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1. Homework Help
On Oracle

2. What is Oracle ?
 Oracle is a name of a organization which has developed many software,
Operating Systems and Databases.
 Here we are going to discuss about Oracle Database or Oracle DB.
 Oracle database is a relational database management system in which data
are treated as a unit. It is the most trusted and widely-used relational
database engines.
 The system of oracle database is built around a relational database
framework in which data objects may be directly accessed by users through
SQL (Structured Query Language).

3. History of Oracle
 1979 Oracle Release 2
 1986 client/server relational database
 1989 Oracle 6
 1997 Oracle 8 (object relational)
 1999 Oracle 8i (Java Virtual Machine)
 2000 Oracle Application Server
 2001 Oracle 9i database server
 2004: Oracle 10g is released (the g stands for Grid).
 2007: Oracle 11g is released.
 2013: Oracle 12C is released which is capable of providing cloud services with
Oracle Database.

4. Oracle Family
 Personal Oracle- for single users. Used to develop systems
 Oracle Standard Edition- (Entry level Workgroup server)
 Oracle Enterprise edition- Extended functionality
 Oracle Lite- (Oracle mobile) single users using wireless devices.

5. Developer Tools
 Oracle Forms Developer
 Oracle Reports Developer
 Oracle Jdeveloper
 Oracle Designer
 OEPE , Oracle Enterprise Pack for Eclipse.

6. Oracle Architecture
SGA
Shared SQL Area Database Buffer Cashe
KByte1,200,000 KByte
Redo Log
Buffer
KByte2,100KByte
PMON
LGWR
Data File
Raw Device
Server
USER
ARCH
TL-812
Archive Log Mode(50M)
* Fixed Size :
70 Kbyte
* Variavle Size :
490 MByte
4,000,000 KByte
* Total SGA Size :
1700 Mbyte
DBW0 CKPT
SMON RECO D000 S000 P000

7. Memory Structure : Shared Pool
Shared Pool
Library Cache
Shared
SQL Area
PL/SQL Procedures
and Package
Control Structures
for examples;
Locks
Library
Cache handles
and so on ...
Dictionary
Cache
Control Structures
for example:
Character Set
Conversion
Memory
Network Security
Attributes
and so on ..
Shared Pool Contents
- Text of the SQL or PL/SQL statement
- Parsed form of the SQL or PL/SQL statement
- Execution plan for the SQL or PL/SQL
statements
- Data dictionary cache containing rows of data
dictionary information
Library Cache
- shared SQL area
- private SQL area
- PL/SQL procedures and package
- control structures : lock and library cache handles
Dictionary Cache
- names of all tables and views in the database
- names and datatypes of columns in database tables
- privileges of all Oracle users
SHARED_POOL_SIZE
Reusable
Runtime
Memory

8. TableSpaces
 A database is divided into logical storage units called Tablespaces.
 logical construct for arranging different types of data.
 An Oracle database must have at least a system tablespace.
 It is recommended to have different tablespaces for user and system data.

9. Tablespaces
 a logical structure
Data1 Data2
Data1_01.dbf Data2_01.dbf Data2_02.dbf
The DATA1
Tablespace =
One datafile
The DATA2
Tablespace =
Two datafiles

10. Create Tablespace
CREATE TABLESPACE test
DATAFILE 'oraservORADATAa.dbf'
SIZE 10M
AUTOEXTEND ON
NEXT 10M MAXSIZE 100M;
CREATE TABLE cust(id int,name varchar2(20))
TABLESPACE test;

11. SQL(Structured Query Language)
 SQL is a standard language for accessing databases.
 Both an ANSI and ISO standard
 Types of commands:
 Data Definition Language (DDL) : Create, Alter, Drop, Rename, Truncate
 Data Manipulation Language (DML): Insert, Delete, Update
 Data Retrieval: Select
 Transaction Control: Commit, Rollback, Savepoint
 Data Control Language (DCL): Grant, Revoke

12. CourseCourse
IDID
DepartmentDepartment
11 CommerceCommerce
22 ComputersComputers
33 CommerceCommerce
44 AccountantAccountant
55 ComputersComputers
SIDSID CourseCourse
IDID
11 55
22 22
33 11
44 55
SIDSID NameName AgeAge
1010 MarkMark 1818
2020 SmithSmith 2222
3030 JohnJohn 1919
4040 LeeLee 2121
STUDENT
COURSE
TAKES

13. Data Definition Language:
CREATE TABLE {table}
( {column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[column_constraint] ... | table_constraint}
[, { column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[column_constraint] ...
)
ALTER TABLE {table}
[ADD|MODIFY {column datatype [DEFAULT expr] [column_constraint]}
[DROP drop_clause]
DROP TABLE {table} [cascade constraints]
DESC {table}

14. Example :
CREATE TABLE Students
(sid INTEGER,
name VARCHAR(20),
age INTEGER);
CREATE TABLE Courses
( courseid CHAR(6),
department CHAR(20));
CREATE TABLE takes
( sid CHAR(9),
courseid CHAR(6));

15. Data Manipulation Language:
INSERT INTO {table | view} [ (column [, column] ...) ]
VALUES (expr,expr ...)
UPDATE {table | view }
SET { (column [, column] = { expr | }
[WHERE condition]
DELETE [FROM] {table | view} [WHERE condition]

16. Example:
 INSERT INTO Students VALUES (10,’Mark’,18);
 INSERT INTO Students VALUES (20,’smith’,22);
 INSERT INTO Students VALUES (30,’John’,19);
 INSERT INTO Students VALUES (40,’Lee’,21);

17. Data Retrieval:
SELECT [DISTINCT | ALL] {table|view}
FROM {table | view}
[WHERE condition ]
[GROUP BY expr [, expr]]
[ORDER BY {expr} [ASC | DESC]]

18. Example:
select * from student;
select name from student where sid='10';
select courseid from course where department=‘computer’;
Select a.sid from takes a, student b where a.sid=b.sid;

19. Transaction Control:
COMMIT
ROLLBACK [ to {savepoint}]
SAVEPOINT {name}
commit;
savepoint point5;
rollback to point5;

20. Data Control Language:
GRANT [privileges]
ON object TO user|public
[WITH GRANT OPTION]
REVOKE [privileges]
ON object TO user|public
[CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]
grant select,update on student to XYZ ;
revoke update on student to XYZ;

21. For Further Informatiom:
 Read more about oracle Database:
http://www.urgenthomework.com/oracle-10g-and-11g.php