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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska
Introduction • The brain is a complex three-dimensional structure that performs a bewildering array of functions • The brain consists of roughly 20 billion neurons © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 16.1 Development of the Human Brain © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.1 Major Divisions of the Brain CEREBRUM • Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions • Memory storage and processing • Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions DIENCEPHALON THALAMUS • Relay and processing centers for sensory information HYPOTHALAMUS • Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production MESENCEPHALON • Processing of visual and auditory data • Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses • Maintenance of consciousness PONS © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. MEDULLA OBLONGATA CEREBELLUM • Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns • Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord Spinal cord Brain stem • Relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem • Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities) • Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus • Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers Left cerebral hemisphere Gyri Sulci Fissures
An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Major Regions and Landmarks of the Brain • Medulla oblongata • Pons • Cerebellum • Mesencephalon (midbrain) • Diencephalon • Cerebrum (telencephalon) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.13a Sectional Views of the Brain Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Interventricular foramen Frontal lobe Anterior commissure Optic chiasm Mamillary body Mesencephalon © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Pons Temporal lobe Cingulate gyrus Fornix Thalamus Membranous portion of epithalamus Hypothalamus Pineal gland Parieto-occipital sulcus Superior colliculus Corpora Inferior quadrigemina colliculus Aqueduct of midbrain Fourth ventricle Cerebellum Medulla oblongata A sagittal section through the brain
An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Medulla oblongata • Relays information to the thalamus and brain stem • Regulates visceral function • Pons • Relays information to the thalamus and cerebellum • Regulates subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Cerebellum • Coordinates somatic motor function • Adjusts output of somatic motor centers resulting in smooth operation • Mesencephalon (midbrain) • Processes visual and auditory data • Maintains consciousness and alertness © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Diencephalon • Epithalamus • Contains the pineal gland • Thalamus • Relays information to the cerebrum • Processes sensory information • Hypothalamus • Involved in emotions, thirst, some habitual activity © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Telencephalon (cerebrum) • Conscious thought processes • Memory storage • Conscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.1 Major Divisions of the Brain CEREBRUM • Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions • Memory storage and processing • Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions DIENCEPHALON THALAMUS • Relay and processing centers for sensory information HYPOTHALAMUS • Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production MESENCEPHALON • Processing of visual and auditory data • Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses • Maintenance of consciousness PONS © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. MEDULLA OBLONGATA CEREBELLUM • Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns • Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord Spinal cord Brain stem • Relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem • Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities) • Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus • Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers Left cerebral hemisphere Gyri Sulci Fissures
An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • The Ventricles of the Brain • Ventricles are fluid-filled cavities • Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • Fluid transports nutrients to the CNS and transports waste away from the CNS • CSF also provides protection • There are four ventricles • Ventricles 1 and 2 (called lateral ventricles) are in the cerebral hemispheres (separated by a partition called the septum pellucidum) • Ventricle 3 is in the diencephalon • Ventricle 4 lies between the pons and the cerebellum © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.2a Ventricles of the Brain Orientation and extent of the ventricles as seen in a lateral view of a transparent brain Anterior horns of lateral ventricles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cerebral hemispheres Pons Medulla oblongata Central canal Spinal cord Lateral ventricles Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Posterior horns of lateral ventricles Inferior horns of lateral ventricles Aqueduct of midbrain Fourth ventricle Cerebellum
Figure 16.2c Ventricles of the Brain © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view of the ventricles as if seen through a transparent brain Third ventricle Aqueduct of midbrain Fourth ventricle Cerebellum Central canal Interventricular foramen Pons Medulla oblongata Longitudinal Lateral ventricles in fissure cerebral hemispheres Inferior horns of lateral ventricles
Figure 16.2d Ventricles of the Brain Lateral ventricles Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Inferior horn of lateral ventricle Aqueduct of midbrain Fourth ventricle Diagrammatic coronal section showing the interconnections between the ventricles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Septum pellucidum Central canal
Protection and Support of the Brain • Protection involves: • Bones of the skull • Parietal, frontal, occipital, and temporal bones • Cranial meninges • Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater • Cerebrospinal fluid • CSF is produced by choroid plexus in the brain ventricles. • CSF is drained at arachnoid granulation into the dural sinuses. • Blood–brain barrier © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.3a Relationships among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges Lateral view of the brain showing its position in the cranium and the organization of the meningeal coverings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cerebral cortex Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Cerebral cortex Pia mater Cranium Dura mater Subarachnoid space (endosteal layer) Dural sinus Dura mater (meningeal layer) Subdural space Arachnoid mater
Figure 16.3b Relationships among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A corresponding view of the cranial cavity with the brain removed showing the orientation and extent of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli Diaphragma sellae Pituitary gland Sella turcica of sphenoid Inferior sagittal sinus Dura mater Superior sagittal sinus Cranium Falx cerebri Tentorium cerebelli Transverse sinus Falx cerebelli
Figure 16.5a The Cranial Meninges, Part II Superior sagittal sinus Subdural space Arachnoid granulation © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Coronal section This view shows the organization and relationship of the cranial meninges to the brain. Arachnoid mater Arachnoid trabeculae Pia mater Dura mater Cerebral cortex Falx cerebri Subarachnoid space
Figure 16.5b The Cranial Meninges, Part II Coronal section © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Arachnoid mater Arachnoid trabecula Cerebral vein Pia mater Perivascular space Cerebral cortex A detailed view of the arachnoid membrane, the subarachnoid space, and the pia mater. Note the relationship between the cerebral vein and the subarachnoid space.
