contribution of cities on Climate change ppt

1. “CONTRIBUTION OF CITIES
IN CLIMATE CHANGE”
SYED KASHIF HUSSAIN SHAH

2. What is climate change?
A change in global or regional climate patterns, change apparent from the mid to late
20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon
dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.
Earth's average temperature has risen by 1.4°F over the past century, and is projected to rise
another 2 to 11.5°F over the next hundred years.
Figure Instrumental record of global average temperatures as compiled by National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA).

3. THE CLEAR EVIDENCE
Rising global temperatures have been accompanied by changes in
weather and climate. Many places have seen changes in rainfall, resulting in more
floods, droughts, or intense rain, as well as more frequent and severe heat waves.
The oceans and glaciers have also experienced some big changes oceans are
warming and becoming more acidic, ice caps are melting, and sea levels are rising.
Source of graph: Wikipedia - Image created by Robert A. Rohde / Global Warming Art,
based on data from Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL), Douglas (1997).

4. Greenhouse gases act like a blanket around Earth:
INFORMATION ABOUT GREENHOUSE GASES (GHGs):-
Many GHGs, including water vapor (the most important),
ozone, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, are naturally present
in the atmosphere. Other GHGs are synthetic chemicals that are emitted
only as a result of human activity. Anthropogenic (human) activities are
significantly increasing atmospheric concentrations of many GHGs.
 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs)
and per fluorocarbons (PFCs)

5. Disturbance in Atmosphere due to increase in GHG’s concentration.

7. The oceans absorb almost a third of the carbon dioxide we release into the
atmosphere every year and this is changing the chemistry of the sea in ways we are
just beginning to understand. This process is called ocean acidification. The acidity
of the ocean has increased 30% since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, a
rate faster than anything previously experienced over the last 55 million years of
Earth's history.
Report by (NOAA) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
International Program the State of the Ocean (IPSO)
• Effects Numerous plant and animal species in the sea have calcium carbonate skeletons or
shells and some are already being corroded by small changes in acidity.

8. OZONE DEPLETION:-
When CFCs and HCFCs reach the
stratosphere, the ultraviolet
radiation from the sun causes
them to break apart and release
chlorine atoms which react
with ozone, starting chemical
cycles of ozone destruction that
deplete the ozone layer. One
chlorine atom can break apart
more than 100,000 ozone
molecules.

9. SOURCE : https://www.eeducation.psu.edu/egee102/book/export/html/1407

10. WE ARE LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR
RECENT CLIMATE CHANGE: -
Over the past century, human
activities have released large amounts
of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse
gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. The
majority of greenhouse gases come
from burning fossil fuels to produce
energy, although deforestation,
industrial processes, and some
agricultural practices also emit gases
into the atmosphere.

11. CONTRIBUITION OF CITIES IN GHGs EMISSION:
It has become common for cities to be concept for generating most of the world’s greenhouse
gas emissions. For instance, many sources claim that cities are responsible for 75–80 percent of
global greenhouse gas emissions
Examples of statements that overstate the contribution of cities to
anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions:-
•“Large cities take up only 2 per cent of the Earth’s land mass, but they are responsible for
about 75 per cent of the heat-trapping greenhouse gases that are released into our
atmosphere” – Clinton Climate Initiative, William J Clinton Foundation
•“Urban areas are responsible for over 75 per cent of all greenhouse gas emissions in the
world” – Greater London Authority press release.
•“By some estimates, urban areas account for 78 per cent of carbon emissions from human
activities”
•“Roughly 78 per cent of carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning and cement
manufacturing and 76 percent of industrial wood use worldwide occur in urban areas”–
O’Meara, Molly (1999),
•“Cities consume 75 per cent of the world’s energy and produce 80 per cent of its
greenhouse gases” Mayor Michael Bloomberg delivers Keynote Address at the C40 Large
Cities Climate Summit, May 2007.

12. •“… the experts say they (cities) generate 75 per cent of the greenhouse gases
contributing to climate change” – attributed to Daniel Schrag, Director of
Harvard’s Center for the Environment.
•“….cities were responsible for 75 per cent of global energy consumption and
80 percent of greenhouse gas emissions” – Anna Kajumulo Tibaijuka, Executive
Director of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN–HABITAT), in
a speech to the United Nations, 62nd General Assembly, Second Committee
•“Cities have a central role to play in tackling climate change as they are
responsible for 80 percent of international greenhouse gas emissions and
consume 75 per cent of the world’s energy” – Mayor of London website,
•“… the experts say they (cities) generate 75 per cent of the greenhouse gases
contributing to climate change” – attributed to Daniel Schrag, Director of
Harvard’s Center for the Environment

13. ALLOCATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS TO THE PRODUCERS OR THE
CONSUMERS:
•Many large fossil fuel power stations are not located in cities – yet these are a very
significant contributor to total carbon dioxide emissions.
•Transport-generated carbon dioxide emissions (from motorcycles, automobiles,
commercial vehicles, sea freight, air travel) cannot be only assigned to cities .
•A higher proportion of greenhouse gas emissions should be assigned to cities if
emissions are assigned to the locations of persons who are the final consumers of
products or services.
•The carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel power stations would be assigned to
the activity and location where the electricity was consumed
•For wealthy cities where most industrial goods are imported.

