Introduction to fuels, properties of fuel oil, coal and gas, storage, handling and preparation of fuels, principles of combustion, proximate and ultimate analysis, calorific values, gasification, composition of coal. Steam System: Properties of steam, assessment of steam distribution losses, steam leakages, steam trapping, condensate and flash steam recovery system, identifying opportunities for energy savings. Insulation and Refractories: Insulation-types and application, economic thickness of insulation, heat savings and application criteria, Refractorytypes, selection and application of refractories, heat loss. Waste Heat Recovery: Classification, advantages and applications, commercially viable waste heat recovery devices, saving potential.

1. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICALENGINEERING
CHAPTER-1
“Solar Energy”
PROF. DEVARSHI P. TADVI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
S S AGRAWAL INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
NAVSARI
1

2. Content
• What is Solar Energy?
• The Sun
• Why Solar Energy?
• Importants of Solar Energy
• History of Solar Energy
• Discover Solar Panle:How is Work?
• Classification of Solar Energy
• Solar Pound
• Advantages of Solar Energy
• Drawbacks of Solar Energy
• Application of Solar Energy

3. What is Solar Energy?
• The most precise Solar Energy definition : “Energy from the sun”
• There are two types of solar energy: “Thermal Energy” & “Electric Energy”
• Thermal Energy:
• Thermal Energy is everywhere.
• It’s lights up our days.
• It heats the earth, our bodies and our homes.
• It dries our clothes . All for free!
• Electric Energy:
• Electric Energy uses the power of the sun to produce electricity through
solar cells, otherwise known as Photovoltaics (PV).

4. THE SUN
• Diameter: 1.39E9 m (120 x greater than
earth)
• Distance from earth = 1.495E11 m (93
million miles) ± 1.7%
• Center: Density 100 x density of water and
T>1E6 K ≅
• Powered by hydrogen fusion Composed of
layers. The outer layer is the photosphere
• Effective blackbody temperature of 5777 K

5. Why Solar Energy
• World Energy Conservation predicted
estimation about the rate of utilization of
energy resources shows that the coal
deposits coal deposits will deplete
within the next 200 to 300 years and
petroleum deposits petroleum deposits
will deplete in next few decades next
few decades
• The most advantage using Solar Solar
Energy Energy is that this is distributed
over a wide geographical area, ensuring
that developing regions such as India.
• India have access to electricity
generation at a stable cost for the long-
term future
• The huge consumption of fossil fuels
has caused visible damage to the
environment in various forms

6. Importance of Solar Energy
• The following table shows the amount of carbon and sulphur deposited
in the atmosphere
• so many alternative fuels have been developed, still they are able to
meet only a small proportion of our actual demand - The right fuel mix
No. Activity
Amount Deposited in
Atmsphere
1. Human, Vehicle,Waste Product etc 8 billion tones
2. Fossile Fuels 6.5 million tones
3. Deforestation and Forest firing 1.5 million tones

7. History of Solar Energy
• 1838 - Edmund Becquerel observed materials
which turn light into energy
• 1876 - 78 - William Adams, wrote the first book
about Solar Energy called: A Substitute for Fuel
in Tropical Substitute for Fuel in Tropical
Countries Countries and was able to power a 2.5
horsepower steam engine
• 1860- Auguste Mouchout, used direct conversion
of solar radiation into mechanical power.
• 1895 - Aubrey Eneas formed the first Solar
Energy company
• 1904 - Henry Willsie built 2 huge plants in
California to store generated power. He was the
first to successfully use power at night after
generating it during the day
Charles Edger Fritts

8. • 1954 -Calvin Fuller, Gerald Pearson
and Daryl Chaplin of Bell
Laboratories discovered the use of
silicon as a semi-conductor, which led
to the construction of a solar panel
with an efficiency rate of 6%.
• 1956 -The first commercial solar cell
was made available to the public at a
very expensive $300 per watt
• 1958- Vanguard I the first satellite was
launched that used solar energy to
generate electricity.
• 1970- The Energy Crisis ! (OPEC oil
The Energy Crisis ! (OPEC oil
embargo) embargo) Solar energy
history was made as the price of solar
cells dropped dramatically to about
$20 per watt.
Mouchout‘s Solar collector

9. Discover Solar Panel
HOW IS WORK?
1) Sunlight hit the solar panel (photovoltaic/
PV) and absorbed by semi-conducting
materials such as silicone.
2) Electrons are knocked loose from their atoms,
which allow them to flow through the material
to produce electricity. This process is called
the photovoltaic (PV) effect.
3) An array of solar panels converts solar
energy into DC (direct current) electricity.
4) The DC electricity enters an inverter.
5) The inverter turns DC electricity into 120-volt
AC (alternating current)
6) The AC power enters the utility panel in the
house.
7) The electricity (load) is then distributed to
appliances or lights in the house.