Protection and Support of the Brain • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) • Provides protection of the brain and spinal cord • Provides support • Transports nutrients to the CNS tissue • Transports waste away from the CNS © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.6 The Choroid Plexus and Blood–Brain Barrier © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. INTERSTITIAL FLUID IN THALAMUS The location of the choroid plexus in each of the four ventricles of the brain Capillary Endothelial cell The structure and function of the choroid plexus. The ependymal cells are a selective barrier, actively transporting nutrients, vitamins, and ions into the CSF. When necessary, these cells also actively CHOROID PLEXUS remove ions or compounds from the CSF to stabilize its composition. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN THIRD VENTRICLE Waste products Ions Amino acids (when necessary) Ions (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3 Tight junction Blood–brain barrier -, Ca2+, Mg2+) Vitamins Organic nutrients Oxygen Choroid plexus cells Capillary CO2 Waste products Tight junction Astrocyte Neuron Ependymal cells Nutrients (especially glucose) Oxygen
Protection and Support of the Brain • Circulation of CSF • CSF from the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles • Flows through the interventricular foramen • Flows into the third ventricle • Flows into the aqueduct of the midbrain • Flows into the fourth ventricle • Through the lateral aperture and median aperture and central canal of the spinal cord • Flows into the subarachnoid space • Flows around the brain and spinal cord eventually enters circulation via the arachnoid granulations © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.7 Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Lateral aperture Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Median aperture Arachnoid mater Dura mater Extension of choroid plexus into lateral ventricle Choroid plexus of third ventricle © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Central canal Spinal cord Filum terminale Subarachnoid space Aqueduct of midbrain Arachnoid granulations Superior sagittal sinus Superior sagittal sinus Cranium Dura mater Pia mater Subarachnoid space Cerebral cortex (endosteal layer) Arachnoid granulation Fluid movement Arachnoid trabecula Dura mater (meningeal layer) Subdural space Arachnoid mater
The Medulla Oblongata • Medulla oblongata • Continuous with the spinal cord to the brain stem • All communication between the brain and spinal cord passes through the medulla oblongata © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Medulla Oblongata • Nuclei of cranial nerves • Contains sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves: • VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII • Autonomic nuclei • Major centers include: • Cardiovascular centers (cardiac and vasomotor) • Respiratory centers (rhythmic breathing) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.8a The Medulla Oblongata © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view Olive Medulla oblongata Pyramids Pons Spinal cord Olivary nucleus Cardiovascular centers Solitary nucleus Nucleus cuneatus Nucleus gracilis Reticular formation Lateral white column
Figure 16.8b The Medulla Oblongata © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Olive Pyramids Pons Spinal cord Posterolateral view Olivary nucleus Cardiovascular centers Respiratory rhythmicity center Solitary nucleus Nucleus cuneatus Nucleus gracilis Reticular formation Lateral white column Attachment to membranous roof of fourth ventricle Posterior median sulcus Posterior white columns
The Pons • The pons is a prominent bulge superior to the medulla oblongata and consists of: • Sensory and motor nuclei for cranial nerves: • V, VI, VII, and VIII • Nuclei involved with involuntary control of breathing: • Consist of apneustic center and pneumotaxic center • Nuclei that relay cerebellar commands: • Consist of cerebellar peduncles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.9 The Pons © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Ascending tracts Transverse fibers Medulla oblongata Olivary nucleus Pons Descending tracts Pneumotaxic center Apneustic center Cerebellum Fourth ventricle Reticular formation
The Mesencephalon • Mesencephalon (also called the midbrain) • Consists of two pairs of nuclei collectively called corpora quadrigemina • Responsible for processing auditory and visual stimuli • Auditory processing occurs in the inferior colliculus • Visual processing occurs in the superior colliculus • Consists of nuclei of the reticular formation • Involved in maintaining alertness © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Mesencephalon • Mesencephalon (continued) • Consists of: • Red nucleus: integrates information between the cerebrum and cerebellum • Substantia nigra: regulates motor output of the basal nuclei • Cerebral peduncles: have ascending fibers that synapse in the thalamus and descending fibers of the corticospinal pathway © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.10b The Mesencephalon Substantia nigra Diagrammatic and posterior views of the diencephalon and brain stem. The diagrammatic view is drawn, as if transparent, to show the positions of important nuclei. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Superior colliculi Inferior colliculi Corpora quadrigemina Trochlear nerve (N IV) Cerebral peduncle Superior cerebellar peduncle Reticular formation in floor of fourth ventricle Fourth ventricle Pineal gland Superior colliculus Cerebral peduncle Thalamus Red nucleus Inferior colliculus Reticular formation
