Suzanne Prober_The Great Western Woodlands Supersite in Western Australia
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The Great Western Woodlands Supersite
Suzanne Prober, Craig Macfarlane, Richard Silberstein, Kevin Thiele, Stephen van Leeuwen, Colin Yates,
Margaret Byrne, Garry Cook, Carl Gosper, Judith Harvey, Ian Kealley, Adam Liedloff, Keren Raiter
CSIRO ECOSYSTEM SCIENCES](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/05secondsuzanneprobertuerm2-130313183117-phpapp01/85/Suzanne-Prober_The-Great-Western-Woodlands-Supersite-in-Western-Australia-1-320.jpg)
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Suzanne Prober_The Great Western Woodlands Supersite in Western Australia
- 1. You can change this image to be appropriate for your topic by inserting an image in this space or use the alternate title slide with lines. Note: only one image should be used and do not overlap the title text. Enter your Business Unit or Flagship name in the ribbon above the url. Add collaborator logos in the white space below the ribbon. [delete instructions before use] The Great Western Woodlands Supersite Suzanne Prober, Craig Macfarlane, Richard Silberstein, Kevin Thiele, Stephen van Leeuwen, Colin Yates, Margaret Byrne, Garry Cook, Carl Gosper, Judith Harvey, Ian Kealley, Adam Liedloff, Keren Raiter CSIRO ECOSYSTEM SCIENCES
- 2. Overview • What is a supersite • Great Western Woodlands Supersite location and vegetation • Regional-scale goals • Credo flux tower and intensive monitoring • Gradient plots • Additional projects
- 3. What is a Supersite? Temporally intensive long term measurements to facilitate a mechanistic understanding of ecosystem processes • Core field site representing an Australian biome; with flux tower and base station • At least one gradient transect (10 km to 400 km) • Supporting studies
- 4. Supersites - overarching questions What are the current stocks and fluxes of energy, carbon, water and nutrients between ecosystem components and the atmosphere/ hydrosphere/ geosphere? 1a. How are these conditioned by management/disturbance/inter-annual variability? 1b. What key processes determine ecosystem/non-biosphere exchanges? 1c. How are key processes expected to respond to future environmental change? 1d. Are there network-wide trends in changes in inter-annual stocks and fluxes? What are the current patterns and dynamics of biodiversity? 2a. How is biodiversity impacted by management / disturbance / inter-annual variability ? 2b. How will biodiversity respond future environmental change? 2c. Are there general patterns across the network?
- 5. The Great Western Woodlands World’s largest extant Mediterranean- climate woodland (16 M ha) Largely intact, diverse Mosaic of woodlands, mallee, scrub- heath, ironstone and greenstone ranges and salt lakes Woodlands at as low as 220mm MAR
- 6. The Great Western Woodlands TERN supersite low acacia woodland (mulga) Menzies line intact eucalypt fragmented woodland, wheatbelt shrubland woodland, shrubland 100 km
- 7. Current and recent projects Regional-scale goals General goals •Inform management and climate adaptation in GWW •Inform management and climate adaptation in the adjacent wheatbelt
- 8. Credo flux tower and intensive monitoring low acacia woodland (mulga) Menzies line intact eucalypt fragmented woodland, wheatbelt shrubland woodland, shrubland 100 km
- 9. Credo • Ex sheep station now managed for conservation by DEC WA • 120 km NW Kalgoorlie • 260mm mean annual rainfall • Facilities: new field studies centre jointly funded by DEC WA, TERN and others • Flux tower and 1 ha plots in old growth Salmon gum woodland 35km from Credo facilities
- 10. Flux tower Led by Craig Macfarlane 36 m tower installed January 2012 Operational December 2012
- 11. Net CO2 flux (uncleaned) – ecosystem scale 0.3 net respiration 0.2 carbon flux (mg CO2 m-2 s-1) 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 net photosynthesis -0.3 2-Feb 7-Feb 19-Dec 24-Dec 29-Dec 3-Jan 8-Jan 13-Jan 18-Jan 23-Jan 28-Jan
- 12. Available energy and latent heat loss 900 6 available energy latent heat loss rainfall 800 5 700 available energy and LE (W m-2) 600 4 rainfall (mm/30mins) 500 3 400 300 2 200 1 100 0 0 9-Jan 11-Jan 13-Jan 15-Jan 17-Jan 19-Jan 21-Jan 23-Jan •Latent heat loss/evaporation (green) increasing after rain
- 13. volumetric water content 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 19-Dec 24-Dec 5cm 70cm 50cm 30cm 20cm 10cm rainfall 29-Dec 110-140cm 3-Jan 8-Jan Soil water versus depth 13-Jan 18-Jan 23-Jan 28-Jan 2-Feb 7-Feb 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 rainfall (mm/30mins)