10. 8) When more solar energy is generated it can be
stored in a battery as DC electricity and will
continue to supply your home with electricity
in the event of a power blackout or at
nighttime.
9) When the battery is full the excess electricity
can be exported back into the utility grid, if
your system is connected to it.
10)Utility supplied electricity can also be drawn
form the grid when not enough solar energy is
produced
11)The flow of electricity in and out of the utility
grid is measured by a utility meter, which spins
backwards (when you are producing more
energy that you need) and forward (when you
require additional electricity from the utility
company). The two are offset ensuring that you
only pay for the additional energy you use from
the utility company. This system is referred to
as "net- metering".

11. Classification of Solar Power
System
• There are three kinds of Solar Power System
1. ON grid Solar Power System
2. OFF grid solar power system
3. Combined solar power system

12. ON grid solar power system OFF grid solar power system

13. Combined solar power system

14. List of Top Five Solar Power Stations
Ivanpah Solar Power
Facility
California,USA 392 MW
Solar Enargy Generating
System (SEGS)
California,USA 354 MW
Mojave Solar Project California,USA 280 MW
Solana Generating
Station
Arizona,USA 280 MW
Genesis Solar Energy
Project
California,USA 250 MW

15. Ivanpah Solar Power Facility(USA)

16. Solar pond
• A solar pond is a body of water that collects and stores solar energy. Water
warmed by the sun expands and rises as it becomes less dense. Once it
reaches the surface, the water loses its heat to the air through convection, or
evaporates, taking heat with it. The colder water, which is heavier, moves
down to replace the warm water,creating a natural convective circulation that
mixes the water and dissipates the heat.The design of solar ponds reduces
either convection or evaporation in order to store the heat collected by the
pond.
• A solar pond can store heat much more
efficiently than the body of water of same size
because the salinity prevent convectional
current.

17. Working Principal
• The solar pond normally consists of following three zones :-
1)Upper convective zone(UCZ) :- Adjacent to the surface there is a
homogeneous convective zone that serves as a buffer zone between
environmental fluctuations at the surface and conductive heat transport from the
layer below.
2)Intermediate gradient zone:- A gradient which serves as the non- convective
zone which is much thicker and occupies more than half the depth of the pond.
Salt concentration and temperature increase with depth.
3)Lower convective zone(LCZ):- This is the highest salt concentration zone and
where the high temperature are built up. Almost as thick as the middle non-
convective zone.

18. • To maintain a solar pond in this non-equilibrium stationary state, it is necessary to replace
the amount of salt that is transported by molecular diffusion from the LCZ to the UCZ.
This means that salt must be added to the LCZ, and fresh water to the UCZ whilst brine is
removed.
• The surface area of the pond affects the amount of solar energy it can collect.The dark
surface at the bottom of the pond increases the absorption of solar radiation. Salts like
magnesium chloride, sodium chloride or sodium nitrate are dissolved in the water, the
concentration being densest at the bottom (20% to 30%) and gradually decreasing to
almost zero at the top

19. Types of Solar Ponds
1) Convecting Ponds
A well-researched example of a convecting pond is the shallow solar pond.
This pond consists of pure water enclosed in a large bag that allows convection but
hinders evaporation.
The bag has a blackened bottom, has foam insulation below, and two types of
glazing (sheets of plastic or glass) on top. The sun heats the water in the bag during the
day. At night the hot water is pumped into a large heat storage tank to minimize heat loss.
Excessive heat loss when pumping the hot water to the storage tank has limited the
development of shallow solar ponds.

20. 2) Nonconvecting Ponds
The main types of nonconvecting ponds is salt gradient ponds. A salt gradient
pond has three distinct layers of brine (a mixture of salt and water) of varying
concentrations. Because the density of the brine increases with salt concentration, the
most concentrated layer forms at the bottom. The least concentrated layer is at the
surface. The salts commonly used are sodium chloride and magnesium chloride. A dark-
colored material usually butyl rubber lines the pond.
As sunlight enters the pond, the water and the lining absorb the solar
radiation. As a result, the water near the bottom of the pond becomes warm up to 93.3°C.
Even when it becomes warm, the bottom layer remains denser than the upper layers, thus
inhibiting convection. Pumping the brine through an external heat exchanger or an
evaporator removes the heat from this bottom layer. Another method of heat removal is to
extract heat with a heat transfer fluid as it is pumped through a heat exchanger placed on
the bottom of the pond.

22. Application
• Process heat
Studies have indicated that there is excellent scope for process heat
applications (i.e. water heated to 80 to 90° C.), when a large quantity of hot
water is required, such as textile processing and dairy industries. Hot air for
industrial uses such as drying agricultural produce, timber, fish and
chemicals and space heating are other possible applications
A visual Demonstration of how a Solar Pond is used to Generate Electricity

23. • Desalination
Drinking water is a chronic problem for many villages in India. In remote coastal
villages where seawater is available, solar ponds can provide a cost- effective
solution to the potable drinking water problem. Desalination costs in these places
work out to be 7.5paise per litre, which compares favourably with the current costs
incurred in the reverse osmosis or electrodialysis/desalination process.
• Refrigeration
Refrigeration applications have a tremendous scope in a tropical country like India.
Perishable products like agricultural produce and life saving drugs like vaccines
can be preserved for long stretches of time in cold storage using solar pond
technology in conjunction with ammonia based absorption refrigeration system.

