ENG 111 Ann Bib Prewriting QuestionsAnswer the following questions about each type of source: Credible Web Source What is the title of the article? HIV INFECTION AND AIDS AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN SOUTH AFRICA ? Is there an author? YES If so, who? ADAMSON S .MUULA Who is the sponsor of the source? Ncbi(National Centre for Biotechnology Information) Do some research about the author/sponsor. Is the author/sponsor credible? YES, How do you know? ADAMSON S MUULA is a professor of public Health and epidemiology at college of medicine, University of Malawi, professor Muula has authored/co-authored more than 200 peer reviewed publications in journals among others. With this knowledge his work is credible How do you think this source will help you answer your research questions? yes it will answer my questions as I was looking to understand the group that is mostly affected with the disease and the reasons behind the numbers Scholarly Journal Article What is the title of the article? HIV incidence in young girls in Kwa zulu Natal,South Africa -Public health imperative for their inclusion in HIV Biomedical intervention trials. Who is the author (or first author, if there is more than one)? Quarraisha Abdool Karim What scholarly organization (usually a university) is the author affiliated with? Columbia Mailman school of public Health What journal is the article published in? In PDF Do some research about the journal. Is the journal credible? How do you know? Yes,Quarraisha Abdool Karim Being a scientific director of CAPRISA ,which is an infectious disease epidemiologist whose main interests are in understanding the evolving of HIV epidemic in South Africa ,antiretroviral Therapy among other issues surrounding HIV AIDs makes her article credible as she has a good understanding about the disease. Recently Quarraisha received a Honorary degree for role in HIV prevention Research. How do you think this source will help you answer your research questions? The source has well detailed information about the measures South Africa has taken or taking to reduce the number of new infections among young women or are mostly affected that I need to write my research papers and it answers all my questions about the HIV disease in South Africa Substantive News Article What is the title of the article? South Africa fears millions more HIV infections. Who is the author? BARRY BEARAK What news organization (newspaper/magazine) published the article. The New York Times Do some research about the author. Is the author trained as a journalist? Barry Bearak is an American journalist and educator who has worked as a reporter and correspondent for the Miami Herald, The Los Angeles Times and the New York Times Do some research about the news organization. Is it well respected? Yes,explain how you know. The New york Times is one of the most widely read newspaper in the United States and has been a fixture of America print news for over 150 years. ...

1. ENG 111 Ann Bib Prewriting QuestionsAnswer the following
questions about each type of source: Credible Web Source
What is the title of the article? HIV INFECTION AND AIDS
AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN SOUTH AFRICA
?
Is there an author? YES If so, who? ADAMSON S .MUULA
Who is the sponsor of the source? Ncbi(National Centre for
Biotechnology Information)
Do some research about the author/sponsor. Is the
author/sponsor credible? YES, How do you know? ADAMSON
S MUULA is a professor of public Health and epidemiology at
college of medicine, University of Malawi, professor Muula has
authored/co-authored more than 200 peer reviewed publications
in journals among others. With this knowledge his work is
credible
How do you think this source will help you answer your
research questions? yes it will answer my questions as I was
looking to understand the group that is mostly affected with the
disease and the reasons behind the numbers
Scholarly Journal Article
What is the title of the article? HIV incidence in young girl s in
Kwa zulu Natal,South Africa -Public health imperative for their
inclusion in HIV Biomedical intervention trials.
Who is the author (or first author, if there is more than one)?
Quarraisha Abdool Karim
What scholarly organization (usually a university) is the author
affiliated with? Columbia Mailman school of public Health

2. What journal is the article published in? In PDF
Do some research about the journal. Is the journal credible?
How do you know? Yes,Quarraisha Abdool Karim Being a
scientific director of CAPRISA ,which is an infectious disease
epidemiologist whose main interests are in understanding the
evolving of HIV epidemic in South Africa ,antiretroviral
Therapy among other issues surrounding HIV AIDs makes her
article credible as she has a good understanding about the
disease. Recently Quarraisha received a Honorary degree for
role in HIV prevention Research.
How do you think this source will help you answer your
research questions? The source has well detailed information
about the measures South Africa has taken or taking to reduce
the number of new infections among young women or are
mostly affected that I need to write my research papers and it
answers all my questions about the HIV disease in South Africa
Substantive News Article
What is the title of the article? South Africa fears millions
more HIV infections.
Who is the author? BARRY BEARAK
What news organization (newspaper/magazine) published the
article. The New York Times
Do some research about the author. Is the author trained as a
journalist? Barry Bearak is an American journalist and educator
who has worked as a reporter and correspondent for the Miami
Herald, The Los Angeles Times and the New York Times
Do some research about the news organization. Is it well
respected? Yes,explain how you know. The New york Times is
one of the most widely read newspaper in the United States and
has been a fixture of America print news for over 150 years.

