA 2 Hole Landing o Standard UVR For Battery Cabinet  Can Be Configured For Shunt Trip v i Until recently, most electrical equipment drew current in a “linear” fashion: • Current (i) is periodic, but not “sinusoidal” v i • Current (i) & Voltage (v) are both “Sinusoidal” Today, many electrical loads draw current in a “non-linear” fashion:
  • 10. THE CAUSE OF HARMONIC CURRENTS F undamental & all harmo nics The “Choppy”, non-linear current drawn by electronic loads is actually a “fundamental” (50hz) component plus many integer multiples of that fundamental frequency: These “integer multiples of the fundamental frequency” are just higher frequency currents & they cause the problem
  • 11. WHAT PRODUCES “NON- LINEAR” CURRENT? • Computers • Fax Machines • Copiers M • Variable Speed Drives • Electronic Ballasts • Almost anything electronic
  • 12. THE SOURCE OF HARMONIC CURRENTS: Single Phase Loads: Phase to Neutral • Switch Mode Power Supplies •PC’s, Electronic Lighting, Fax’s, Copiers, etc • generate high 3rd harmonic • primarily responsible for ‘Neutral Currents’ 3-phase loads: • Rectifiers / Chargers • controlled Graetz bridges •Drives, UPS • generate high harmonic • currents of orders 5, 7, 11, 13, … Ph N FL Is L1 Z CL2 L3 e1 e2 e3 iIIs
  • 13. THE SOURCE OF HARMONIC CURRENTS: Single Phase Loads: Phase to Phase •Eg. Welders, HID lighting •generate high 3rd harmonic • Those 3rd harmonics flow only in the phase conductors •lasts between 20 and 50 cycles ! v L R C U r D
  • 14. HARMONIC “SIGNATURES”: o Each type of load draws current in a unique way which produces a “signature” which determines the frequency of the harmonics present: Typical 1 Phase Load 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 Typical 3 Phase Load 1 3 5 7 9 11 13
  • 15. TYPICAL SINGLE LOAD SPECTRA’S Predominant harmonic spectrums for common loads Load Load Type 3rd 5th 7th 9th 11th 13th Distorted Composite Waveform Personal Computer Single Phase Office equipment Single Phase Electronic Lighting Single Phase High-bay Lighting Single Phase Main frame computer Three Phase UPS Three Phase 6-pulse VFD Three Phase 12-pulse VFD Three Phase Note: loads shown above produce smaller amounts of harmonics not specifically highlighted
  • 16. HARMONIC “SIGNATURES”: oWhat this means is • We can predict which type of harmonic will be dominant dependant upon the load profile • Knowing that, we know what the likely problems will be • Knowing that, we know what the likely solutions will be.
  • 17. HARMONIC PROBLEMS CAN BE TRACED TO TWO PHENOMENA: oCurrent Distortion oVoltage Distortion o Note: current distortion causes voltage distortion
  • 18. TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION: CURRENT • A measure of the amount by which a composite current waveform deviates from an ideal sine wave • Caused by the manner in which electronic loads draw current for only a part of a complete sine wave • Measured as THD:            I I I I I I I THD h h2 2 3 2 4 2 1 2 2 1 100% 100%  Causes additional heating in conductors and transformers, and leads to Voltage Distortion
  • 19. EFFECTS OF CURRENT DISTORTION o Overheating of conductors and insulation degradation o Neutral overload * o Increased transformer losses (need to over-size) o Nuisance tripping of circuit breakers o Neutral-earth potential * o Significant voltage distortion on networks with generators o Overheating and possible resonance with capacitors o Lighting ballast failures o PC monitor stroboscopic effect * o Improper operation of microprocessor-based equipment * o Re-injection of harmonic currents into the utility network. * Caused by third or triple-n (triplen) harmonics
  • 20. VOLTAGE DISTORTION oAs those harmonic currents flow across the network impedance, they create a voltage drop at the same frequency as the harmonic current. This cause voltage distortion. Network Z Ih Vh   V I Zh h h +-
  • 21. TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION: VOLTAGE oA measure of the amount by which a composite voltage waveform deviates from an ideal sine wave oCaused by harmonic currents flowing across system impedance's oCauses erratic behaviour or failure of equipment sensitive to voltage waveform oMeasured as THD:           V V V V V V V THD h h2 2 3 2 4 2 1 2 2 1 100 100  % %
  • 22. EFFECTS OF VOLTAGE DISTORTION o Causes linear devices to draw non-linear current (resulting in current distortion effects) o Torque pulsation in motors o Capacitor dielectric failure o Insulation breakdown o PC monitor and power supply failure o Electronic lighting failure.