- 14. Credo core monitoring As per supersite protocols •Floristics – 1 ha plots •Bioacoustics •Soil pit •Bird surveys (Birds Aust) •Webcam (Restrepo) •AusCover •AusPlots Bioacoustic Eucalyptus salmonophloia (Salmon gum) woodland monitoring Webcam •Plant physiology 2 6 Dendrometers measuring seasonal change in tree diameters 5 1 diameter increment (mm) 4 rainfall (mm/30mins) 0 3 2 -1 1 -2 0 Soil pit 20-Dec 25-Dec 30-Dec 4-Jan 9-Jan 3-Feb 8-Feb 14-Jan 19-Jan 24-Jan 29-Jan 1 ha vegetation plots
- 15. Gradient plots low acacia woodland (mulga) Menzies line intact eucalypt fragmented woodland, wheatbelt shrubland woodland, shrubland 100 km
- 16. Gimlet plots: fire-age gradient How do gimlet woodland structure, floristics, fuels, invertebrates and soil processes change with time since fire, and what does this imply for fire management? GWW Strategy , DEC WA, CSIRO Gosper, Prober, Yates, Wiehl
- 17. Salmon gum plots – environment gradients Environmental controls of floristic variation and vegetation structure in salmon gum woodlands of the GWW Judith Harvey, Masters candidate, Curtin University Supervised by Laco Mucina, University of WA, S. Prober, CSIRO Curtin Uni, UWA, CSIRO Harvey, Mucina, Prober
- 18. Sandplain plots Red sandplains SWATT transect & GWW Supersite Species turnover in shrublands Yellow sandplains White sandplains 100 km TERN (SWATT), DEC WA, GWW Supersite, CSIRO
- 19. Wheatbelt Nutrient Network experiment http://www.nutnet.umn.edu/
- 20. Additional projects low acacia woodland (mulga) Menzies line intact eucalypt fragmented woodland, wheatbelt shrubland woodland, shrubland 100 km
- 21. FLAMES model Adaptation of the FLAMES model to predict effects of climate, fire and exotic invasion on woodland dynamics and carbon stocks • Developed for tropical savannahs Diagrams from Liedloff et al. 2007 Ecological Modelling • Adapt for Salmon gum woodlands Biodiversity Fund, CSIRO Liedloff, Cook, Prober, Gosper, Yates, et al
- 22. Ngadju Kala project Documentation of Ngadju fire knowledge •Can GWW NRM offer livelihoods for GWW traditional owners? •How can Indigenous fire management improve ecological outcomes for GWW? WA govt GWW strategy, DEC WA, GLSC, CSIRO Prober, O’Connor, Yuen, Walker, the Ngadju community
- 23. PhDs and post-docs Henrique Togashi, Macquarie University Supervised by Prof. Colin Prentice Comparative ecophysiology of tropical and warm-temperate forests and woodlands Keren Raiter, University of WA Supervised by Profs Richard Hobbs, Hugh Possingham The cryptic and the cumulative: mitigating regional ecological impacts of mining and exploration in SW Australia’s Great Western Woodlands Dr Natalia Restrepo, Prof. Alfredo Huete, University of Technology, Sydney Integrating remote sensing, landscape flux measurements, and phenology to understand the impacts of climate change on Australian landscapes Webcam University of WA, Queensland University, Macquarie University
- 25. Potential future projects •Where do woodland trees get their water? •Recovery of soils and vegetation after exclusion of livestock •What determines the Menzies line? •Diversity and function of soil cryptogam crusts in GWW •Time-since-fire impacts on invertebrate groups
- 26. Climate resilience and wheatbelt restoration Can adaptive variability within GWW eucalypts contribute to climate adaptation in the wheatbelt? •Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. lissophloia (oil mallee) •Eucalyptus salubris (gimlet) Measurements along a climate gradient and in common gardens •Photosynthetic rate, transpiration, WUEi •Leaf traits (specific leaf area etc.) •C and N bulk leaf isotopes •C cellulose isotopes •O isotopes •Genetic analysis using DArT markers NCARRF, DEC WA, ECU, CSIRO, University of Tasmania Mclean, Stylianou, Stock, Byrne, Prober, Potts, Steane, Vallaincourt
- 27. Bowen ratio and BREB evaporation (W m-2) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 19-Dec 24-Dec 29-Dec 3-Jan Bowen ratio 8-Jan 13-Jan 18-Jan Bowen ratio energy balance BREB evaporation 23-Jan 28-Jan rainfall 2-Feb 7-Feb 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 rainfall (mm/30mins)
- 28. Net radiation and soil heat flux 1000 6 net radiation soil heat flux rainfall 800 5 600 4 radiation (W m-2) rainfall (mm) 400 3 200 2 0 1 -200 0 2-Feb 7-Feb 19-Dec 24-Dec 29-Dec 3-Jan 8-Jan 13-Jan 18-Jan 23-Jan 28-Jan
- 29. Bowen ratio energy balance • Preliminary (cheap) test of whether Bowen Ratio Energy Balance (BREB) method can be used to separate soil/understorey evaporation from stand evaporation in a remote location. • Instruments located in clearing near backup weather station. About 80m from trees. • Three capacitance temperature/humidity sensors (Sensirion SHT15) at both 1m and 3m height. Three sensors increase precision and reduce bias compared to one sensor. No aspiration or moving parts reduces power requirements and maintenance. • Available energy modelled from measured global solar radiation.