3. Lucia Kiliso
English 111
Professor Jonathan Cook
CREDIBLE SOURCE
The tittle of the article is on, HIV Infection and AIDS Among
Young Women in South Africa. It is authored by Professor
Adamson S. Muula and published by the Croatian Medical
Journal in Year 2008. The article has been posted on National
Center for Biotechnology Information ;
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=muula%20
1. The article highlights the commonality of HIV Infection and
AIDs among youthful women in South Africa.
Increased HIV vulnerability is associated with socioeconomic,
legal, Political, cultural factors ,gender based violence and lack
of sex education which elevates the exposure to risk situations
and create barriers to accessing effective ,quality and
affordable HIV prevention ,testing and treatment services.
Prevention and reduction of HIV infection can be achieved by
limiting exposure to the above named risk factors.
3. I consider the source of this article credible because the
author, Adamson .S. Muula is a renowned of Public Health and
epidemiology at the University of Malawi, College of Medicine
who has authored/co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed
publications in scientific journals, some of which are published
on a government registered
website; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=muula%20
. This has not only showed he is knowledgeable but also that he
is thorough in his work, by listing references of his work from
eminent Google scholars like Zuma K ,Kleinschmidt I and

4. World famous organisations including Uniting the World
Against AIDS.
March 5, 2021 Proffessor Adamson. S Muula co-authored ‘
Depressive symptoms, HIV –related stigma and ART adherence
among caregivers of children in vulnerable households in rural
southern Malawi’. His dynamic and zest on matters on HIV/
AIDs shows his works are dependable sources of information I
would need to answer my questions .
4/5. I choose this source because the information is
understandable , relatable and relevant. Being a scholarly
article ,it is valid based on strong evidences such as statistics
showing ‘prevalence of HIV among South African 2 years old
and older in 2005 based on race-ethnicity’. Its Publication on
an international bimonthly peer-viewed Croatian medical
journal further authenticates the content.
On March 5, 2021 Professor Adamson. S Muula co-authored
‘Depressive symptoms, HIV –related stigma and ART adherence
among caregivers of children in vulnerable households in rural
southern Malawi’. His dynamic and zest on matters on HIV/
AIDs shows his work is a dependable source of information I
would need to answer my questions
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=muula%20
SCHOLARLY SOURCE
1. The article is titled, Reducing the risk of HIV infection
among South African sex workers: socioeconomic and gender
barriers. It is co-authored by Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim
S. Karim , K. Soldan and M. Zondi. The article was first posted
on a publication of the American Public Health Association on
its website; ajph.alphapublications.org then published online on
October 7th, 2011.
2. This article summarizes the challenges of sex workers in their
line of duty in regard to HIV infections.
Sex workers are predisposed to contracting HIV due to their
vulnerability to socio- economic, legal, gender-based violence

5. and lack of sex education amongst their clients.
It is paramount for sex workers and their clients to respond to
HIV prevention programs, sex education and empowerment in
the attempt to curb the increased rate of infection.
The highlighted method of prevention for this group is proper
and consistent use of condoms.
3. I find the source credible since the citation describe the co-
authors; Q A Karim, S S Karim, K Soldan, and M Zondi as
renowned researchers at Centre for Epidemiological Research in
South Africa (CERSA), South African Medical Research
Council, Durban, South Africa.
In addition, the article has been published on an organization’s
website;
https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.85.11.1
521. It has also been published by American Journal of Health,
which is widely known for its publication of authentic works in
research in the field of public health. It has also been voted one
of the most 100 influential journals in Biology and medicine
over the last century.
4:Proffessor Quarraisha Abdool Karim who is a world’s leading
AIDS researcher, was recently awarded the prestigious 2020
Christophe Merieux Prize for her dedicated support in research
into infectious diseases in developing countries.
5.The article will be useful in my work as it discloses real time
challenges faced by sex workers and their clients in the attempt
to reduce HIV infections. Particularly, as highlighted in the
three regions of Kenya, South Africa and Somali. The
recommendations include to reduce the sex workers' risk for
HIV infection include negotiation and communication skills to
enable them to persuade their clients to use condoms;
development of strategies through which they can maximally
use their group strength to facilitate unified action; and
accessibility of protective methods they can use and control,
such as intravaginal microbicides.

6. SUBSTANTIVE SOURCE:
1.The headline of the article is South Africa Fears Millions
More HIV Infections. It is authored by Barry Bearak. It has
been published on New York Times, which has a global
distribution.
2.The writer predicts a massive increase in the rate of HIV
infections in South Africa over the next two decades.
Financial distress and negligence by the government of South
Africa has been portrayed to be the constraining factors in
containing the spread HIV. However, it is alarming that the
South African government has not been keen and aggressive in
sensitizing its people about HIV/AIDs infections as their former
president advised on the use of conservative methods like
consumption of beetroot and garlic in place of antiretroviral
drugs.
3.The source is credible because author Barry Bearak is an
American journalist, educator , reporter and a correspondent for
the famous The New York Times, The Miami Herald and The
Los Angeles Times. From Wikipedia, Barry Bearak has taught
journalism as a visiting professor at the Colombia University
Graduate School of Journalism.
4.I choose this piece of work because it has vividly highlighted
the fear of increased number of HIV infections in South
Africa in future. Its’ findings has strong answers to the research
question.
5. It has boldly put out the challenges faced by the government
and called it out for negligence of it’s mandate of civil
education about HIV infections and use of antiretroviral
medications.
“I think the budget is strained already” by Mr. Heywood