4. The hilly region of India is presently under heavy stress on account of a
large scale exploitation for fuel wood, timber and fodder,
mismanagement of forest resources and frequent fires.
There is acute shortage of fodder especially green nutritious fodder,
which is the major cause of low productivity of the livestock, especially
in hilly area.
The main reasons for low productivity is insufficient and low quality
fodder and feed including grazing facilities.
5. Present status of fodder resources
Low yield of cultivated fodders – (rainfed cultivation; low priority crops
of farmers).
Pastures and grazing lands
– Over grazing and continuous grazing
– Short growing season of grasses
– Absence of legumes
– Low production potential of native species
– Dominance of weeds and unproductive grasses
Weak seed production programme.
Wide gap between demand and supply of fodder.
6. States Forests
Pastures &
grazing lands
Net area
sown
Arunachal Pradesh 5154 18 212
Assam 1853 160 2811
Himachal Pradesh 1103 1500 542
Jammu & Kashmir 2023 120 735
Manipur 1742 1 233
Meghalaya 946 .. 283
Mizoram 1585 5 123
Sikkim 584 .. 77
Uttarakhand 3485 198 741
GOI 2013
Major land use pattern in the hills (‘000 ha)
7. Livestock population
Species India (million) HP (million)
Cattle 199.07 2.23
Buffalo 105.34 0.76
Sheep 71.56 0.90
Goat 140.54 1.24
Horses, Camels,
Pigs, Mules and
Donkeys
18.14 0.04
Total 530 5.17
Livestock Census 2007
8. Demand and Availability of Fodder in India and HP (million tonnes)
Feed Demand Supply GAP % GAP
India
Dry Fodder 416 253 163 40 %
Green Fodder 222 143 79 36 %
Himachal Pradesh
Dry Fodder 4.60 2.30 2.30 50 %
Green Fodder 2.45 1.98 0.47 20 %
Anonymous 2011
9. Year
Supply Demand
Deficit as % of
demand
Green Dry Green Dry Green Dry
1995 379 421 947 526 60 20
2000 384 428 988 549 61 22
2005 389 443 1025 569 62 22
2010 395 451 1061 589 63 23
2015 400 466 1097 609 63 23
2020 405 473 1134 630 64 25
2025 411 488 1170 650 65 25
IGFRI 2011
Supply and demand scenario of forage and roughage till 2030
in India (million tonnes)
11. Landscape
Environmental
Climate change mitigation
Increased production
Economic
Social
Animal Welfare
Protect soil and water resources
Conserve energy
Sustainability
Benefits of Agroforestry Systems
12. Characteristics of tree species for agroforestry
Sparse branching
Tolerance to side shading
Nutrient addition to soil
Ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen
Nutritive and palatable fodder
Optimum light penetration to ground
Absence of competition at root zone level
Self pruning or capacity to withstand heavy pruning
Production of fodder/timber/firewood/green manure on sustained basis
13. Agroforestry key traits
Intentional: Combinations of trees, crops or animals are intentionally
designed and managed as a whole unit, rather than as individual
elements that may occur in close proximity but are controlled separately.
Intensive: Agroforestry practices are intensively managed to maintain
their productive and protective functions; these practices often involve
annual operations such as cultivation and fertilization.
14. Interactive: Agroforestry management seeks to actively manipulate the biological
and physical interactions between the tree, crop and animal components. The
goal is to enhance the production of more than one harvestable component at a
time, while also providing conservation benefits such as non-point source water
pollution control or wildlife habitat.
Integrated: The tree, crop or animal components are structurally and functionally
combined into a single, integrated management unit. Such integration utilizes
more of the productive capacity of the land and helps balance economic
production with resource conservation.
conti…
15. Objectives of Agroforestry
Biomass production
Soil improvement
Moderation of microclimates
Conservation of production base
Promotion of agro-based cottage industry
16. Agro-climatic
zone
Agroforestry
system
Tree component Crop/grass
Western
Himalayas
Silvipasture Grewia optiva,
Morus alba
Setaria spp.