  • 23. SEQUENCE COMPONENTS o Any complex sinusoidal can be described by a series of positive, negative or zero sequence components. o The fundamental plus all harmonics have a sequence (rotation) associated with them. o Positive sequence voltages cause rotation in the positive direction o Negative sequence voltages cause rotation in the negative direction o Zero sequence voltages result in no rotation o Note that all even harmonics cancel (due to symmetry) o Note that 5th & 11th (etc) harmonics cause a negative rotation (this causes torque pulsation in motors). o Note zero sequence components won’t cancel & don’t rotate Sequence Components: Harmonic: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Rotation: + - 0 + - 0 + - 0 + - 0 + - 0 + - 0 + - 0
  • 24. 3RD HARMONIC ISSUE oThird (triple-n) harmonics in the phase conductors add in the neutral o Neutral current can be up to 172% of phase currents oThird harmonics circulate in the delta winding, causing overheating of the Tx oNeutral conductors must be oversized oEddy current losses cause excessive heating in the transformer: De-rating required oStandard transformers DO NOT cancel harmonics
  • 25. 200% RATED NEUTRAL ISSUES Note! Note! Note! Note!
  • 26. TRANSFORMER DE-RATING o Standard transformers experience excessive heating from harmonics: o Increased Eddy current losses o Increased I2R losses o If the neutral conductors are 200% rated, so must the transformer have a 200% rated neutral internally. Problem: no such “standard” transformer exists! o In order to get 200% rated neutrals inside the transformer, you must specify K- Rated transformers OR o Standard transformers should be de-rated o if over-sized standard transformers are used, circuit protection must be suitably under rated- this may cause nuisance tripping from transformer inrush. Either option is expensive!
  • 27. TRANSFORMER DE-RATING FOR NL LOADS % Transformer Capacity vs % Non-linear load 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % Non-linear Load %TransformerCapacity % Tx Capacity A Transformer carrying 2/3 non-linear load needs to be doubled in size Sources: (1) BSRIA (2) ANSI/IEEE Std C57.110
  • 28. 3RD HARMONIC PHENOMENON - BREAKERS NUISANCE TRIPPING CAN OCCUR FOR SEVERAL REASONS: o Residual current circuit breakers are electromechanical devices. They do not sum high frequency components and therefore can trip spuriously o The current flowing in the circuit will be higher than expected due to the presence of harmonic currents. The trip settings may therefore be incorrect. o Peak sensing breakers may trip needlessly since the crest factor of distorted waveform may be high (Crest Factor = Peak/RMS)
  • 29. BREAKERS WITH 200% RATED NEUTRALS oMany specifier’s are calling for 200% rated switched-neutral breakers o THEY DON’T EXIST oThis forces manufacturers to supply double sized breakers (e.g. 200A for 80A phase current) In order to protect neutrals oWhen large incoming breakers are involved, it may require PARALLEL breakers to meet the specification. o You cannot adequately co-ordinate parallel breakers. One will ALWAYS beat the other under a fault condition. o This in turn causes problems of co-ordination with downstream breakers
  • 30. MOTOR DE-RATING CURVE 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1.0 Harmonic Voltage Factor % (HVF) De-rating Factor
  • 31. U.K. LIMITS FOR THD: oG5/3 is considered the standard across the UK for acceptable levels of THD oStage 2 for Current Limits oStage 3 for Voltage limits o Maximum 5% THD in voltage for LV systems o Maximum 4% THD for 11kV systems HARMONIC 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 thd G5/3 LEVEL STAGE 2 (A) 34 56 40 19 16 6 6 - G5/3 LEVEL STAGE 3 (%V) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5
  • 32. SO HOW DO WE RID A NETWORK OF HARMONIC CURRENTS AND VOLTAGE?
