Its a introduction of pesticides

1. Pesticides, type
,nature and their
effect on environment.
By Subhrajyoti Sahoo
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2. Introduction

4. Definition
• The FAO ( Food and Agriculture Organisation
)has defined the pesticides that any substance,
intended for preventing, destroying and
controlling any paste, unwanted species of
plants or animals, causing harm during or
otherwise interfering with the production
processing, storage, transport or marketing of
food, agriculture to control the insect other pest
in or on their bodies.

5. History
• The first known pesticides element sulphur
dusting used in ancient summary about 4,500
years ago in ancient Mesopotamia.
• In the 1960 it was discovered the DDT was
preventing many fish eating birds from
reproducing, which was serious threat to
biodiversity.

6. Types of Pesticides.
• Based on the pest on which the pesticide
act the pesticides are classified into
following groups:-
• 1) stability
• 2) pest
• 3) Action on plants
• 4) source of origin

7. According on stability
• According on stability pesticides are classified
into two types.
• 1. Biodegradable pesticides:- this pesticides will
be broken down by microbes in other organisms
into harmless compounds.
• 2. Persistent pesticides:- it remains months or
years together before they are broken down
(DDT)

9. According on pests
• Based on the pest on which the pesticides act types
are
• 1. Insecticides:- killing the insects
• 2. herbicides:- killing herb plant
• 3. weedecides:-it killing the weeds
• 4. Fungicides:- it killing the fungi
• 5. algaecides:- it killing Algae
• 6 bacteriacides:- it killing bacteria
• 7. molluscides:- killing snails
• 8.Avicides:- it killing birds
• 9. Virucides :- Killing viruses

11. According on the action on plants
• Based on the nature of action of the plant the
pesticides classified into three times they are
• Defoliants:- causes leaves to drop for harvesting.
• Dessicated:- Promote drying of living tissues such as
unwanted plant tops.
• insect growth regulator:- Disturb the moulting
maturity and life process of insects.
• plant growth regulators:- regulation of the
expected growth, flowering or reproduction rate of
plants.

12. According on the source of
origin
• According on the source of origin the pesticides are
classified into two types
• 1.chemical pesticides,. 2.bio pesticides
• Chemical pesticides:-
• The chemical pesticides are synthesized from chemical
they are following types
• i. organophosphates
• ii. Neonicontinoids
• iii. pyrethroids iv. carbamates
• V.organochlorines

14. • Organophosphate:-
• It is a pesticides composed of phosphate ester
which is a nerve position, hence is called as
neurotoxin.
• it is found of phosphorus, carbon and oxygen .
• the commonly used organophosphate are
parathion, methyl parathion, Malathion, phosmet,
dichlorvos etc...
• Neonicotinoids:-
• This insecticides similar to nicotine
• they are used for the production of corn, cotton,
sugar Beets, soybeans, crops, Oranges etc..
• following examples are Acetamiprid, Nithiazine etc..

16. • Pyrethrin:- these are insecticide produced by the flowers of
Chrysanthemum, cinerariae-folium or C.Coccineum.
• These prevented the closer of voltage-gated sodium
channels in the membrane of actions this leads to Paralysis.
• Ex- Honey bee, Fish, Dragon fly, Mayflies
• Carbamate:- These are insecticides derived from carbonic
acid (NH2COOH) which is an organic compound and it is a
neurotoxin.
• Eg- Aldicarb, Carbofuran, Carboryl.
• Organochlorins:- it is a organic compound containing
carbon chlorine and hydrogen.it leads bioconcentration
bioaccumulation and biomagnification
• Eg. DDT, DDE, DDD, Dioxin , Aldrin etc..

18. Biopesticides
• Biopesticides a naturally occurring biochemical
that control pests by non toxic mechanism .
• biopesticides are pesticides derived from plants,
Protozoa, bacteria, animals, virus minerals
• classified into three types:-
• 1. Microbial biopesticide
• 2. Plant Incorporated biopesticide
• 3. Biochemical Biopesticide

19. • Microbial biopesticides:-
• Microbes or their products used to control insect pests
are called microbial biopesticides .
• the Microbes as such in the living condition are used to
infect the insect pest and the pests are killed
• example like fungi virus Protozoa bacteria.
• Plant Incorporated biopesticides
• crop plants are incorporated with genes and encoding
insectidial toxin
• The toxin-producing genes are incorporated by genetic
engineering
• BT plants are produced in cotton, tobacco ,tomato
potato and rice

21. • Biochemical biopesticide:-
• it include substances that interfere with mating
such as insects sex pheromones as well as very
scented plant extract that attract insects pest to
traps
• example like pheromones alkaloids in garlic extract
baking soda etc..

22. Nature of pesticides:-
• The pesticides have a following nature like
• Stability and persistence:- disturb lity and persistence
of pesticides in the environment depend on their
chemical structures at 10:00 pesticides remain stable
for years together example DDT .
• persistent pesticides form a potential hazard to the
productivity of Aquatic system.
• Toxicity:- pesticides are toxic which are differ to
different aquatic organism .
• some pesticides are extremely toxic to fish and aquatic
invertebrates at very low concentration.

23. • Solubility:- pesticides differ in their solubility in water
the solubility of insecticides is low and the solubility of
herbicides is more.
• Adsorption:- most pesticides carry and electric charges
that enables them to be adsorbed on the soil particles in
much the same way as inorganic ions.
• Degradation:- pesticides changes alter their toxic
properties and these changes are due to biochemical or
photochemical or inorganic chemical reaction.
• Bioconentration :- the process of bioconcentration is
complex and it depends upon several factors such as the
time of exposure, rate of uptake ,metabolism within the
organisim , rate of excretion and other physiological
condition.

24. Pesticide effects on environment
• Environmental pollution:- pesticides like DDT, ending,
etc.. may gradually step down into groundwater and
eventually contaminate public drinking water .
• DDT May be washed away from a sprayed Cotton Field
by run off waters and eventually be carried to river and
finally to sea.
• Biological con. :- it is the direct update to pesticides by
the organism directly from the medium example like a
oyster and concentrated DDT by about 70,000 times in
their bodies from water containing DDT at 1 PPB

25. • Cancer:- DDT in the tissue causes Cancer in
different organism and also in human being.
• Decrease of production growth rate and
photosynthesis:-
• the herbicides decrease reproduction in chickens .
• Dieldrin decrease the growth rate of female white-
tailed deer.
• DDT decrease the photosynthesis rate of several
algal population.
• Biological magnification:- in this process the
concentration of pesticides becoming increasingly
higher in the higher trophic levels. it is the
concentration pesticides through food chain.

26. Thank you
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