Agrihorticulture Malus pumila,
Prunus persica
Millets, wheat
Maize, Soybean
Eastern
Himalayas
Agrisilviculture Anthocephalus Cadamba Paddy
Agrihorticulture Alnus nepalensis Large Cardamom/Coffee
Silviculture Bamboos, Morus alba
Silvipasture Bauhinia variegata, Ficus,
Morus alba
Napier grass
Eastern Plateau
& Hills
Agrisilviculture Gmelina arborea,
Acacia nilotica
Paddy, linseed
Silviculture Acacia mangium,
Acacia nilotica
Silvipasture Leucaena leucocephala Chrysopogon, Pennisetum,
Dicanthium
Improved agroforestry systems for various Agro-climatic zone
17. Agro-climatic
zone
Agroforestry
system
Tree component Crop/grass
Central Plateau
& Hills
Agrihorticulture Psidium gujava,
Emblica officinalis
Bengalgram/Groundnut,
Blackgram/Greengram
Agrisilviculture Acacia nilotica
Leucaena leucocephala
Soyabean, Blackgram-
Mustard/Wheat
Silvipasture Albizia amara,
Leucaena leucocephala
Chrysopogon, Stylosanthes
hamata, S. scabra
Western
Plateau & Hills
Agrihortisilvi Tectona grandis Paddy, Maize
Agrihorti Areca catechu Black pepper, Cardamom
Silviculture Prosopis julifora
Silvipasture Acacia mangium Cenchrus
Southern
Plateau & Hills
Agrisilviculture Eucalyptus Cotton
Silviculture Leucaena leucocephala
Agrihorti Tamarindus Chilli
Improved agroforestry systems for various Agro-climatic zone
20. Silvipasture system
It combines trees with forage (pasture or hay) and livestock
production.
Established by adding trees to existing pasture, or by thinning an
existing forest stand and adding (or improving) a forage component.
Trees are managed for high-value sawlogs, provide shelter for
livestock, protecting against temperature stresses.
Forage and livestock provide short-term income while sawlogs are
being grown, providing diversified economic returns.
21. Silvipasture system benefits
Improved plant vigor
Lower animal stress
Reduced wildfire risk
Improved wildlife habitat
Soil improvement
Productivity in fodder
tree plantation
Increased income
opportunities
22. Treatment
Grasses Albizia lebbek
Average dry
forage yield
(t ha-1 yr-1)
Coppicing
height (cm)
Leaf fodder
yield
(t ha-1 yr-1)
Fuel wood
yield
(t ha-1 yr-1)
Hybrid napier + A. lebbek 35.28 5.0 1.49 1.72
Cenchrus setigerus + A.
lebbek
10.44 15.0 1.19 3.97
C. ciliaris + A. lebbek 7.83 30.0 2.81 9.29
C. hybrid + A. lebbek 7.4 45.0 1.76 8.26
Forage and fuel wood production in Albizia lebbek based
silvi-pastoral system
Gupta et al. 2007Jammu
23. Effect of tree management practices on productivity (q ha-1) of mixed tree
species based silvopastoral system
Treatments
Leaf
biomass
Branch
biomass
Grass
biomass
Total
biomass
Grewia optiva 4m + Grass 11.40 17.54 97.00 125.94
Leucaena 1m + Grass 7.99 33.76 47.83 89.58
G. optiva 4m + Leucaena 1 m
+ Grass
8.53 23.90 71.69 104.13
Leucaena 2m + Grass 10.72 40.64 48.28 99.64
G. optiva 4m + Leucaena 2 m
+ Grass
8.31 19.65 54.11 82.06
Morus alba 4 m + Grass 7.85 28.90 84.45 121.21
Morus alba 4m + Leucaena 1m
+ Grass
4.09 14.38 75.21 93.67
CD (5%) 3.05 8.27 21.46 20.71
Yadava et al. 1997Solan
24. Dry matter production and carrying capacity of improved
grassland and a silvi-pastoral system
Treatments
Dry matter
(t ha-1)
Carrying capacity
Animal unit ha-1
annum -1
Crude protein
(%)
