Psychology

1. PSYCHOLOGY PRESENTATION
OPERANT CONDITIONING
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2. WHAT IS OPERANT CONDITIONING
Operant Conditioning is response to voluntary
learning.
It can be Strengthens or Weakness.
Depending on Favourable or Unfavourable Values.
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3. OPERANT & OPERANT CONDITIONING
Operant:
• Any active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences.
Operant Conditioning:
• The behavior is followed by a consequence, and the nature of the consequence modifies the organism’s
tendency to repeat the behavior in the future.
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4. BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER
Operant Conditioning was coined by behaviorist
B.F Skinner.
• He received a B.A. in English literature in 1926
from Hamilton College.
• In 1948, he joined the psychology department at
Harvard University where he remained for the rest
of his life.
• He became one of the leaders of BEHAVIORISM
and his work contributed immensely to
experimental psychology. He also invented the
'Skinner box,' in which a rat learns to obtain food
by pressing a lever.
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5. SKINNER (1948) EXPERIMENT
B.F Skinner studied operant conditioning by
conducting experiments using animals which he
placed in a “Skinner Box”
Skinner coined the term Operant Conditioning; it
means roughly changing of behavior by the use of
reinforcement which is given after the desired
response. Skinner identified three types of
responses or operant that can follow behavior.
• Neutral operants
• Reinforcers
• Punishers
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6. METHOD OPERANT CONDITIONING
Operant conditioning is a method of:
• Learning that occurs though rewards and punishment for behavior.
• Through operant conditioning and association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.
Example:
• Consider the case of child completing homework to earn a reward from his/her teacher or parent.
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7. OPERANT CONDITIONING & LAW OF EFFECTS
Operant Conditioning:
• Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthens or weakness, depending on its favourable or unfavourable
consequences.
Law of Effects:
• Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, and responses followed by
negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated.
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8. HIERARCHY OF OPERANT CONDITIONING (COMPONENTS OF OPERANT CONDITIONING)
Operant
Conditioning
Reinforcement
Positive Negative
Reinforcer
Primary
Reinforcers
Secondary
Reinforcers
Punishment
Positive
Punishment
Negative
Punishment
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9. REINFORCEMENT & REINFORCER
Reinforcement:
• The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behaviour will be repeated.
Reinforcer:
• Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behaviour will occur again.
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10. POSITIVE & NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
Positive Reinforcers:
• A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response
Negative Reinforcers:
• Unpleasant stimulus whose removal from the environment leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding
response will occur again in the future.
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11. PRIMARY & SECONDARY REINFORCER
Primary Reinforcer:
• Satisfies some biological need and works
naturally, regardless of a person’s prior experience.
Secondary Reinforcer:
• A stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its
association with a primary reinforcement.
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12. PUNISHMENT
Stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior
behaviour will occur again.
Positive Punishment:
• Positive punishment weakens a response through
the application of an unpleasant stimulus.
Negative Punishment:
• Negative punishment consists of the removal of
something pleasant.
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13. SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Continuous Reinforcement:
• Behaviour that is reinforced every time it occurs.
Partial Reinforcement:
• Behaviour that is reinforced some but not all of the
time
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14. SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Fixed-ratio schedule:
• Reinforcement is given only after a certain number
of responses.
Variable-ratio schedule:
• Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of
responses rather than after a fixed number.
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15. SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Fixed-interval schedule:
• Provides reinforcement for a response only if a
fixed time period has elapsed, overall rates of
response are relatively low.
Variable-interval schedule:
• Time between reinforcements varies around some
average rather than being fixed.
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16. THANKS FOR YOUR TIME
PRESENTED BY:
• SYED IBRAHIM SHAMS
• RABIA
MEMBERS:
• MIAN JAWAD SHAH
• UZMA SARBARAZ
• M.YAHYA
• MATIULLAH
• ABDAL KHAN
• ALI HAIDER
• IBRAHIM ROMAN
• AHMED HASSAN
• M.YASIN AKTHAR
• ABRAR ALI
• SHAHZAIB SAIF
• ABID RAZA
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