The Diencephalon • The diencephalon consists of: • Epithalamus • Thalamus • Hypothalamus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.12a The Hypothalamus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Optic nerve Infundibulum (cut) Tuberal area Mamillary body Midsagittal section through the brain. This view shows the major features of the diencephalon and adjacent portions of the brain stem. Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Fornix Anterior cerebral artery Frontal lobe Anterior commissure Optic chiasm Parietal lobe Choroid plexus in epithalamus Thalamus (surrounds third ventricle) Pineal gland Hypothalamus Aqueduct of midbrain Cerebellum Fourth ventricle
The Diencephalon • The epithalamus • Forms the roof of the third ventricle • Contains the pineal gland • Produces the hormone melatonin • Regulates our day/night cycles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Diencephalon • The thalamus • Forms the walls of the third ventricle © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.11a The Thalamus Frontal Parietal lobe lobe Lateral view of the brain showing the positions of the major thalamic structures. Functional areas of cerebral cortex are also indicated, with colors corresponding to those of the associated thalamic nuclei. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Occipital lobe
Figure 16.11b The Thalamus Pulvinar Medial geniculate nucleus Enlarged view of the thalamic nuclei of the left side. The color of each nucleus or group of nuclei matches the color of the associated cortical region. The boxes either provide examples of the types of sensory input relayed to the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex or indicate the existence of important feedback loops involved with emotional states, learning, and memory. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cerebellum Basal nuclei General sensory input Visual input Auditory input Limbic system Frontal lobes Parietal lobe and cingulate gyrus Association areas of cerebral cortex Lateral geniculate nucleus Medial group Lateral group Anterior group Posterior group V e n t r a l g r o u p
The Diencephalon • The hypothalamus • Forms the floor of the third ventricle • Consists of numerous nuclei • Consists of an infundibulum, which connects to the pituitary gland © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Diencephalon • The hypothalamus (continued) • Consists of nuclei to control: • Subconscious control of skeletal muscles • Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and digestive functions • Secretion of antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin • Emotional and behavioral drives and thirst drives • Coordination between voluntary and autonomic functions • Body temperature • Circadian rhythm © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.12a The Hypothalamus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Optic nerve Infundibulum (cut) Tuberal area Mamillary body Midsagittal section through the brain. This view shows the major features of the diencephalon and adjacent portions of the brain stem. Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Fornix Anterior cerebral artery Frontal lobe Anterior commissure Optic chiasm Parietal lobe Choroid plexus in epithalamus Thalamus (surrounds third ventricle) Pineal gland Hypothalamus Aqueduct of midbrain Cerebellum Fourth ventricle
Figure 16.12b The Hypothalamus Supraoptic nucleus Enlarged view of the hypothalamus showing the locations of major nuclei and centers. Functions for these centers are summarized in Table 16.6. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Thalamus Hypothalamus Pons Tuberal area Mamillary body Posterior lobe of pituitary gland (pars nervosa) Autonomic centers (sympathetic) Paraventricular nucleus Preoptic area Autonomic centers (parasympathetic) Suprachiasmatic nucleus Anterior lobe of pituitary gland Tuberal nuclei Optic chiasm Infundibulum Pars distalis Pars intermedia
The Cerebellum • The cerebellum consists of: • Two hemispheres • Folia (folds similar to gyri of the cerebrum) • Anterior and posterior lobes • Vermis (separates the hemispheres) • Flocculonodular lobes • Arbor vitae • Cerebellar peduncles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.15b The Cerebellum Cell body of Purkinje cell © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Dendrites projecting into the gray matter of the cerebellum Axons of Purkinje cells projecting into the white matter of the cerebellum Purkinje cells LM ´ 120 Choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle Mamillary body Pons Fourth ventricle Sagittal view of the cerebellum showing the arrangement of gray matter and white matter. Purkinje cells are seen in the photomicrograph; these large neurons are found in the cerebellar cortex. Cerebellar peduncles Superior Middle Inferior Medulla oblongata Pons Anterior lobe Arbor vitae Cerebellar nucleus Cerebellar cortex Posterior lobe Flocculonodular lobe Medulla oblongata Superior colliculus Aqueduct of midbrain Inferior colliculus Mesencephalon Anterior lobe Arbor vitae Cerebellar cortex Cerebellar nucleus Posterior lobe Flocculonodular lobe
Figure 16.15a The Cerebellum © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cerebellum Vermis Vermis Anterior lobe Primary fissure Posterior lobe Superior surface of the cerebellum. This view shows major anatomical landmarks and regions. Left hemisphere of cerebellum Right hemisphere of cerebellum Folia Folia