Control 06.90 2.70 3.05
Setaria 15.10 6.60 6.27
Setaria + Siratro 15.50 6.10 6.39
Setaria + Siratro +
Leucaena
17.10 7.20 6.59
Setaria + Siratro +
Robinia
18.40 7.40 7.04
Palampur Anonymous 1995
25. Yield of improved and local grasses under Pine and Deodar trees
Grass species
Green forage yield (t ha-1)
Pine trees Deodar trees
Pangola 14.0 13.6
Rhodes 4.78 3.06
Para 0.48 2.06
Guinea 0.41 2.04
Local 0.25 0.22
Koranne and Singh 1989Almora
26. Treatments
Green Dry
2000 2004 2001-04 2000 2004 2001-04
Local system 38 115.9 102.8 14.3 43.9 38.2
Improved Grasses 109 240.8 203.6 43.2 87.2 74.8
Improved legumes 91.7 214.6 184.8 29.7 77.3 64.1
Improved grasses +
legumes
126.3 250.4 230.9 40.7 91.5 82.4
Improved grasses +
legumes + salix
123.7 288.2 235.7 40.6 97.2 82.1
Improved grasses +
legumes + salix +
Robinia
121.3 279.0 234.3 41.7 87.3 79.7
CD (5%) 13.7 15.7 11.9 5 8.4 4.1
Green and dry forage yield (q ha-1) of local pasture, improved grasses,
legumes and trees in the cold arid region of Himachal Pradesh
Improved Grasses : Fescue grass + Orchard Grass
Improved legumes : Red Clover + Lucerne
Shrub : Salix
Fodder tree : Robinia
27. Alley Cropping
Alley cropping involves growing crops (grains, forages, vegetables, etc.)
between trees planted in rows. The spacing between the rows is
designed to accommodate the mature size of the trees while leaving
room for the planned alley crops.
28. Advantages of alley cropping over sole cropping
Green fodder during lean period, when no green fodder is available from crops.
Higher total biomass per unit of land in comparison to sole cropping.
Additional employment during off season .
More effective in soil and water conservation than sole cropping.
Efficient use of off season precipitation if any in comparison to sole cropping
which is confined to rainy season alone.
29. Types of alley cropping systems
Forage alley cropping system
Forage-cum-mulch alley cropping system
Forage-cum-pole alley cropping system
30. Average yield of crops, fodder and fuel wood under different alleys
Alley Width
Crop yield (kg ha-1)
Fodder yield
kg tree-1 ya-1
Fuel wood
tonnes ha-1
Rabi Kharif
2 m 950 1164 5.31 10.30
1.5 m 845 1080 5.40 14.42
1 m 820 798 8.43 13.09
Mughal et al. 2003Srinagar
31. Green fodder yield of sorghum and oats in agrisilviculture system (t ha-1)
Treatment Sorghum Oat
Populus deltoides + Fodder crop
12.31 13.09
Catalpa bignoniodes + Fodder crop
12.83 12.97
Fodder crop (Pure)
14.03 14.45
CD (5%) 1.01 1.01
Quisar et al. 2007Srinagar
32. Biomass (Fodder + Fuel wood) productivity of Populus and Catalpa in
association with fodder (Sorghum and Oats)
Treatment
Dry fodder (t ha-1) Fuel wood (t ha-1)
Total
biomass
(t ha-1)2003 2004 Pooled 2003 2004 Pooled
Populus deltoides +
Fodder crop
0.41 0.57 0.50 0.87 0.22 0.51 1.01
Catalpa bignoniodes
+ Fodder crop
0.54 1.42 0.98 1.19 1.78 1.48 2.46
P. deltoides 0.28 0.34 0.31 0.39 0.07 0.23 0.54
C. bignoniodes 0.34 0.78 0.56 0.69 0.83 0.76 1.32
CD (5%) 0.29 0.27 0.46
Quisar et al. 2007Srinagar
33. Overall productivity (t ha-1 yr-1) in agrisilviculture system compared to
sole agriculture system in different sites
Ranichauri Bijalwan et al. 2008
Study
site
Components of agrisilviculture system
Total
Sole Ag.
