Progetto Factor 20 - Seminario La sfida della sostenibilità energetica per le imprese agricole Metaponto, 9 dicembre 2013

1. Cristos Xiloyannis
Bartolomeo Dichio
DiCEM- Università degli Studi della Basilicata
Sostenibilità dei sistemi frutticoli e certificazione
dell’impronta del carbonio e dell’acqua
SEMINARIO FORMATIVO
La sfida della sostenibilità energetica per le imprese agricole
lunedì 09 dicembre 2013

2. Consequences after 2057
Three possible paths for future
carbon emissions:
i
nta
i
Ma
over 800 ppm atmospheric CO2
+ 5°C
e
ra t
t
en
rr
cu
n
Maintain current rate and
adopting reducing strategies
380 ppm
8
360
6
340
5
4
320
3
Atmosphere CO2
2
2
7
525 ppm atmospheric CO2
+ 3°C
REDUCE current rate and
adopting reducing strategies
280
2
1
1957
1957
450 ppm atmospheric CO2
+ 2°C
today
today
Past 50 years
Next 50 years
2057
Source: National Geographic. Oct 2007

3. Report Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (Ipcc)
September 2013 – Stockolm
Non ci sono, affatto, le minimizzazioni né i cambiamenti di rotta annunciati
-50 billlions tonnes of CO2 eq/year EMISSIONS
- TO MANTAIN THE INCREASE OF TEMP. AROUND 2C WE MUST EMMIT
NO MORE THAN 820-1445 BILLIONS TONNES OF CO2 eq TO THE
ATMOSPHERE DURING THE REST OF THE CENTURY.
- GLOBAL TEMPERATURES ARE LIKELY TO RISE BY 0.3 TO 5 C BY
THE END OF THE CENTURY.
- SEA LEVELS ARE EXPECTED TO RISE A FURTHER 26-82cm BY 2100.
- THE OCEANS HAVE ACIDIFIED HAVING ABSORBED ABOUT A THIRD
OF THE CO2 EMITTED.

4. Total and per capita GHG emissions in various country
(source: UNFCCC, EEA, DIW Berlin, World Bank )
Total emissions
Per capita emissions
(Mt CO2eq)
(t CO2eq/year)
1990
2010
2010
Australia
259
583
26.8
Canada
421
681
20.2
4,844
6,479
21.1
186
24.1
USA
Arabia Saudita
160
EU
3,152
Sud Africa
291
Cina (+ Hong Kong)
India
2,389
595
4,565
9.0
589
11.9
10,102
7.6
2856
2.4

5. Background: Agriculture-related GHG Emitting
Activities
25% of total GHG emissions in 2004
Source: Smith, et al., 2007

6. The potential role of agriculture in mitigating climate
change
• Agriculture is
expected to
contribute 18% of
total GHG emission
reductions
Other
Sources of expected GHG
emission reductions
Source: Smith, et al., 2007.
• Together with better
forest management,
the two sources are
33% of the total
abatement potential

7. What is Climate-Smart Agriculture?
CSA is agriculture that
• increases yields (poverty reduction & food
security),
• makes yields more resilient in the face of
worsening weather conditions
(adaptation), and
• transforms the farm into a solution to the
climate change problem (mitigation).
(World Bank , 2012)

11. WORLD ARABLE LAND PER PERSON
1961-2010
0,4
0,37
0,35
0,32
ha / person
0,3
0,27
0,24
0,25
0,23
0,20
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
0
1961
1970
1980
1990
2000
Source: World Bank (Development Indicators Tables)
2010

12. Land grabbing: the race for food
• The population growth, the environmental constraints for
food production and the consequences of climate
change are elements that compose a scenario of a new
food scarcity.
• At present, many companies and governments are
willing to pay billions to buy or rent large arable land
areas, nominally catalogued as virgins, marginal or
depopulated; Countries with developing or in transition
economies, are increasinlgy well inclined to sell it.
• China (20% of world population) has recently established
a 50 years lease agreement of 3 million hectares of
agricultural land with Ukraine, for cultivation and pigs
farming. It’s the largest lease agreement concluded by
China to the exploitation of farmland abroad .