The Cerebellum • The cerebellum • Cerebellar cortex: subconscious coordination of movements • Arbor vitae: connects cerebellar cortex with cerebellar peduncles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cerebrum • The cerebrum consists of: • Two hemispheres • Several lobes • Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal • Gyri and sulci • Longitudinal fissure • Corpus callosum • Basal nuclei • Limbic system © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cerebrum  The cerebrum is the largest, most superior portion of the human brain.  Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from and generates motor commands to the opposite side of the body.  The two hemispheres have some functional differences, although anatomically they appear to be identical. The cerebral hemispheres are separated by longitudinal fissure. Cortical surface of the brain forms a series of grooves called sulci. The sulcus between frontal and parietal lobe is central sulcus. This sulcus functionally separates the sensory and motor part of cerebrum. The sulcus between parietal and temporal lobe id lateral sulcus. The eminence between two sulsi is called gyrus. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.16a The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part I Longitudinal fissure © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Superior view Right cerebral hemisphere Cerebral veins and arteries covered by arachnoid mater Central sulcus Parieto-occipital sulcus Cerebellum Left cerebral hemisphere
The Cerebrum • The Cerebral Hemispheres • The Cerebral Lobes • Frontal lobe: conscious control of skeletal muscles • Occipital lobe: perception of visual stimuli • Parietal lobe: conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, and taste • Temporal lobe: conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.17a The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part II Precentral gyrus Central sulcus FRONTAL LOBE of left cerebral hemisphere Lateral sulcus Branches of middle cerebral artery emerging from lateral sulcus TEMPORAL LOBE Lateral view of intact brain after removal of the dura mater and arachnoid mater showing superficial surface anatomy of the left hemisphere © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Pons Medulla oblongata Postcentral gyrus PARIETAL LOBE OCCIPITAL LOBE Cerebellum
Figure 16.13a Sectional Views of the Brain Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Interventricular foramen Frontal lobe Anterior commissure Optic chiasm Mamillary body Mesencephalon © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Pons Temporal lobe Cingulate gyrus Fornix Thalamus Membranous portion of epithalamus Hypothalamus Pineal gland Parieto-occipital sulcus Superior colliculus Corpora Inferior quadrigemina colliculus Aqueduct of midbrain Fourth ventricle Cerebellum Medulla oblongata A sagittal section through the brain
The Cerebrum • Hemispheric Specialization • Left hemisphere • Speech center, writing, language, mathematics • Right hemisphere • Analysis by touch, spatial visualization © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.18 Hemispheric Specialization LEFT HAND © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Prefrontal cortex Speech center Writing Auditory cortex (right ear) General interpretive center (language and mathematical calculation) Visual cortex (right visual field) LEFT HEMISPHERE RIGHT HEMISPHERE CORPUS C ALLOSUM RIGHT HAND Prefrontal cortex Anterior commissure Analysis by touch Auditory cortex (left ear) Spatial visualization and analysis Visual cortex (left visual field)
The Cerebrum • The Central White Matter • Consists of bundles called: • Association fibers: tracts that interconnect areas of neural cortex within a hemisphere (arcuate fibers and longitudinal fasciculi) • Commissural fibers: tracts that connect the two hemispheres (anterior commissure and corpus callosum) • Projection fibers: tracts that link the cerebrum with other regions of the brain and spinal cord © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.19a The Central White Matter Lateral aspect of the brain showing arcuate fibers and longitudinal fasciculi © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Arcuate fibers Longitudinal fasciculi
Figure 16.19b The Central White Matter Longitudinal fissure Corpus callosum Projection fibers of internal capsule Anterior view of the brain showing orientation of the commissural and projection fibers © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior commissure
The Cerebrum • The Basal Nuclei • These are masses of gray matter embedded in the white matter inferior to the lateral ventricles • Consist of: • Caudate nucleus • Putamen • Globus pallidus • Claustrum • Amygdaloid body © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cerebrum • The Basal Nuclei • Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus • Control the cycles of arm and leg movements when walking • Claustrum • Plays a role in subconscious processing of visual information. It focuses attention on specific patterns or relevant features (watching movie!) • Amygdaloid body • Component of the limbic system © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.20c The Basal Nuclei © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal section Head of caudate nucleus Lateral ventricle Claustrum Insula Putamen Lentiform nucleus Globus pallidus Amygdaloid body Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Internal capsule Lateral sulcus Anterior commissure Tip of inferior horn of lateral ventricle
The Cerebrum • The Limbic System • Located between the cerebrum and the diencephalon just superior to the corpus callosum • Functions: • Establishes emotional states • Links the conscious functions with the unconscious autonomic functions • Facilitates memory storage and retrieval © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.21a The Limbic System Corpus callosum Interthalamic adhesion Central sulcus Fornix Hypothalamus Temporal lobe Parahippocampal gyrus (limbic lobe) Hippocampus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Thalamus (within dentate gyrus) Cingulate gyrus (limbic lobe) Pineal gland Mamillary body Sagittal section through the cerebrum showing the cortical areas associated with the limbic system. The parahippocampal and dentate gyri are shown as if transparent so that deeper limbic components can be seen.