CropTrees Shrubs Herbs Ag Crop
N1 3.7 0.8 1.0 3.5 9.2 5.5
N2 1.7 1.0 1.3 4.5 8.7 6.7
N3 3.6 1.1 1.3 3.8 10.0 5.4
Mean 3.0 1.0 1.2 3.9 9.3 5.9
S1 3.1 0.8 1.2 3.6 8.8 5.3
S2 2.9 1.0 1.1 4.1 9.2 6.0
S3 2.1 1.0 1.4 3.5 8.1 5.6
Mean 2.7 0.9 1.2 3.7 8.7 5.6
Overall
Mean
2.8 0.9 1.2 3.8 9.0 5.7
34. Average yield of Oats and M.P. Chari (q ha-1) during 5 year
period in different treatments
Treatments Oat M.P Chari
Control 199.6 251.4
Around tree 146.0 163.9
0.5 m away from tree 153.8 181.9
1.5 m away from tree 157.8 184.2
2.0 m away from tree 161.7 195.3
CD (5%) 7.85 23.33
Mughal et al. 2003Srinagar
35. Hortipasture system
Horticulture is common pursuit of farmers in temperate areas. The
interspaces of orchards remain barren during summer and these can be
utilized as perennial pastures.
36. Species Green forage yield (t ha-1)
Dactylis + Red clover 42
Ryegrass + Red clover 48
Brome grass + Red clover 39
Timothy + Sub-clover 35
Fodder production in Apple Orchard
Misri 1998Srinagar
37. Pasture species Forage yield (t ha-1)
Red clover 2.6
White clover 2.4
Lucerne 2.5
Rye grass 3.1
Orchard grass 2.7
Canary grass 2.1
Control 1.8
CD (5%) 0.6
Uttrakhand
Forage yield of different pasture species in apple orchard
Singh 1995
38. Green forage yield (t ha-1) of pastures and legumes in almond
orchard
Name of Grass Green forage yield
% increase over natural
vegetation
Natural Vegetation 14.6 -
Dactylis glomerata 22.0 56
Festuca pratense 28.0 91
Trifolium repens 24.9 70
Trifolium pratense 24.5 62
CD (5%) 7.2
Makaya and Gangoo 1995Srinagar
39. Treatment
Green forage yield (t ha-1) Dry Forage yield (t ha-1)
Pearl
millet
Cowpea Total
Pearl
millet
Cowpea Total
Sole Aonla - - - - - -
Aonla + Pearl millet
single cut + Cowpea
19.6 7.5 27.1 5.19 1.06 6.25
Aonla + Pearl millet
multicut + Cowpea
22.1 8.3 30.4 5.14 1.19 6.33
Pearl millet single cut +
Cowpea
19.1 7.9 27.0 4.22 1.14 5.36
Pearl millet multicut +
Cowpea
21.6 6.8 28.4 4.92 0.95 5.87
CD (5%) 0.73 0.08 0.83 0.67 0.03 0.05
Anonymous 2011
Fodder production in 14 year old aonla orchard under agri-horti system
Jammu
40. Aboveground biomass and productivity of Eucalyptus tereticornis
at different densities (7 years old)
Attribute
Density (trees ha-1)
D1 (27,778) D2 (12,346) D3 (6,944)
Biomass (t ha-1) 127.0 70.85 49.50
Productivity (t ha-1) 18.15 10.12 7.07
Verma et al. 2003Solan
41. A non-competitive land use system for the forage production in the hills
is to grow improved grasses on terrace bunds and risers.
There is added advantage to produce forge without any fertilizer or
manure since it is available from the cropped terrace.
The field experiments conducted in U.P. hills reveal that growing grasses
on terrace riser was found significantly beneficial for increasing the grain
yield of rice and wheat over control.
The performance of different improved grass species was statistically
similar but superior to local species.