13. Soil fertility
Organic matter in South Italy
0,8 - 1,3%

14. % Sostanza
Organica
4,5
3,8
Inizio della
coltivazione
Gestione
convenzionale
3.2
Gestione
sostenibile
Inversione
della tendenza
Frazione
della SO
labile
2.6
Frazione della SO duratura
1.9
0
20
40
60
Anni dall’inizio della coltivazione
Rielaborato da WBGU Special Report:
The Accounting of Biological Sinks and Sources Under the Kyoto Protocol
80

15. CO2 Emission in Italy (Source: EEA 2004)
(Total annual 580.7 Mt)
Industry
50.6%
Urban (Transport, waste + Other )
40.0%
Agriculture
9.4%
2011
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
1. Energy
2. Industrial Processes
3. Solvent and Other Product Use
4. Agriculture
5. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry(5)
6. Waste
7. Other
Total (including LULUCF)(5)
CO2
equivalent
(Gg)
404.443,53
31.640,92
1.656,28
33.530,43
-30.590,07
17.520,85
NA
458.201,95
Source: NIR 2011
(UNFCCC CRF)

16. convenzionale
Sostenibile
Soil management
Compost (15 t ha-1)
Mineral N if necessary
Fertilization
Pruning material
Mineral
fertilizers

17. increase C input
limit C output

18. increase C input
carbon sources
internal
external
cover crops
pruning material
senescent leaves
stabilised manure
compost
Biochar, others

19. use polygenic organic material!!!

21. biochar
Biochar is charcoal obtained by pyrolysis of biomass in a low/no
oxigen environment.
It is a stable solid, rich in carbon and can remain in soil for thousands
of years.
Biochar can be used as
•carbon sink
•soil amendment

22. COMPOST Contribution
Chemical Properties
Umidity
pH
C org
Organic Acids
C/N
Density
Conducibility
Salinity
Clorides
N tot
P tot
Na
K
Other Carbon resource
%C
Compost 44,06
Quantity
(Tons/ha)
dry matter
(Tons/ha)
C tot
(Tons/ha)
15,84
11,00
4,85
%
% C dm
% d.m.
Kg/dm3
µS/cm
meq/100gr
mg/Kg
%N d.m.
% P d.m.
mg/Kg d.m.
mg/Kg d.m.
25,64
8,1
44,6
20
14,9
1,3
2700
22,7
2580
3,5
0,4
2059
11000

23. Residue quality based on different quality
index methods (Praveen-Kumar et al., 2003)
Residue quality
C/N
Lignin/N
highly decomposable
< 18
<5
moderate
18-27
5-7
slow
28-60
7.5-15
least
> 60
> 15

24. cost for unit of fertilizzer in the compost
unità fertilizzanti
distribuite con il
compost
Mineral fertilizers
P
K
228
N
compost
total
average cost
N
33,8
P2O5
130,8
K20
392,6
total
€ 67,95
€ 10,07
€ 38,98
€ 117,00
€ 0,30
€ 310,22
€ 158,81
€ 76,11
€ 545,14
€ 1,39
The cost of the Compost is 7.8 €/t
Se si considera il costo di trasporto (Veneto) il costo
per unità fertilizzante arriva ad 1,67euro

27. ….. Carbon balance
CO2 = DM × 0,45 × 3,67
(Norby et al., 2004)
Carbon
Input
Net Carbon
allocated in soil
Carbon
output
(respiration
roots e microbics)
suolo
Critical point to measure

28. CARBON BALANCE

29. Chambers for soil respiration measurements
Closed chamber taking measurements

30. Measuring CO2 flux…
(photo: nrel.colostate.edu)
Eddy covariance
Chamber-based methods
(static or mobile)

31. EDDY COVARIANCE TOWER
GPP = Global Primary Productivity
Reco = Respiration Ecosystem
NEE = Net Exchange Ecosystem
Tagliavini, 2011

32. limit C output
Reduction of natural CO2 emissions from soil
heterotrophic and autotrophic soil respiration
soil water availability
soil temperatures
soil microbiological fertility
factors which affect
soil respiration

33. effect of soil water availability

35. limit C output
how to control soil respiration???
use of localized irrigation methods
use of biotechnological techniques
(biopolymers able to catalyze oxidative
polimerization of organic molecules
– IRON PORPHYRIN)
use of soil management techniques
to limit soil mineralization

