Infectious bronchitis and Infectious Laryngeo tracheitis Disease in Poultry these are highly infectious diseases of poultry sector.
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2. An acute, highly contagious viral respiratory disease of
chicken
Tracheal rales, coughing, sneezing,
Broiler-----hinder growth rate
Layers-------effect reproductive tract--------decreased
egg production with poor egg quality
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3. ETIOLOGY
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)
Genus coronavirus of family
coronaviridae
killed rapidly by common
disinfectants
Inactivated after 15 minutes
at 56°C and after 90 minutes at
45°C
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Electron micrograph of Infectious
Bronchitis virus particles
4. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Chicken is the only natural host
Sever death in birds of 10-12 wks age
Occurrence is more in winter
Common in northern areas of Pakistan
Very rapid transmission (within flock)
Transmission occur through air borne rout (b/t flocks)
Contaminated feed and equipment
Clothing, foot wear (attendants and visitors)
No vertical transmission
5. Economic impact
mainly due to:
Poor growth performance and mortality due to
the respiratory disease in broilers
Egg production losses in layers and breeders
Losses caused by renal damage may be seen in
broilers, layers and breeders
7. CLINICAL SIGNS
Appear within 36-48 hrs of infection
Signs vary in different age groups
Young chicks
Highly susceptible
Gasping
Distressed breathing
Tracheal rales, sneezing, cough (audible)
Nasal discharge
Open mouth breathing
Depressed and huddle together or under heat source
10. CLINICAL SIGNS
Growing chicks
Intensity is less sever
Respiratory signs----less sever-----unnoticed
Distressed breathing, tracheal rales
Respiratory noises audible at night
Significant retarded growth, poor FCR, low weight
gain
Permanent injury to developing oviduct
Morbidity –5-10%, mortality----negligible
Course---7-10d
11.
12. Laying birds
Respiratory signs less sever----may absent
Drastic drop in egg production (60-90% to 5-
20% in 1-2 wks)
Laying birds ----out of production-----up to one month
after passing disease.
Slow recovery
Recovered birds—seldom gain full production
Takes 8-10wk to gain 50% prod of initial.
False layers
14. Comparison of normal eggs (above, left) with shell-less eggs (above, right),
rough-shelled egg (centre), and misshapen eggs (bottom) laid by hens during
an outbreak of IB
15. IB infection of layers and breeders causes egg production
losses *IBV D274 was used as the challenge strain.
17. POSTMORTEM LESIONS
Catarrhal and Caseous exudates in upper respiratory
tract
Caseous plug may be found in the trachea
Cloudy air sacs
Atrophied oviduct
Abdominal air sacs may contain yellow caseous exudate---
Complicated by E.coli
Occasionally swollen and pale kidneys containing urolith
deposits (uric acid crystals)
18. Degenerated ovary showing atrophic and
haemorrhagic follicules from a hen in lay
Serous, catarrhal, or caseous exudates in
the trachea
21. DIAGNOSIS
CF
PM lesions
Virus isolation
(9-10 day of age embryonated specific SPF eggs)
PCR
Serology (Antibody determination)
Agar Gel Precipitation Test (AGP)
Virus neutralisation test (VN)
Haemagglutination Inhibition Test (HI)
Enzyme linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA)
,
22. Diagnosis
Testing serum samples at intervals (for example at the
time of the clinical signs and 2 or 3 weeks later) provide
the best basis for serological diagnosis. This is also
applicable for monitoring vaccination results.
23. Comparison of a normal 18-day old chicken embryo (right) and
two infected embryos of the same age, showing dwarfing
26. Definition
Mild, acute or per acute, highly contagious disease of
adult chickens
Sever dyspnea, coughing, expectoration of bloody
exudates
Sever necrotizing laryngitis and tracheitis
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28. TRANSMISSION
Air born
Contaminated litter, equipments, clothing,
eggs or chicken handling appliances
Rates, crow, vulture----mechanical carrier
Occur in autumn and winter (poor
ventilation)
Recovered birds act as carrier
29. CLINICAL SIGNS
IP 6-12 days
Sever respiratory distress
Sneezing, coughing, rattling sounds
Expulsion of bloody mucous from trachea
Blood may stain the beak and neck feathers
Extended head and neck with open beak during each
inspiration
Cyanotic comb and wattles
Conjunctivitis and ocular discharge
Drop in egg production
Mortality varies 5-7%
33. POST MORTEM LESIONS
Extensive lesion throughout respiratory tract are
pathognomonic
Viscera appear normal
Edema and congestion of conjuctival epithelium and
infra-orbital sinus
Congested trachea and larynx
Blood clots in trachea
37. CONTROL
Diagnosis and segregation of affected birds
Vaccination of healthy birds
Avoid mixing of vaccinated and unvaccinated birds
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Notas del editor
The economic impact of Infectious bronchitis is mainly due to:
Poor growth performance and mortality due to the respiratory disease in broilers
Egg production losses in layers and breeders
Losses caused by renal damage may be seen in broilers, layers and breeders
Pathogenesis
Infectious bronchitis virus initially infects and replicates in the upper-respiratory tract causing the loss of protective cells lining the sinuses and trachea. After a brief viraemia, the virus can be detected in the kidneys, reproductive tract (Read more about variant D388 (QX)), and caecal tonsils.