Forage production on terrace risers/bunds
42. Terrace grasses
Grain yield (t ha-1)
Forage yield of
grasses
Rice Wheat (t ha-1)
Nandi grass 1.04 1.14 10.8
Guinea grass 1.01 1.16 10.4
Hybrid Napier 1.08 1.21 15.0
Rhode grass 0.98 1.04 9.9
Indian couch grass 0.91 1.02 8.6
Control 0.97 0.98 1.2
C.D. 5% NS NS 0.6
Performance of some grasses on terrace risers and their effect on main
crops
Singh 1995Almora
43. Biomass
Systems
Above ground biomass Below ground biomass
Horti pastoral 15.26 5.37
Silvi pastoral 32.72 11.50
Agri siliviculture 34.05 11.97
Horti silvipastoral 18.20 6.40
Natural grassland 3.44 1.03
CD= 0.05 13.31 4.45
Khaki and Wani (2011)
Biomass production (t ha-1) under different land use systems
Paonta Sahib
44. FUTURE THRUST
Forage production must be taken up as a first management goal and 25 per cent of
the forest area should be put under trees with regulated accessibility to the farmers.
Fodder tree improvement programmes for higher leaf fodder have to be initiated.
Growing forage grasses and fodder trees on terrace risers/bunds- a non competitive
land use system.
Conservation of native biodiversity for future improvement.
Breeding biotic, abiotic, stress tolerant cultivars of forage species suitable for area
not used under arable agriculture.
Participatory techniques to be adopted to identify the problems and to carry out the
improvement programme.
Controlled grazing to maintain the productivity of pasture (grazing should be allowed
as per carrying capacity).
45. CONCLUSIONS
Forage production situation is very alarming and corrective measures have to be
taken to improve the same.
Both grazing and forage cultivation have to be considered complementary to each
other and simultaneous efforts are required to improve the both.
Agroforestry systems can be advantageous over conventional agricultural and forest
production methods through increased productivity, improved economic benefits and
social outcomes and the enhanced ecological goods and services provided.
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Last priority in Himalayan regions because climatic constraints only allow farmers to grow a single crop per year and agricultural product yielded from this one harvest are almost exclusively used for human consumption only.
According to livestock census 2007 it was observed that livestock population is increasing in last few years and now its 530 millions in India overall in hp 52.26 lakhs
Alley cropping is an agroforestry practice. But what is agroforestry? Although there are many definitions on agroforestry one of the simplest definitions is the intentional combining of agriculture and working trees to create sustainable farming systems. In agroforestry systems, trees or shrubs and their products are intentionally used within agricultural systems, livestock, or forests and are cultured with woody plants (e.g. trees and shrubs). Knowledge, careful selection of species, and good management of trees and crops are needed to optimize the production and positive effects within the system and to minimize negative competitive effects. Agroforestry systems can be advantageous over conventional agricultural and forest production methods through increased productivity, improved economic benefits and social outcomes and the enhanced ecological goods and services provided. This system is used world-wide today.
Tip: Some shape effects on this slide are created with the Combine Shapes commands. To access this command, you must add it to the Quick Access Toolbar, located above the File tab. To customize the Quick Access Toolbar, do the following:
Click the arrow next to the Quick Access Toolbar, and then under Customize Quick Access Toolbar click More Commands.
In the PowerPoint Options dialog box, in the Choose commands from list, select All Commands.
In the list of commands, click Combine Shapes, and then click Add.
To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.
On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle.
On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle.
Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, and in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, in the Height box enter 5.76” and in the Width box enter 4”.
Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then click the button next to Texture and click Newsprint (third row).
Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, in the Contrast box enter 40%.
Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and in the Line Color pane select No Line.
Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Glow and Soft Edges in the left pane, and in the Glow and Soft Edges pane, do the following:
Under Glow, click the button next to Presets, click No Glow.
Under Soft Edges, in the Size box enter 2.5 pt.
Right-click the rectangle, click Edit Points, right-click the top edge of the rectangle, and then click Add Point to add a new point. Repeat this step to add about 15 new points to the top edge. Do the same for the bottom edge. Individually select each point you added, and then drag up or down to create a ragged edge.
Move rectangle to the right half of the slide area.
Select the rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then click Align Middle.
To reproduce the picture effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert.
Select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box. In the Format Picture dialog box, resize or crop the image so that the height is set to 4.74” and the width is set to 3.4”. To crop the picture, click Crop in the left pane, and in the right pane, under Crop position, enter values into the Height, Width, Left, and Top boxes. To resize the picture, click Size in the left pane, and in the right pane, under Size and rotate, enter values into the Height and Width boxes.
Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, and in the Picture Color pane, under Color Tone, click the button next to Presets, and then click Temperature 5300 K.
Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Shadow in the left pane, and in the Shadow pane, do the following:
Click the button next to Presets, and then under Outer click Offset Center.
In the Transparency box, enter 80%.
In the Size box, enter 101%.
Position the picture over the rectangle.
Press and hold CTRL, and then select the rectangle and the picture. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:
Click Align Selected Objects.
Click Align Middle.
Click Align Center.
To reproduce the other shapes on this slide (arched shadows), do the following:
On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle.
On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle.
Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, enter .50” into the Height box and 3.9” into the Width box.
On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Basic Shapes click Oval.
On the slide, drag to draw an oval.
Select the oval. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, enter 2” into the Height box and 6.83” into the Width box.
Position the oval so that it overlaps the bottom edge of the rectangle.
Press and hold CTRL, select the rectangle, and then select the oval. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, click Align Selected Objects, and then click Align Center.
Press and hold CTRL, select the rectangle, and then select the oval. On the Quick Access Toolbar, click Combine Shapes, and then click Shape Subtract.
Select the new shape. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following:
In the Type list, select Linear.
In the Angle box, enter 90°.
Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stops or Remove gradient stops until two stops appear in the slider.
Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:
Select the first gradient stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 0%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row).
In the Transparency box, enter 50%.
Select the other gradient stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 100%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row).
In the Transparency box, enter 100%.
Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and in the Line Color pane, select No line.
Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Glow and Soft Edges in the left pane, and in the Glow and Soft Edges pane, do the following:
Under Glow, click the button next to Presets, and then click No Glow.
Under Soft Edges, in the Size box enter 2.5 pt.
Select the transparent, gradient-filled rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow to the right of Copy, and then click Duplicate.
Position one of the transparent rectangles over the bottom edge of the texture-filled rectangle.
On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then under Order Objects click Send Backward. Repeat this process until the shape is partially hidden by the texture-filled rectangle.
Select the other transparent rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, enter 0.34” into the Height box and 3.36” into the Width box.
Position the transparent rectangle over the bottom edge of the picture. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, and then under Order Objects click Send Backward. Repeat this process until the shape is partially hidden by the texture-filled rectangle.
Press and hold CTRL, select the picture, select both transparent rectangles, and select the texture-filled rectangle. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:
Click Align Selected Objects.
Click Align Center.
To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box.
On the slide, drag to draw a textbox.
Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Corbel from the Font list, select 36 pt. from the Font Size list, and then select Black, Text 1 from the Font Color list.
Position the text box on the left side of the slide.
To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:
On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle.
On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle.
Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, and in the Size pane, enter 7.5” into the Height box and 10” into the Width box.
Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and in the Line Color pane click No line.
Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and in the Fill pane, click Picture or texture fill. Click the button next to Texture and choose Woven Mat (first row).
Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, and in the Picture Corrections pane, do the following:
Under Sharpen and Soften, click the button next to Presets, and then click Soften: 25%.
Under Brightness and Contrast, in the Brightness box enter 14%.
Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, and in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Sepia (first row).
On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle.
On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle.
Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, and in the Size pane, enter 7.5” into the Height box and 10” into the Width box.
Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following:
In the Type list, select Linear.
In the Angle box, enter 90°.
Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stops or Remove gradient stops until four gradient stops appear in the slider.
Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient as follows:
Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 0%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 48, Green: 50, and Blue: 30.
In the Transparency box, enter 30%.
Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 29%.
Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row).
In the Transparency box, enter 18%.
Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 51%.
Click the button next Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row).
In the Transparency box, enter 30%.
Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following:
In the Position box, enter 100%.
Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 78, Green: 81, and Blue: 61.
In the Transparency box, enter 20%.
Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and in the Line Color pane select No line.
Press and hold CTRL, and then select both rectangles. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:
Click Align to Slide.
Click Align Middle.
Click Align Center.
Common grasses are Eragrostis spp., Apluda spp., and chrysopogon spp.
Ulmus wallichiana; crops –pea (rabi) and beans (kharif); agrisilvi model so devised can help in stabilizing the degraded environment and at the same time help in food, fodder and fuel wood production.