36. mean (2001-2008) Annual Net Primary Productivity (CO 2eq, t ha-1 year-1)
Net Primary Productivity
(NPP)
Above Ground NPP
Yield
1
Olive permanent structures
Pruning material
Senescent leaves2
Spontaneous vegetation
epigean biomass
Below Ground NPP
Olive root biomass3
Spontaneous vegetation root
biomass4
Total NPP
1
2
3
4
Sustainable
Conventional
System
System
-1
CO2 eq (t ha year-1 )
28.38
11.03
9.06
3.99
0.60
0.60
6.11
4.84
1.60
1.60
11.01
-
10.43
7.68
5.51
5.51
2.75
-
-38.81
-16.55
calculated according to Almagro et al. (2010).
estimated according to Sofo et al. (2005).
estimated as the 50% of the annual biomass production of olive trees (Cannell, 1985).
estimated as 20% of the above-ground part (Celano et al., 2003).

37. CO2eq emissions and stock variations in the 2 systems
Total emissions
Anthropogenic
Fertilizers, pesticides
Farm operations and
transport
Pruning residues burning
Soil respiration1
Total NPP
Difference
Sustainable
Conventional
System
System
-1
CO2eq (t ha year-1)
+25.42
+27.37
+2.42
+1.53
+23.00
- 38.81
-13.39
+4.84
+21.00
- 16.55
+10.82
elaborated from data reported by Almagro et al. (2009) and Testi et al. (2008)
1

38. CO2 Balance in the Orchard
Sustainable
Oil yield 1552 Kg
-8.62 Kg CO2 equivalent/Kg oil
Conventional
Oil yield 672 Kg
+17.59 Kg CO2 equivalent/Kg oil

39. Kg of CO2 per L of Extra Vergin Oil
Sustain.
Conven.
CO2 in orchard
-8.62
+17.59
CO2 in Mill
+0.13
+0.13
Packing
+1.81
+1.81
Balance
-6.68
+19.53

40. CO2 Balance in a Mature Peach Orchard
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
+20
+40
2004
2005
2006
Sustainable
2007
2008
Conventional
2009

41. To increase the Carbon content in the soil of one hectare
of orchard (30 cm depth) from 1% to 2% are necessary
about 10 years and the soil will fix about 15 t ha -1 year-1 of
CO2

42. The increase of carbon in the soil of olive trees: 20002006 (sustainable management without compost).
2006
Carbonio Organico (%)
2.0
1.5
2000
1.0
Equivalent of about….
0.5
0.0
1
0-5 cm
2
5-10 cm
3
10-30 cm
61 t ha-1 of CO2
4
30-60 cm In the top 30 cm of soil

43. Carbon accumulated in plant structures:
12- 20 t ha-1 Carbon
(45-75 t ha-1 CO2)
In 15 years

44. ….vantaggio economico
GESTIONE SOSTENIBILE
CO
C C 2
CO CO O2 O2
2
GESTIONE convenzionale 2 CO
2
CO
2
CO2
CO2 CO2
CO2 CO2 CO2
CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2
???? Euro per t CO2

45. Generi più rappresentati di funghi e di
Streptomyces
Sostenibile
Aspergillus
Streptomices
Phaeoacremonium
Convenzionale
Aspergillus
Mucor
Penicillium
Armillaria
Cladosporium
Acremonium
Alternaria
Phaeoacremonium
Rosellinia
Phyalophora
Cylindrocarpon
Microdochium
Rosellinia
Mucor
Cladosporium

46. Maggior numero di funghi (e anche
di batteri, non mostrati qui) nel
sistema sostenibile (diluizione 10-2)
Sostenibile
Convenzionale

47. …….as intestinal flora for
humans……………

48. roots with ifes and spores of glomus intraradices (10 X).