  • 33. THEORY OF HARMONIC MITIGATION: oAvailable Options: A) Bracing B) Blocking C) Filtering D) Phase shifting
  • 34. A) BRACING Examples include: o Oversized neutrals o Conductor spacing/ sizing o Specifying maximum harmonic levels for equipment o Isolation of harmonic loads o Grouping o Non-linear (NL) transformers o Non-linear (NL) panelboards Good practice anyway
  • 35. B) BLOCKING Examples include: o Line Reactors o Isolation Transformers o Employ magnetics to trap or impede the flow of harmonic currents  DIAGRAM (with reactors) C e1 e2 e3 M iIIs
  • 36. C) FILTERING o Passive Filters o Capacitor/Reactor combinations can be tuned to provide a low impedance path to specific frequencies o Harmonic currents normally flow from source to utility. Filtering provides a low impedance path for the harmonics so that they don’t flow to the utility. M Reducing the amount of harmonic current that flows through the transformer reduces the voltage distortion
  • 37. D) PHASE SHIFTING o Destructive interference of specific frequencies Composite + 180o Phase Shifted harmonics =Fundamental
  • 38. HARMONIC MITIGATION o Available Equipment: A) K-Rated Txs; NL Panels B) Line reactors, Isolation Transformers C) De-tuned Capacitor/Reactor Systems D) Active filter technology, Harmonic reducing transformers Phase Shifting Blocking Bracing Filtering
  • 39. Designed to handle harmonic currents without overheating, or de-rating Relatively low cost Little chance of misapplication Disadvantages of K-Rated Equipment Assumes neutral conductors also oversized Does not reduce or eliminate harmonics -other equipment will still be affected May still introduce voltage distortion Over sizing may worsen harmonics Advantages of K-Rated transformers
  • 40. • Very effective at reducing specific harmonics • Very cost effective at 415V • Power Factor Correction (demand reduction) Disadvantages of Tuned L/C Filters • Requires detailed network study for proper design • Must not add additional capacitors without study: significant changes/ additions to network may change tuning point, lead to resonance • Only suitable for removing a single offending harmonic Advantages of Tuned L/C Filters
  • 41. Advantages of line reactors • Line reactors are relatively inexpensive when only a few drives are in question or if there is relatively little (<30%) drive load and the goal is to minimise harmonic problems Disadvantages of line reactors & Isolation Tx’s • Blocking reactors are not effective enough to reduce the harmonic currents below the level of causing problems when large number of drives are present • Expensive when added to a large number of drives • Isolation transformers DO NOT remove 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, etc harmonics, the primary output of the drives they are applied to! • They will only block Triple-n harmonics (3rd, 9th, 15th)
  • 42. COFFEE BREAK Toll Free: 866.261.1191 | sales@stacoenergy.com | www.stacoenergy.com
  • 44.
  • 45. THE PRODUCT o Sinewave was developed by MGE when they were wholly owned by Schneider o It is currently on its 2nd generation, having been in the market since 1994 o Employs digital electronics and IGBT switches (Drive Technology) to measure and create and equal amount of harmonic current which it injects anti-phase into the network, thus cancelling the harmonics o It negates the need for 200% rated neutrals, K-rated transformers, etc.
  • 46. THE PRODUCT o Is a ‘plug n play’ black-box technology which is relatively easy to apply o Available in sizes from 20A RMS to 480 A RMS (60A to 1440A Neutral current) o Connects in parallel as any other load o Require three xxx:1 CT’s (placement is critical)
  • 48. WHAT’S INSIDE? –POWER CIRCUIT PWM INVERTER (IGBT) DC ENERGY STORAGE PWM REACTORS OUTPUT FILTER LINE REACTOR + - L N
  • 49. WHAT’S INSIDE? –SIGNAL PROCESSOR Supply Load Sinewave P N Extraction of Harmonics Regulation & Monitoring Control Signal Generation Ct1 Control Electronics Ct2
  • 50. ACTIVE FILTER TOPOLOGY: M M M Final distribution enclosure feeder 1 feeder 2 feeder 3 Secondary sw itchboard Main LV Sw itchboard (MLVS) feeder 1 feeder 2 feeder ...n LV Active Filter Active Filter Active Filter Although Active Filters can be located in a variety of places, it’s best to locate as close to harmonic source as possible
  • 51. ACTIVE FILTRATION • With the increase in variable speed drives and non linear loads, harmonic filtration is becoming essential. • Power Factor of such loads is improving with a VSD typically 0.93 power factor. • IT loads increasing the amount of 3rd harmonic on the system • Neutral filtration becoming the norm. • Conventional passive filtration methods becoming limited. • Mixing passive and active filters to get most cost effective solution for high power applications.