The Cerebrum • The Limbic System • The fornix • Tract of white matter connecting the hippocampus with the hypothalamus • Many fornix fibers extend to the mamillary bodies • Mamillary bodies control reflex movements associated with eating © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cranial Nerves • There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves • These nerves innervate the periphery emerging from the brain (not the spinal cord) • These nerves are on the ventrolateral surface of the brain • They are numbered beginning at the anterior aspect of the brain • They are numbered CN I to CN XII © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.22b Origins of the Cranial Nerves © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Diagrammatic inferior view of the human brain. Compare view with part (a). Olfactory bulb, termination of olfactory nerve (N I) Olfactory tract Optic chiasm Optic nerve (N II) Infundibulum Oculomotor nerve (N III) Trochlear nerve (N IV) Trigeminal nerve (N V) Abducens nerve (N VI) Facial nerve (N VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (N VIII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (N IX) Vagus nerve (N X) Hypoglossal nerve (N XII) Accessory nerve (N XI)
The Cranial Nerves • CN I: The Olfactory Nerve • Function: sensory (smell) • Origin: olfactory epithelium • Foramen: olfactory foramina • Destination: olfactory bulbs © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.23 The Olfactory Nerve © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Olfactory nerve fibers Left olfactory bulb (termination of olfactory nerve) Olfactory tract (to olfactory cortex of cerebrum) OLFACTORY NERVE (N I) Cribriform plate of ethmoid Olfactory epithelium
The Cranial Nerves • CN II: The Optic Nerve • Function: sensory (vision) • Origin: retina • Foramen: optic canal • Destination: diencephalon, then to occipital lobe © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.24 The Optic Nerve OPTIC NERVE Optic chiasm Optic tract © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. (N II) Mesencephalon (cut) Eye Visual cortex (in occipital lobes) Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Pituitary gland Lateral geniculate nucleus (in thalamus) Optic projection fibers
The Cranial Nerves • CN III: The Oculomotor Nerve • Function: controls extra-ocular eye muscles • Motor function • Superior, inferior, and medial rectus • Inferior oblique • Levator palpebrae superioris • Origin: mesencephalon • Foramen: superior orbital fissure • Destination: extra-ocular eye muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.25 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra–Ocular Muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Trigeminal nerve (N V), cut Vestibulocochlear nerve (N VIII), cut Facial nerve (N VII), cut ABDUCENS NERVE (N VI) Lateral rectus muscle (cut) Medial rectus muscle Inferior rectus muscle Ciliary ganglion OPTIC NERVE (N II) Optic chiasm OCULOMOTOR NERVE (N III) TROCHLEAR NERVE (N IV) Superior rectus Superior muscle oblique muscle Trochlea Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Inferior oblique muscle
The Cranial Nerves • CN IV: The Trochlear Nerve • Function: controls extra-ocular eye muscles • Motor function • Superior oblique • Origin: mesencephalon • Foramen: superior orbital fissure • Destination: extra-ocular eye muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.25 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra–Ocular Muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Trigeminal nerve (N V), cut Vestibulocochlear nerve (N VIII), cut Facial nerve (N VII), cut ABDUCENS NERVE (N VI) Lateral rectus muscle (cut) Medial rectus muscle Inferior rectus muscle Ciliary ganglion OPTIC NERVE (N II) Optic chiasm OCULOMOTOR NERVE (N III) TROCHLEAR NERVE (N IV) Superior rectus Superior muscle oblique muscle Trochlea Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Inferior oblique muscle
The Cranial Nerves • CN V: The Trigeminal Nerve • Function: • Mixed (sensory and motor) function • Ophthalmic: sensations from the forehead, eyelids, and nose • Maxillary: sensations from lower eyelid, upper lip, and cheek • Mandibular: controls mastication • Origin: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cranial Nerves • CN V: The Trigeminal Nerve (continued) • Foramen: • Ophthalmic: superior orbital fissure • Maxillary: foramen rotundum • Mandibular: foramen ovale • Destination: • Ophthalmic and maxillary: Pons • Mandibular: mandibular muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.26 The Trigeminal Nerve © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. TRIGEMINAL NERVE (N V) Maxillary branch Foramen ovale Pons Otic ganglion Mandibular branch Pterygopalatine ganglion Ophthalmic branch Semilunar ganglion Superior orbital fissure Supraorbital nerves Ciliary ganglion Foramen rotundum Infra-orbital nerve Lingual nerve Submandibular ganglion Mental nerve
The Cranial Nerves • CN VI: The Abducens Nerve • Function: controls eye movements • Motor function • Origin: pons • Foramen: superior orbital fissure • Destination: innervates the lateral rectus eye muscle © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.25 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra–Ocular Muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Trigeminal nerve (N V), cut Vestibulocochlear nerve (N VIII), cut Facial nerve (N VII), cut ABDUCENS NERVE (N VI) Lateral rectus muscle (cut) Medial rectus muscle Inferior rectus muscle Ciliary ganglion OPTIC NERVE (N II) Optic chiasm OCULOMOTOR NERVE (N III) TROCHLEAR NERVE (N IV) Superior rectus Superior muscle oblique muscle Trochlea Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Inferior oblique muscle
The Cranial Nerves • CN VII: The Facial Nerve • Function: Mixed (sensory and motor) • Sensory: sensations from the face / taste • Motor: controls muscles of the face • Origin: • Sensory: taste buds • Motor: pons • Foramen: internal acoustic meatus • Destination: • Sensory: pons • Motor: muscles of the face © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.27a The Facial Nerve Origin and branches of the facial nerve © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior auricular branch Stylomastoid foramen Chorda tympani nerve (with mandibular branch of N V) Lingual branch (with lingual nerve of N V) Submandibular ganglion Pons Pterygopalatine ganglion Greater petrosal nerve Geniculate ganglion FACIAL NERVE (N VII) Temporal branch Zygomatic branches Buccal branch Mandibular branch Cervical branch