49. SUSTAINABLE SOIL MANAGEMENT AND
soil water holding capacity

50. Inerbito
sustainable
profondità
Depth cm(cm)
0-10 cm
a
0-10
a
10-20
Regolari
Irregolari
Allungati
a
20-30
a
30-40
a
40-50
0
2
10-20 cm
6
Lavorato 8
4
10
12
Macroporosità (% )
a
profondità (cm)
Depth cm
0-10
b
10-20
Regolari
b
20-30
Irregolari
Allungati
b
30-40
0-10 cm
ab
40-50
0
2
4
6
Macroporosità (%)
8
Macroporosity %
10
12
10-20 cm

51. Tesi
Ksat (Guelph)
(mm d )
Classe di Conducibilità
satura (Rossi Pisa
1997)
Inerbito (tubo)
160
media
Lavorato (tubo)
13
molto bassa
-1

52. ETo - Precipitazioni (mm)
200
deficit = 855 mm
160
120
ET0
80
40
precipitazioni
0
apr
giu
ago
ott
dic
feb
mesi dell'anno
Massimizzare l’immagazzinamento delle acque meteoriche
nel suolo esplorato dalle radici

53. Agire su scala aziendale per ridurre l’incidenza della
componete BLUE
BLUE
WF
GREEN
WF
GREY
WF
BLUE
WF
GREEN
WF
GREY
WF
• Aumentare la capacità di immagazzinamento idrico da parte del suolo
• Migliorare l’assorbimento/trasporto da parte della pianta (es. micorrizze)
• Integrare attuali conoscenze di fisiologia del trasporto idrico e dello
stress idrico
• Migliorare la gestione dei “contenitori”

54. Soil Water Content – SWC (mm)
TOP POSITION
29-03-2007
Soil
layer (cm)
SS
CS
31-03-2008
Δ
SS
CS
Δ
0-50
108.6 85.6
23.0
110.9 102.1
8.8
50-100
115.7 59.2
56.5
110.0 91.2
18.8
100-150
104.3 39.0
65.3
111.1 90.3
20.8
150-200
80.1
41.1
110.1 80.9
29.1
442.0 364.5
77.5
39.0
total 0-200 408.7 222.8 185.9
SS: Sustainable System
CS: Conventional System

57. S. Giuliano’s Dam

58. reservoir sedimentation
erosion
erosion
reservoir
dam
S. Giuliano Dam (Basilicata Region)
Reduction of the maximum volume (110Mm3)
capacity of about 30 Mm3 in 50 years

59. Agriculture: reasons for otpimism
• It is probably still possible to increment the area of
cultivated lands, without damages for the enviromnent
• Technologies and science can help to increase resource
use efficiency in agriculture (water, fertilizers, pesticides,
energy) and biotechnologies can be used in a smart way,
to ameliorate genetics of cultivated plants and control
roots-soil biological processes.
•
Food scarcity problem can be also reduced through
changes in dietary habits (eg: introduction of high
efficiency foods) and eliminating food losses and waste
(per capita food waste by consumers in Europe and
North-America is 95-115 kg/year).

60. Le Norme

61. Agreenment s.r.l.
Spin Off Accademico
Università degli Studi della Basilicata
www.agreenment.it

62. Il gruppo di lavoro:
C. Xiloyannis
B. Dichio
V. Nuzzo
G. Celano
G. Montanaro
G. Tataranni
A. Sofo
A. Palese
E. Lardo
A. Mininni
A. Tuzio
A. Fiore

63. Definizione
• Il
Carbon
Footprint
è
l’ammontare
totale
delle
emissioni di diossido di carbonio
(CO2) e di altri gas serra (GHG)
associati alla realizzazione di un
prodotto o servizio.
• L’analisi e la quantificazione della
Carbon Footprint sono delle
azioni fondamentali per prevenire
l’incremento dei volumi di CO2
presenti nell’atmosfera.

64. Introduction
New Viticulture role
SOIL CONSERVATION
Celano et al., 2002; Sofo et al., 2005
TERRITORY AND BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION
Palese et al., 2004
Xiloyannis et al., 2003
Compost Distribution
More C “Sink”
Reducing loss of O.M.
ORGANIC MATTER
=
SOIL QUALITY

65. Annual global carbon emissions during the past 50 years
(billions metric tons per year)
380 ppm
8
360
6
340
5
4
320
3
Atmosphere CO2
7
280
2
1
1957
today
Source: National Geographic. Oct 2007 - IPCC

66. Limits of the green revolution
• To increase the surface of cultivated lands is still
possible, but not indefinitely
• It is necessary to increase the production rate
per unit of land, through the introduction of new
technologies.
• The main limit of the first green revolution was
that poverty and corruption blocked the
expansion of new technologies on which the
revolution is based, having as consequence an
excessive depletion of natural resources.