Some strains of IBV, which are referred to as nephropathogenic are known to cause lesions in the kidney. Renal damage associated with different IB strains is an increasingly important feature of IB infections, especially in broilers.
Laboratory confirmation is required for diagnosis of respiratory forms because of similarities to mild forms of disease caused by agents such as Newcastle disease virus, avian metapneumovirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, mycoplasmas, A paragallinarum, and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale. Demonstration of seroconversion or a rise in antibody titer against IBV by ELISA, or hemagglutination inhibition or virus neutralization tests can be used for diagnosis when there is a history of respiratory disease or reduced egg production.
Definitive diagnosis is generally based on virus detection and identification. Virus can be isolated by inoculation of homogenates of tracheal, cecal tonsil, and/or kidney tissue into 9- to 11-day-old SPF chicken embryos, with growth of IBV indicated by embryo stunting and curling, and deposition of urates in the mesonephros, with variable mortality. Alternatively, IBV may be isolated in tracheal organ cultures, with growth of virus indicated by cessation of cilial motility. Several blind passages of the virus may be necessary for isolation of some field strains. More rapid diagnosis may be achieved using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays to detect viral RNA in nucleic acid extracts of tracheal, cecal tonsil, or kidney tissue.
Typing viruses can help distinguish vaccine and field strains and may help diagnose outbreaks caused by serotypes distinct from those of the vaccines used in a flock. Serotypes have been identified using sera from SPF chickens inoculated with known serotypes in virus neutralization tests. However, because this is expensive and time consuming, it is not readily available. A restricted range of serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAb) have been developed for serotyping, but direct detection viral antigen using these MAbs to immunohistochemically stain tissue sections from diseased birds is of limited value because of the low concentration of antigen in tissues. The MAbs have been best used after propagation in chicken embryos, to detect viral antigen in the chorioallantoic membranes by immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase staining, or in the allantoic fluid by ELISA. Analyses of the products of RT-PCR assays are now commonly used to identify the virus serotype and to identify individual strains within serotypes. The S1 region of the spike glycoprotein gene determines the serotype, and RT-PCR products derived from this region can be subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, analyzed by nucleotide sequencing, or compared with reference strains using high-resolution melting curve analysis. Genotype determination based on the S1 region can be complemented by analyzing other regions of the viral genome, including the nucleocapsid gene and the 5' untranslated region. These analyses can also aid in rapid detection of novel recombinant IBVs.
No medication alters the course of IBV infection, although antimicrobial therapy may reduce mortalities caused by complicating bacterial infections. In cold weather, increasing the ambient temperature may reduce mortalities, and reducing the protein concentrations in feed and providing electrolytes in drinking water may assist in outbreaks caused by nephropathogenic strains.
The attenuated vaccines used for immunization may produce mild respiratory signs. These vaccines are initially given to 1- to 14-day-old chicks by spray, drinking water, or eye drop, and birds are commonly revaccinated. Revaccination with a virus from a distinct serotype can induce broader protection. Attenuated or adjuvanted inactivated vaccines can be used in breeders and layers to prevent egg production losses.
There are many distinct serotypes of IBV, and new or variant serotypes, which are not fully controlled by existing vaccines, are identified relatively frequently. Some variants may be derived from recombination between existing field strains and vaccine strains, whereas others result from point mutations in existing strains. Selection of vaccines should be based on knowledge of the most prevalent serotype(s) on the premises. The correlation between serotype and protection is imperfect, and definition of the most appropriate vaccine, or combination of vaccines, may require experimental assessment of several combinations of vaccines to identify the most effective regimen. The most commonly used live vaccines in the USA contain derivatives of the Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Arkansas strains, whereas in Australia, where the most prevalent serotypes are distinct from most other countries, vaccines are based on derivatives of the VicS and Armidale strains. In Europe, vaccines incorporating derivatives of the 4/91 strain and those derived from QX-like viruses are available. Vaccination with selected variant serotypes may be of use when these variants are the dominant strain in flocks, although regulatory authorities in some countries only permit use of vaccines derived from the Massachusetts strain.