The Cranial Nerves • CN VIII: The Vestibulocochlear Nerve • Function: • Sensory: balance and hearing • Origin: receptors of the vestibule and cochlea • Foramen: internal acoustic meatus • Destination: pons © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.28 The Vestibulocochlear Nerve © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Tympanic cavity (middle ear) Semicircular canals Vestibular branch (N VIII) Facial nerve (N VII), cut Internal acoustic canal VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE (N VIII) Pons N V N VI N VII N IX N XII N X N XI Medulla oblongata Cochlear branch (N VIII) Auditory Cochlea tube Tympanic membrane
The Cranial Nerves • CN IX: The Glossopharyngeal Nerve • Function: Mixed (sensory and motor) • Sensory function: taste of posterior 1/3 of tongue. • Motor function: swallowing • Origin: • Sensory: posterior 1/3 of the tongue • Motor: salivary gland © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cranial Nerves • CN IX: The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (continued) • Foramen: jugular foramen • Destination: • Sensory: pons • Visceral motor: parotid salivary gland • Somatic motor: pharyngeal muscles for swallowing © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.29 The Glossopharyngeal Nerve Inferior (petrosal) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Carotid body Carotid sinus Common carotid artery Otic ganglion ganglion Lingual branch GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (N IX) Medulla oblongata Superior (jugular) ganglion Pharyngeal branches Parotid salivary gland Carotid sinus branch Pons N VII N VI N V N VIII
The Cranial Nerves • CN X: The Vagus Nerve • Function: • Sensory: information from organs • Motor: sends information to the organs • Origin: • Sensory: from the organs • Motor: medulla oblongata © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cranial Nerves • CN X: The Vagus Nerve (continued) • Foramen: jugular foramen • Destination: • Sensory: autonomic centers of the medulla oblongata • Somatic motor: muscles of the palate and pharynx • Visceral motor: respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive organs © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.30 The Vagus Nerve Superior pharyngeal branch Superior laryngeal nerve Internal branch External branch © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Recurrent laryngeal nerve VAGUS NERVE (N X) Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve Cardiac branches Cardiac plexus Anterior vagal trunk Right lung Left lung Liver Stomach Colon Pancreas Spleen Celiac plexus Small intestine Hypogastric plexus Medulla oblongata Auricular branch to external ear Superior ganglion of vagus nerve Pharyngeal branch Superior laryngeal nerve
The Cranial Nerves • CN XI: The Accessory Nerve • Function: • Motor: controls the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, palate, pharynx, and larynx muscles • Origin: spinal cord and medulla oblongata • Foramen: jugular foramen • Destination: • Internal branch: muscles of the palate, pharynx, and larynx • External branch: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.31 The Accessory and Hypoglossal Nerves © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (N XII) ACCESSORY NERVE (N XI) Internal branch: to palatal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal muscles with vagus nerve Intrinsic muscles of tongue Styloglossus muscle Genioglossus muscle Geniohyoid muscle Hyoglossus muscle Hyoid bone Thyrohyoid muscle Sternohyoid muscle Sternothyroid muscle Trigeminal nerve (N V) Medulla oblongata Cranial root of N XI Spinal root of N XI External branch of N XI Spinal cord Trapezius muscle Sternocleidomastoid muscle Ansa cervicalis (cervical plexus) Omohyoid muscle
The Cranial Nerves • CN XII: The Hypoglossal Nerve • Function: • Motor: controls tongue movement • Origin: medulla oblongata • Foramen: hypoglossal canal • Destination: tongue muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.31 The Accessory and Hypoglossal Nerves © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (N XII) ACCESSORY NERVE (N XI) Internal branch: to palatal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal muscles with vagus nerve Intrinsic muscles of tongue Styloglossus muscle Genioglossus muscle Geniohyoid muscle Hyoglossus muscle Hyoid bone Thyrohyoid muscle Sternohyoid muscle Sternothyroid muscle Trigeminal nerve (N V) Medulla oblongata Cranial root of N XI Spinal root of N XI External branch of N XI Spinal cord Trapezius muscle Sternocleidomastoid muscle Ansa cervicalis (cervical plexus) Omohyoid muscle
The Cranial Nerves • Summary of Cranial Nerve Branches and Functions • Mnemonic aid • Oh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 16.12 The Cranial Nerves (Part 1 of 2) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 16.12 The Cranial Nerves (Part 2 of 2) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Ch 16_lecture_presentation

  • 1. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska
  • 2. Introduction • The brain is a complex three-dimensional structure that performs a bewildering array of functions • The brain consists of roughly 20 billion neurons © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 3. Table 16.1 Development of the Human Brain © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 4. Figure 16.1 Major Divisions of the Brain CEREBRUM • Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions • Memory storage and processing • Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions DIENCEPHALON THALAMUS • Relay and processing centers for sensory information HYPOTHALAMUS • Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production MESENCEPHALON • Processing of visual and auditory data • Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses • Maintenance of consciousness PONS © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. MEDULLA OBLONGATA CEREBELLUM • Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns • Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord Spinal cord Brain stem • Relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem • Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities) • Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus • Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers Left cerebral hemisphere Gyri Sulci Fissures