  • 52. SINEWAVE ACTIVE FILTERS o Sinewave Active Filters are the best on the market for small/ medium installations. o Neutral filtration is an almost unique feature as others have no neutral connection. o The devices are plug and play and require little or no modelling
  • 53. ACTIVE FILTER TECHNOLOGY o Sinewave is rated for filtration in the phase conductors, so is able to filter up to 3 times the phase output. For example a 20 amp active filter can filter up to 60 amps of 3rd harmonic in the neutral. o Filtration removes the cause of the problem not the effect. o The device is connected in parallel and as such does not add a potential point of failure as with a series connected device. Sinewave active filters have significant benefits for filtering triple-N (3rd) harmonic current:
  • 54. ACTIVE FILTER TECHNOLOGY – 200% NEUTRALS: By introducing Sinewave active filters at source, 200% neutral can be avoided This has significant benefits: o No need for costly 200% rated neutral bus-bars (standard ratings can be used) o No need for costly 200% rated switchboards (standard ratings can be used) o No need for transformer de-rating (standard ratings can be used) Standard product means reduced prices and standard delivery
  • 55. SINEWAVE INSTALLED BASE: Sinewave has been proven in the field with customers • Royal Opera House • Chelsea building Society (Office) • Sainsbury’s Homebase • South West Water • Land Registry (Office) • Mersey Tunnel • Manchester Airport • East of Scotland Water • North Devon Hospital • Buchanan House (Office) • Seven Trent Water • Axis Resources (Office) • MOD • Carlton Television • Alsthom • ...
  • 56. • Removes almost 100% of harmonic current, Including neutral currents! • Highly effective • Can not be misapplied: plug & play • Simple operation • No danger of resonance • Can not be over-loaded • Can filter 3rd harmonic (phase - neutral) Disadvantages of Active Filters • Expensive for large power applications • Specialist maintenance Advantages of Active Filters For hi power applications, we have the hybrid filter
  • 57. HYBRID FILTER BENEFITS Hybrid filters combine the best attributes of both Active and Passive filters. By combining those two elements within one enclosure, they provide benefits over either element alone: • Cost-effective high power filtering of one specific harmonic via the passive elements means a smaller, thus lower cost, active element • Broadband filtering of all other harmonics via the active element • 3rd harmonic filtration via the active element • Low cost power factor correction via the passive element • Greater reliability than either element alone
  • 59. POINTS OF CONNECTION • As with PFC, dependant on where the problem is • Main Incomer • Sub board feeder • Individual motors/ equipment • Golden Rule: The Sinewave CT must not see the AF output M
  • 60. CT POSITIONING A BWhich position is correct, A or B ?
  • 61. CT POSITIONING cont… Sinewave CT’s AF Breaker Main ACB Bus Bars MCCB MCCB MCCB MCCB MCCB MCCB MCCB MCCB MCCB MCCB
  • 62. CT POSITIONING cont… Bus Bars Sinewave CT’s AF Breaker Main ACB MCCB MCCB MCCB MCCB MCCB MCCB MCCB MCCB MCCB MCCB
  • 63. ALTERNATIVE CONNECTION-UP TO 6 LOADS • Each Ct sized for total load • (I.e. total = 1000amp each ct should be 1000/1) • All CT’s in same direction • P1P2 etc • S1s connected together • S2s connected together • Not Summated!!
  • 64. SIZING SINEWAVE • Determine if the goal is to meet G5/3 (G5/4) or to reduce the requirement for 200% rated neutrals • The former is generally more expensive • For existing installations, take measurements • Contact PQc to arrange a harmonic survey • For new installations, supply a schedule of loads • Include primary transformer rating, % Impedance • Include a diversity factor • Rule of thumbs for budget purposes: • £200/Amp • 120A per 1000kVA Transformer (50% non-linear load) Remember, it can always be expanded! Use the survey form!
  • 65. THE MARKET o Sinewave is sold via: • MGE direct (generally into the UPS market), • through =SE=, • though J&P (Delta) o MGE prefer not to promote the product themselves, but rather leave it to us (it’s a tiny portion of the UPS business and too specialized for their general sales force) o Delta are not effective; having only one person to market and promote o MGE are receptive to giving us exclusive channel rights in the UK.
  • 66. THE COMPETITION o ABB offer an active filter that does not inject third harmonic and therefore does not reduce or remove neutral currents. As such it will not overlap with our push into the commercial building markets. o ABB do offer a separate THF (third harmonic filter) but it is ineffective and causes many problems. It is not accepted in the marketplace. o Seimens offers an active filter but only as a front end to their 6 pulse drives o Claude Lyons offers an active filter but it is more costly and less effective than Sinewave WE HAVE A DECIDED ADVANTAGE !
  • 67. HOW DO WE MOVE FORWARD? o Mention or ask about the 200% rated issue and sell our solution to consultants and end users o To leave behind a brochure that explains the issues and the solution o To arrange seminars to gain awareness The key to success is awareness. It’s a relentless track that will get results.
  • 68. THANK YOU Toll Free: 866.261.1191 | sales@stacoenergy.com | www.stacoenergy.com