- 30. Bowen ratio energy balance - conclusion • Fails to accurately estimate understorey/soil evaporation in a dry environment with high insolation. • Could try a larger clearing (less overstorey influence) and better quality instruments. • Alternatives include a second EC system at 2m height (simple but expensive) or sapflow probes (complicated and expensive).
Notas del editor
- introductory slide showing the location of the SuperSite 200 km radius of interest (black circle) contrasts of interest (Menzies line dividing woodland from Mulga; clearing line at wheatbelt edge and proposed WA TERN Priority 3 transect
- Nested scales of planned monitoring
- An alternative introductory slide showing the location of the SuperSite (Koolyanobbing centre of black circle) 200 km radius of interest (black circle) contrasts of interest (Menzies line dividing woodland from Mulga; clearing line at wheatbelt edge and proposed WA TERN Priority 3 transect
- Studies currently underway in the GWW Supersite (as listed)
- Negative values are net carbon uptake (photosynthesis = flux towards surface) while positive values are net carbon efflux (respiration = flux away from surface). Hard to say much about this data it's cleaned up. The noise is probably larger than the signal at the moment. The bulk of the 'real' data lie between -0.2 and +0.1. It's negative during the day and positive at night – fancy that!
- I’ve decided to just add in one figure that highlights the impact of rainfall on the fraction of available energy dissipated as latent heat. From 9-11 Jan LE is a small proportion of AE. The rain hits around 12-13 Jan and LE increases markedly, mainly soil evaporation presumably. LE decreases again until 16 Jan when there’s another sizable shower of rain and LE increases again. From 18 Jan onwards the rate of LE settles down again but is greater than it was prior to the rains. Presumably this reflects increases evaporation from both the plants and soil.
- I’ve decided to just add in one figure that highlights the impact of rainfall on the fraction of available energy dissipated as latent heat. From 9-11 Jan LE is a small proportion of AE. The rain hits around 12-13 Jan and LE increases markedly, mainly soil evaporation presumably. LE decreases again until 16 Jan when there’s another sizable shower of rain and LE increases again. From 18 Jan onwards the rate of LE settles down again but is greater than it was prior to the rains. Presumably this reflects increased evaporation from both the plants and soil.
- An alternative introductory slide showing the location of the SuperSite (Koolyanobbing centre of black circle) 200 km radius of interest (black circle) contrasts of interest (Menzies line dividing woodland from Mulga; clearing line at wheatbelt edge and proposed WA TERN Priority 3 transect
- Studies currently underway in the GWW Supersite (as listed)
- Studies currently underway in the GWW Supersite (as listed)
- Studies currently underway in the GWW Supersite (as listed)
- An alternative introductory slide showing the location of the SuperSite (Koolyanobbing centre of black circle) 200 km radius of interest (black circle) contrasts of interest (Menzies line dividing woodland from Mulga; clearing line at wheatbelt edge and proposed WA TERN Priority 3 transect
- Studies currently underway in the GWW Supersite (as listed)
- Studies currently underway in the GWW Supersite (as listed)
- The Bowen ratio (H/LE) pattern makes some sense: BR is large than one most of the time (more H than LE) and it drops below 1 after rain (28/12 and 12-13/01). But the BR average (about 1.5) is far too small – the Bowen ratio is about 10 for deserts, 2–6 for semi-arid regions, 0.4 to 0.8 for temperate forests and grasslands, 0.2 for tropical rain forests and 0.1 for tropical oceans. The average daily BREB evaporation is 2mm/day.
- I've left the rainfall data in all these graphs as a reference – it's the 'big event' in this period. Net radiation (Rn) is net (incoming minus reflected/emitted) shortwave plus net longwave radiation. It's measured by the net radiometer. Soil heat flux (G) is the heat storage/release by the soil and is measured by the three heat flux plates. Rn – G = available energy. Available energy can drive either evaporation or sensible heat loss. G is only about 10% of Rn – I thought it would be larger. Both Rn and G are 'large' and positive during the day and 'small' and negative at night. Daytime is dominated by shortwave fluxes and night time is dominated by long wave fluxes.