  • 5. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Major Regions and Landmarks of the Brain • Medulla oblongata • Pons • Cerebellum • Mesencephalon (midbrain) • Diencephalon • Cerebrum (telencephalon) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 6. Figure 16.13a Sectional Views of the Brain Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Interventricular foramen Frontal lobe Anterior commissure Optic chiasm Mamillary body Mesencephalon © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Pons Temporal lobe Cingulate gyrus Fornix Thalamus Membranous portion of epithalamus Hypothalamus Pineal gland Parieto-occipital sulcus Superior colliculus Corpora Inferior quadrigemina colliculus Aqueduct of midbrain Fourth ventricle Cerebellum Medulla oblongata A sagittal section through the brain
  • 7. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Medulla oblongata • Relays information to the thalamus and brain stem • Regulates visceral function • Pons • Relays information to the thalamus and cerebellum • Regulates subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 8. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Cerebellum • Coordinates somatic motor function • Adjusts output of somatic motor centers resulting in smooth operation • Mesencephalon (midbrain) • Processes visual and auditory data • Maintains consciousness and alertness © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 9. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Diencephalon • Epithalamus • Contains the pineal gland • Thalamus • Relays information to the cerebrum • Processes sensory information • Hypothalamus • Involved in emotions, thirst, some habitual activity © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 10. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Telencephalon (cerebrum) • Conscious thought processes • Memory storage • Conscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 11. Figure 16.1 Major Divisions of the Brain CEREBRUM • Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions • Memory storage and processing • Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions DIENCEPHALON THALAMUS • Relay and processing centers for sensory information HYPOTHALAMUS • Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production MESENCEPHALON • Processing of visual and auditory data • Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses • Maintenance of consciousness PONS © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. MEDULLA OBLONGATA CEREBELLUM • Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns • Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord Spinal cord Brain stem • Relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem • Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities) • Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus • Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers Left cerebral hemisphere Gyri Sulci Fissures
  • 12. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • The Ventricles of the Brain • Ventricles are fluid-filled cavities • Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • Fluid transports nutrients to the CNS and transports waste away from the CNS • CSF also provides protection • There are four ventricles • Ventricles 1 and 2 (called lateral ventricles) are in the cerebral hemispheres (separated by a partition called the septum pellucidum) • Ventricle 3 is in the diencephalon • Ventricle 4 lies between the pons and the cerebellum © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 13. Figure 16.2a Ventricles of the Brain Orientation and extent of the ventricles as seen in a lateral view of a transparent brain Anterior horns of lateral ventricles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cerebral hemispheres Pons Medulla oblongata Central canal Spinal cord Lateral ventricles Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Posterior horns of lateral ventricles Inferior horns of lateral ventricles Aqueduct of midbrain Fourth ventricle Cerebellum
  • 14. Figure 16.2c Ventricles of the Brain © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view of the ventricles as if seen through a transparent brain Third ventricle Aqueduct of midbrain Fourth ventricle Cerebellum Central canal Interventricular foramen Pons Medulla oblongata Longitudinal Lateral ventricles in fissure cerebral hemispheres Inferior horns of lateral ventricles
  • 15. Figure 16.2d Ventricles of the Brain Lateral ventricles Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Inferior horn of lateral ventricle Aqueduct of midbrain Fourth ventricle Diagrammatic coronal section showing the interconnections between the ventricles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Septum pellucidum Central canal
  • 16. Protection and Support of the Brain • Protection involves: • Bones of the skull • Parietal, frontal, occipital, and temporal bones • Cranial meninges • Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater • Cerebrospinal fluid • CSF is produced by choroid plexus in the brain ventricles. • CSF is drained at arachnoid granulation into the dural sinuses. • Blood–brain barrier © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 17. Figure 16.3a Relationships among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges Lateral view of the brain showing its position in the cranium and the organization of the meningeal coverings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cerebral cortex Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Cerebral cortex Pia mater Cranium Dura mater Subarachnoid space (endosteal layer) Dural sinus Dura mater (meningeal layer) Subdural space Arachnoid mater
  • 18. Figure 16.3b Relationships among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A corresponding view of the cranial cavity with the brain removed showing the orientation and extent of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli Diaphragma sellae Pituitary gland Sella turcica of sphenoid Inferior sagittal sinus Dura mater Superior sagittal sinus Cranium Falx cerebri Tentorium cerebelli Transverse sinus Falx cerebelli
  • 19. Figure 16.5a The Cranial Meninges, Part II Superior sagittal sinus Subdural space Arachnoid granulation © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Coronal section This view shows the organization and relationship of the cranial meninges to the brain. Arachnoid mater Arachnoid trabeculae Pia mater Dura mater Cerebral cortex Falx cerebri Subarachnoid space
  • 20. Figure 16.5b The Cranial Meninges, Part II Coronal section © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Arachnoid mater Arachnoid trabecula Cerebral vein Pia mater Perivascular space Cerebral cortex A detailed view of the arachnoid membrane, the subarachnoid space, and the pia mater. Note the relationship between the cerebral vein and the subarachnoid space.