15. Global CO2 Budget 2014
GlobalCarbonProject.org posted data for the 2014 Global Carbon Budget on September 21,
2014.
FINDINGS:
In 2013, global CO2 emissions due to fossil fuel use (and cement
production) were 36 gigatonnes (GtCO2); this is 61% higher than 1990 (the
Kyoto Protocol reference year) and 2.3% higher than 2012.
In 2014, global CO2 emissions are projected to increase by an additional
2.5% over the 2013 level.
CO2 emissions were dominated by China (28%), the USA (14%), the EU
(10%), and India (7%)--with growth in all of these states except for a 1.8%
decline in the EU (28 member states).
The 2013 carbon dioxide emissions (fossil fuel and cement production
only) breakdown is: coal (43%), oil (33%), gas (18%), cement (5.5%) and gas
flaring (0.6%).
Emissions from land use change accounts for 8% of total CO2 emissions;
the data suggests an overall decreasing trend in land use change emissions
particularly since 2000.

16. Year Carbon Emissions
2013 9.9 billion metric tonnes (GtC)
2012 9.7 billion metric tonnes (GtC)
2011 9.47 billion metric tonnes (GtC)
2010 9.19 billion metric tonnes (GtC)
2009 8.74 billion metric tonnes (GtC)
2008 8.77 billion of metric tonnes (GtC)
2007 8.57 billion metric tonnes (GtC)
2006 8.37 billion metric tonnes (GtC)
Data for Global Carbon Emissions
(Fossil fuels, cement, land-use change)

17. OVER VIEW ON CITIES EMISSION:
•Most cities in low-income nations will have far lower levels of greenhouse
gas emissions per person within their boundaries than cities in high-income
nations, from both a production perspective and a consumption perspective.
•Cities that concentrate wealthy people with high-consumption lifestyles
would probably have greenhouse gas emissions per person that were
thousands of times larger than many small cities in low-income nations.

18. Reasons for Addressing Climate Change at the City Level :-
•Cities are an organic form of government and often express the aspirations of their citizens
more succinctly and quicker than higher levels of government.
•Economic hub.
•In the United States, for example, 1,017 cities have signed on to meet or exceed Kyoto Protocol
targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (US Conference of Mayors 2008).
How Cities Affect Climate Change:-
Economic growth and urbanization move in tandem, as economic growth and
greenhouse gas emissions have for at least the last 100 years. The world is urbanizing quickly
and under the business-as-usual scenario, greenhouse gas emissions will also increase
dramatically.

19. Urban population is expected to double by 2030; however the global
built-up area is expected to triple during the same period
(Figure A) SOURCE: UNITED NATIONS 2007

20. (Figure B) Source: UN, Department of Economic & Social Affairs, Population Division.

21. (Figure 3)NOTE: Values in
bold are peer-reviewed
and considered
comparable. Inventory
year, source, and content
are indicated in Annex B.
All per capita national
emissions are calculated
from national inventories
submitted under the
UNFCCC and exclude
LULUCF; national
population figures are
from the World
Development Indicators,
World Bank data, and
correspond to the
inventory year.

22. Measuring City Emissions and their Impact:-
City greenhouse gas emissions reflect the structure of a city, its energy
sources, and its residents’ lifestyles. Resource use, water consumption,
wastewater production, toxic releases, and solid waste generation are
all linked among themselves and with greenhouse gas emissions as
well.
Defining city emissions scope and boundaries:-
The IPCC has issued guidelines to calculate national greenhouse gas
emissions that include all emissions produced within the boundaries of
a given country.
Source: Waste data from World Bank, “What a Waste” 2010; GHG data from Table C.

23. THE CHALLENGE:-
ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES:-
Greenhouse gases emission that cause global warming comes from urban areas
unequally distributed among cities
The cities in developed countries emit more than 6 times as much carbon dioxide per capita
than the citizen of under developing world.
their impacts are disproportionally distributed the effects of climate change surf to remind us
that we are part of ecologically interdependent Human community.
DEFORESTATION:-
Interdependent worlds we cannot continue to destroy our forests at such an alarming rate this
have not only direct effects on the climate but it also leads to loss of Biodiversity. All over the
world forest has been cut down to make the land for farming, towns and cities. The biggest
tropical rain forest in the wild is Amazon in South America the huge part of forest is cut down
every year to use land for agriculture and there remaining part of Amazon is at the risk of drying.
As we know, Carbon dioxide is greenhouse, lots of
worlds carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants and
trees to make food during Photosynthesis, by
keeping lock carbon dioxide in there structure
instead into atmosphere

24. SOME STEPS FOR LOWERING CITIES’S GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSIONS:
In the search for the best ways to reduce total anthropogenic greenhouse
gas emissions a focus both on the producers and the consumers.
Greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation can be reduced at the production
end by better forest management and by consumption habits that reduce demand
for wood or that use wood products that are certified as having come from forests
that are sustainably managed.
There are also many ways in which both food producers and food consumers can
contribute to lower greenhouse gas emissions.
Greenhouse gas emissions from the fabrication of consumer goods are more easily
reduced at the production end, although information on the goods’ carbon footprint
(and, for appliances that use energy, their efficiency) can encourage consumer
choices that reduce emissions. For electricity generation, action is needed at the
production end (for instance, shifts away from fossil fuels, especially coal, unless
carbon capture can be achieved and applied)
The consumption end (minimizing electricity use, perhaps incorporating some
electricity generation at the consumption end through the use of photovoltaic cells,
and choices made to draw electricity from non-fossil fuel sources).

25. **We need to ask to our selves!
How can our cities once more replace,
where pure air clean water and unpolluted land**