24. Advantages
• Low investment costs per installed collection area.
• Thermal storage is incorporated into the collector and is of very low cost.
• Diffuse radiation (cloudy days) is fully used.
• Very large surfaces can be built thus large scale energy generation is
possible.
• Expensive cleaning of large collector surfaces in dusty areas is avoided .

25. • Solar energy can be used in 2 ways:
Passive solar energy:
• Direct use for heating/ lighting/ drying/ ventilation purposes.
Active solar energy:
• Conversion to electricity with the aid of special instruments.

26. • The first solar pond in India (6000 m²) was built at Bhuj. The project was
sanctioned under the National Solar Pond Programme by the Ministry of
Non-Conventional Energy Sources in 1987 and completed in 1993 after a
sustained collaborative effort by TERI, the Gujarat Energy Development
Agency, and the GDDC (Gujarat Dairy Development Corporation Ltd).

27. The largest operating solar pond for electricity generation was the Beit
HaArava pond built in Israel . It has an area of 210,000 m² and used to
generate an electrical output of 5 MW.
The 0.8-acre (3,200 m2) solar pond powering 20% of Bruce Foods
Corporation's operations in El Paso, Texas is the second largest in the
U.S. It is also the first ever salt-gradient solar pond in the U.S.

28. Passive solar energy
• Architecture and urban planning:
• The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to
the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective
shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. Eg. Green building concept.
• Agriculture and horticulture:
• Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation,
staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can
improve crop yields.

29. • Daylighting:
• The history of lighting is dominated by the use of natural light.
• Hybrid solar lighting
• Is an active solar method of providing interior illumination.
• HSL systems collect sunlight using focusing mirrors that track
• the Sun and use optical fibers to transmit it inside
• the building to supplement conventional lighting.

30. • Water heating: Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water.
• Heating, cooling and ventilation: Thermal mass is any material that
can be used to store heat
• heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass
materials include stone, cement and water.
• Water treatment: The method involves evaporation, distillation and
condensation process.
• Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled
plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for
several hours.
• Cooking: Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and
pasteurization.

31. Dye-Sensitized and Silicon-based Solar
Cells Compared
Dye-Sensitized
• Relatively inexpensive
• Need little TLC
• Short return on
investment
Traditional
 Expensive
 Need TLC
 Long return on
investment

32. Environmental impacts of Solar energy
Cadmium
• Cadmium is used in cadmium telluride solar cells as a semiconductor to
convert solar energy into electricity. Though used in very small amounts,
it is extremely toxic and can build up in a given ecosystem if it isn't
monitored.

33. Application of Solar Energy
Solar powered “Auto Rickshaw”
NASA designed Solar powered vehicle- “HELIOS

34. Solar car- “ Quant”
Solar Ship

35. Solar street light
Solar cooker used in Rural India
Meganifine Glass

36. Solar Energy Advantages
• Saves you money
• After the initial investment has been recovered, the energy from the sun is practically FREE.
• Financial incentives are available form the government that will reduce your cost.
• Environment friendly
• It's not affected by the supply and demand of fuel and is therefore not subjected to the
ever-increasing price of gasoline.
• Solar Energy is clean, renewable (unlike gas, oil and coal), sustainable and helping to
protect our environment.
• As we see previously ,it does no pollute air.
• Therefore Solar Energy does not contribute to global warming, acid rain or smog. It
actively contributes to the decrease of harmful green house gas emissions. By not using any
fuel, Solar Energy does not contribute to the cost and problems of the recovery and transportation
of fuel or the storage of
• Low/ no maintenance
• Solar Energy systems are virtually maintenance free and will last for decades.
• Once installed, there are no recurring costs. They operate silently, have no moving parts, do
not release offensive smells and do not require you to add any fuel. More solar panels can easily
be added in the future when your family's needs grow.

37. Solar Energy- Main Drawbacks
• The initial cost is the main disadvantage of installing a solar energy system, largely because of
the high cost of the semi-conducting materials used in building one.
• The cost of solar energy is also high compared to non-renewable utility-supplied electricity.
• Solar panels require quite a large area for installation to achieve a good level of efficiency.
• The efficiency of the system also relies on the location of the sun, although this problem can be
overcome with the installation of certain components. The production of solar energy is
influenced by the presence of clouds or pollution in the air. Similarly, no solar energy will be
produced during nighttime although a battery backup system and/or net metering will solve this
problem.
• As far as solar powered cars go - their slower speed might not
• appeal to everyone caught up in today's rat race.

38. • Solar energy is highly diffuse.
• We need special collectors in order to be able to use solar
energy in an effective form.
• Currently, the efficiency of solar cells is very less.
• Today’s solar cells can generate only about 45 milliwatts
per square inch.
• Solar energy is not available at night.
• Special storage facilities like batteries are needed to store
solar energy.
• Life of batteries is only 4 years.
• Solar cells are very expensive.
• Angle of incidence is very important while generating
electricity with solar cells. Angle of incidence should be
90 degrees for maximum efficiency. This angle is
difficult to maintain at all times.

39. Thank You