This document discusses scientific misconduct in publishing, including various types of misconduct such as fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. It outlines reasons for misconduct like desire for advancement and pressure to publish. Major types discussed include fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, peer review manipulation, inappropriate authorship, citation manipulation, and conflict of interest. Consequences of misconduct are outlined for society, fellow researchers, medical practitioners, and individuals. The Committee on Publication Ethics is presented as a resource for editors on publication ethics issues.

1. SCIENTIFIC
MISCONDUCTS DURING
PAPER PUBLICATION
Surya S
21PHBOF002

2. Scientific Misconducts
Scientific misconducts is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly
conduct and ethical behavior in the publication of professional scientific
research.
Severe violations of the widely accepted ethical standards of research is
called research misconducts.
Legal or other types of penalties are imposed on individuals who
commit misconducts.
Reasons for misconducts
 Desire to get ahead
Publish or perish pressure
Personal/character issues
Cultural difference

3. Major types of scientific misconduct include
 Fabrication
 Falsification
 Plagiarism
 Peer review manipulation
 Inappropriate authorship
 Citation manipulation
 Conflict of interest
 Duplicate/multiple submission
 Publication overlap
 Salami publication

4. FFP [ FABRICATION , FALSIFICATION , PLAGIARISM]
Fabrication of Data
Fabrication is the making up of data’s or results without performing any relevant
research.
Falsification of Data
It is the practice of changing the data or results intentionally such that a
misleading conclusion is drawn.
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the appropriation of another persons data, figures, thoughts,
ideas, research methods and words without giving appropriate credit or the
over citation of another published work.

5. TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
 Direct plagiarism
 It is the word by word transcription of a section
of someone's else work without attribution and
quotation marks. Which is unethical and
academic dishonest and this grounds for
disciplinary actions.
 Self-plagiarism
 It is a type of plagiarism that occurs when a
student copies his or her previous works or
mixes the parts of previous works without
consent from all the professors involved.

6.  Mosaic plagiarism
 This occurs when a student borrows phrases from a source without
using quotation marks or finds synonyms for the author's language
while keeping up the same general structure and meaning of the
original. Sometimes mosaic plagiarism is also called patchwriting.
 Accidental plagiarism
 It occurs when a person neglects to cite their sources or misquotes their
source or unintentionally paraphrases a source by using similar words,
groups of words and sentence structure without attribution.

7. Peer review manipulation
 Peer review is regarded as the gold standard for research evaluation.
However, it has been consistently targeted and manipulated by researchers,
and, at times, even editors.
 This type of manipulation can occur directly by manipulation or hacking of the
submission system of the journal. It can also occur when authors are able to
suggest peer reviewers and input contact email addresses for these peer
reviewers on the submission system of the journal.
 Systematic manipulation of the publication process is where an individual or a group of
individuals have repeatedly used dishonest or fraudulent practices to:
 prevent or inappropriately influence the independent assessment of a piece of
scholarly work by an independent peer.
 inappropriately attribute authorship of a piece of scholarly work.
 publish fabricated or plagiarized research.

8. Inappropriate authorship
 Inappropriate authorship assignment includes both
omitting authors who have fulfilled authorship criteria
and including authors who have not in an 'honorary'
capacity.
 Guest authors are those who do not meet accepted
authorship criteria but are listed because of their
seniority, reputation or supposed influence.
 Gift authors are those who do not meet accepted
authorship criteria but are listed as a personal favour or
in return for payment.
 Ghost authors are those who meet authorship criteria
but are not listed

9. Citation manipulation
• The attempts to manipulate the journal impact factors by
deliberately increasing the self-citations are unethical.
• The editors or reviewers should under no circumstances
inquire authors to cite their journal in their submitted
paper unless it is relevant to the work done and be useful
to the readers.
Conflict of interest
• It is a set of conditions in which professional judgement
concerning a primary interest (such as the validity of a
research study) tends to be unduly influenced by a
secondary interest (such as financial gain, or may give
that impression.

10. Duplicate submission/ multiple submission
 It refers to the practice of submitting the same manuscript or
several manuscripts with minor differences to two or more
journals at the same time or in the stipulated time period by
the journal.
Publication overlap
 The presentation of redundant ideas or data in multiple papers by the
same authors that is it refers to the practice of publishing a paper that
overlaps substantially with one already published.
Salami publication
 Refers to the practice of slicing data from a large study, which
could have been reported in a single paper into different pieces
and publishing them in two or more articles, all of which cover the
same population, questions and methods

11. CONSEQUENCE OF MISCONDUCTS
 Society and humanity: Wrong procedures, false and fabricated data
bring out products, which may be considered unsafe for humanity.
 Fellow researchers: Published data and knowledge derived from
research misconduct in sciences will mislead fellow researchers and
that will lead to huge loss of money, funds, times and reputations.
 Medical practitioners and students: Medical practitioner also suffers a
lot due to unethical research publications as many wrong diagnostic and
therapeutic published guidelines lead to professional disaster for them.
 Public trust and Government policies: It may destroy public trust on
science. Such false information and data may misguide government and
lead to implement some erroneous health policies and laws.

12. PERSONAL CONSEQUENCE
 Loss of respect, trust
 Retraction of publications, decreased acceptability of future reports or
publications
 General suspicion of misconduct in future research activities
 Disassociation by other researchers
 Restitution of funds to the granting agencies
 Removal from project, rank and salary reduction, dismissal.
 Ineligibility to apply for federal grants for years
 Fined or jailed according to local laws

13. THE COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION ETHICS
 It is a forum for editors and publishers of peer reviewed journals to discuss
all aspects of publication ethics.
 It also advises editors on how to handle cases of research and publication
misconduct.
 It provides support and resources for good publication practices ( guidelines,
flowcharts, documents etc)
 The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) was established in 1997 by a
small group of medical journal editors in the UK but now has over 9000
members worldwide from all academic fields.
 Membership is open to editors of academic journals and others interested in
publication ethics.

14. REFERENCES
 https://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/resources-authors/forms-policies-and-checklists/scientific-
misconduct
 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/tmi.13295#:~:text=Inappropriate%20authorship%2
0assignment%20includes%20both,HIC%20and%20LMIC%20researchers%201
 https://www.enago.com/academy/10-types-of-scientific-misconduct/
 http://www.inquestpublications.com/overlapping-publication.html
 https://www.slideshare.net/SameerKhasbage/publication-ethics-169227070
 https://images.app.goo.gl/MDM8cmc3V2FvXnAF6
 https://images.app.goo.gl/HwtVu83sfpFgitZr6
 https://images.app.goo.gl/RBYw6A2zRcEDGrNt9
 https://images.app.goo.gl/6Y2qgi3hJxxcWSJ96

15. THANK YOU!!!