2.2 Phosphorus Contents and Forms
2.2.1 Total Phosphorus
The total phosphorus content of the soil is of no direct practical importance, but it had often
been used as a weathering insides Total phosphorus in the top soil decreases with
increasing intensity. Olsen and Englestad (1972) stated that representatives soil from the
United States south east about 500 ppm, and tropical soils about 200ppm. Because of
thegreater are extent of highly weathered soils in the tropics. This is generally true, but it
ignores the sharp differences among tropical soils.
Dot Clea
2.2.2 Organic Phosphorus
In mineral soils, the organic fraction generally constitutes 20 to 80% of the total phosphorus
in surface soil horizons. The deeper horizons may hold large amounts of inorganic
phosphorus, especially in soils from arid and semi arid regions (Brady and Weil, 2012). The
organic form is found in humus and other organic materials (Schulte and Kelling, 1996).
Phosphorus in organic pools indicates long-term sequestration potential under flooded
conditions, but may be unstable under drained conditions due to soilOxidation and organic P
mineralization (Sanchez and Porter, 1994) Decomposition of organic P, as found in humic
and fulvic acids, and lignin-containing residual fractions, depends on heterotrophic microbial
activity, thus these pools are more stable under flooded conditions since decomposition rates
are lower in the absence of O₂ (Wright and Reddy 2008)
Earlier reports by Agboola and Ayodele (1983) and Akinrinde and Obigbesan (2000)
showed organic P is a significant determinant of P availability in tropical soils
2.2.3 Inorganic Phosphorus Fraction
In spite of the large attention that phosphorus has received over decades of intensive research
in the 20th century, because of the lack of appropriate methods for studying its speciation and.
5. 5
Chances are…
• You are willing to spend 10 minutes to
become more effective at making
presentations.
6. 6
This eBook will…
1. Give you a simple and effective framework
to prepare for presentations.
2. Walk you through the simple steps that will
get you there.
3. If you like what is in here, contact me at
sandeep@u.washington.edu.
18. 18
Definition of Audience
• “Spectators whose primary purpose is to view
a performance.”
• “People who are expected to hear the
program.”
• “The group most likely to be interested in the
subject matter.”
• “The person to whom the writing is
addressed.”
Audience‐ one out of six
19. 19
Do you know who is listening
to your talk?
Audience‐ two out of six
20. 20
What makes this audience tick?
• Numbers or pictures?
• Quotations?
• Potential for huge profit?
• Stunning New Ideas?
• Candy?
• Bold Take‐aways?
Audience‐ three out of six
21. 21
What Bores This Audience?
• Telegraphing
– Complete and utter predictability.
• Stating the obvious
– Yes, we know that Google is huge.
• Not knowing what you are talking about.
– Poor or shallow analysis.
• Too much information.
• Too little information.
Audience‐ four out of six
22. 22
What does the audience already know
about the topic?
• Are there content experts in the audience?
• Have they heard a similar presentation
before?
• To find out‐
– Do your research before the talk (e.g. go to
organization’s web site).
– Arrive early.
– Use probing questions in the first 5 minutes.
Audience‐ five out of six
23. 23
What offends this audience?
• Research the sensibilities of the audience.
• Some things to watch out for‐
– “Colorful” language or imagery.
– Stereotypes.
• Understand the culture and context within
which the audience operates.
Audience‐ six out of six
24. 24
Energy
• AXIOM: A high‐energy presentation is,
generally, much more effective than a low‐
energy one.
Energy‐ one out of two
25. 25
How to convey energy.
• Voice
– Use the right Volume.
– Use the right Intonation (fluctuate rather than
drone).
– Enunciate.
• Act like you have a passionate belief in topic.
• Be confident and engaging.
• Move around. Do not stand in one place.
Energy‐ two out of two
26. 26
Organization
• Intro‐Body‐Conclusion.
• Big start (Bold, Catchy). Big finish (Answer the
“So what?” question).
• State the big points up front.
– “I want to convince you today that the Hispanic
market segment is something you cannot ignore.”
• Take‐aways
– “What is the one thing you want audience
members to remember in six months?”
Organization‐ one out of three
27. 27
On Designing PowerPoint Slides
• Try different organization schemes.
• Be different.
• Do not end with a “Questions?” slide
(everybody does it).
• Do not put too much information on a slide.
Organization‐ two out of three
28. 28
Minimize Fluff
• Do not spend too much time on something
that is easily available through a web search
on a company’s web site.
• A weak slide takes away from the credibility of
your presentation.
• E.g. Joe started the company in his garage
with Bob and Sally for $50.
Organization‐ three out of three
29. 29
Material
• Use a variety of material.
• Include‐
– Handouts.
– Illustrations (e.g. Advertisements, Posters)
– Videos.
– Props (e.g. Products).
Material
30. 30
Interaction
• Works for these purposes‐
• a) Understanding where the audience is at‐
e.g. how many have heard of Twitter.com?
• b) Customizing your talk.
• c) Tracking audience response.
Interaction‐ one out of two
31. 31
Remember…
• Building in interaction does not always work.
• Don’t go with a high‐stake leading question.
e.g., how many of you have been to site
xyz.com? (What if the answer is zero?)
Interaction‐ two out of two
32. 32
Surprise
• Audience has an expectation about the talk.
They expect that you will‐
– Follow a linear style and walk through 20 slides.
• Break this expectation by doing something
completely unexpected.
Surprise‐ one out of two
33. 33
Effective use of Surprise
• Provide the top five ideas in the presentation
on the first slide.
• Use an image or anecdote to start.
• Be creative!
Surprise‐ two out of two
34. 34
Staging
• Make eye contact with the audience.
• Do not stand in one place.
• Do not hide behind the podium.
• Practice hand‐offs with other presenters.
• Have a plan for moving the speakers along if
you have multiple presenters.
Staging‐ one out of one.
35. 35
Self‐Awareness
• Use body language and subtle clues to keep
track of audience response.
• Do you know how the audience is reacting to
the talk? Are you boring them? Which parts
are they liking more?
• Are you aware of your mannerisms? E.g. hand
movements, use of “Ums”, “Ahs”.
Self‐awareness‐ one out of one