  • 21. Protection and Support of the Brain • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) • Provides protection of the brain and spinal cord • Provides support • Transports nutrients to the CNS tissue • Transports waste away from the CNS © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 22. Figure 16.6 The Choroid Plexus and Blood–Brain Barrier © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. INTERSTITIAL FLUID IN THALAMUS The location of the choroid plexus in each of the four ventricles of the brain Capillary Endothelial cell The structure and function of the choroid plexus. The ependymal cells are a selective barrier, actively transporting nutrients, vitamins, and ions into the CSF. When necessary, these cells also actively CHOROID PLEXUS remove ions or compounds from the CSF to stabilize its composition. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN THIRD VENTRICLE Waste products Ions Amino acids (when necessary) Ions (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3 Tight junction Blood–brain barrier -, Ca2+, Mg2+) Vitamins Organic nutrients Oxygen Choroid plexus cells Capillary CO2 Waste products Tight junction Astrocyte Neuron Ependymal cells Nutrients (especially glucose) Oxygen
  • 23. Protection and Support of the Brain • Circulation of CSF • CSF from the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles • Flows through the interventricular foramen • Flows into the third ventricle • Flows into the aqueduct of the midbrain • Flows into the fourth ventricle • Through the lateral aperture and median aperture and central canal of the spinal cord • Flows into the subarachnoid space • Flows around the brain and spinal cord eventually enters circulation via the arachnoid granulations © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 24. Figure 16.7 Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Lateral aperture Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Median aperture Arachnoid mater Dura mater Extension of choroid plexus into lateral ventricle Choroid plexus of third ventricle © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Central canal Spinal cord Filum terminale Subarachnoid space Aqueduct of midbrain Arachnoid granulations Superior sagittal sinus Superior sagittal sinus Cranium Dura mater Pia mater Subarachnoid space Cerebral cortex (endosteal layer) Arachnoid granulation Fluid movement Arachnoid trabecula Dura mater (meningeal layer) Subdural space Arachnoid mater
  • 25. The Medulla Oblongata • Medulla oblongata • Continuous with the spinal cord to the brain stem • All communication between the brain and spinal cord passes through the medulla oblongata © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 26. The Medulla Oblongata • Nuclei of cranial nerves • Contains sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves: • VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII • Autonomic nuclei • Major centers include: • Cardiovascular centers (cardiac and vasomotor) • Respiratory centers (rhythmic breathing) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 27. Figure 16.8a The Medulla Oblongata © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view Olive Medulla oblongata Pyramids Pons Spinal cord Olivary nucleus Cardiovascular centers Solitary nucleus Nucleus cuneatus Nucleus gracilis Reticular formation Lateral white column
  • 28. Figure 16.8b The Medulla Oblongata © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Olive Pyramids Pons Spinal cord Posterolateral view Olivary nucleus Cardiovascular centers Respiratory rhythmicity center Solitary nucleus Nucleus cuneatus Nucleus gracilis Reticular formation Lateral white column Attachment to membranous roof of fourth ventricle Posterior median sulcus Posterior white columns
  • 29. The Pons • The pons is a prominent bulge superior to the medulla oblongata and consists of: • Sensory and motor nuclei for cranial nerves: • V, VI, VII, and VIII • Nuclei involved with involuntary control of breathing: • Consist of apneustic center and pneumotaxic center • Nuclei that relay cerebellar commands: • Consist of cerebellar peduncles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 30. Figure 16.9 The Pons © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Ascending tracts Transverse fibers Medulla oblongata Olivary nucleus Pons Descending tracts Pneumotaxic center Apneustic center Cerebellum Fourth ventricle Reticular formation
  • 31. The Mesencephalon • Mesencephalon (also called the midbrain) • Consists of two pairs of nuclei collectively called corpora quadrigemina • Responsible for processing auditory and visual stimuli • Auditory processing occurs in the inferior colliculus • Visual processing occurs in the superior colliculus • Consists of nuclei of the reticular formation • Involved in maintaining alertness © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 32. The Mesencephalon • Mesencephalon (continued) • Consists of: • Red nucleus: integrates information between the cerebrum and cerebellum • Substantia nigra: regulates motor output of the basal nuclei • Cerebral peduncles: have ascending fibers that synapse in the thalamus and descending fibers of the corticospinal pathway © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 33. Figure 16.10b The Mesencephalon Substantia nigra Diagrammatic and posterior views of the diencephalon and brain stem. The diagrammatic view is drawn, as if transparent, to show the positions of important nuclei. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Superior colliculi Inferior colliculi Corpora quadrigemina Trochlear nerve (N IV) Cerebral peduncle Superior cerebellar peduncle Reticular formation in floor of fourth ventricle Fourth ventricle Pineal gland Superior colliculus Cerebral peduncle Thalamus Red nucleus Inferior colliculus Reticular formation
  • 34. The Diencephalon • The diencephalon consists of: • Epithalamus • Thalamus • Hypothalamus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 35. Figure 16.12a The Hypothalamus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Optic nerve Infundibulum (cut) Tuberal area Mamillary body Midsagittal section through the brain. This view shows the major features of the diencephalon and adjacent portions of the brain stem. Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Fornix Anterior cerebral artery Frontal lobe Anterior commissure Optic chiasm Parietal lobe Choroid plexus in epithalamus Thalamus (surrounds third ventricle) Pineal gland Hypothalamus Aqueduct of midbrain Cerebellum Fourth ventricle
  • 36. The Diencephalon • The epithalamus • Forms the roof of the third ventricle • Contains the pineal gland • Produces the hormone melatonin • Regulates our day/night cycles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 37. The Diencephalon • The thalamus • Forms the walls of the third ventricle © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 38. Figure 16.11a The Thalamus Frontal Parietal lobe lobe Lateral view of the brain showing the positions of the major thalamic structures. Functional areas of cerebral cortex are also indicated, with colors corresponding to those of the associated thalamic nuclei. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Occipital lobe
  • 39. Figure 16.11b The Thalamus Pulvinar Medial geniculate nucleus Enlarged view of the thalamic nuclei of the left side. The color of each nucleus or group of nuclei matches the color of the associated cortical region. The boxes either provide examples of the types of sensory input relayed to the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex or indicate the existence of important feedback loops involved with emotional states, learning, and memory. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cerebellum Basal nuclei General sensory input Visual input Auditory input Limbic system Frontal lobes Parietal lobe and cingulate gyrus Association areas of cerebral cortex Lateral geniculate nucleus Medial group Lateral group Anterior group Posterior group V e n t r a l g r o u p
  • 40. The Diencephalon • The hypothalamus • Forms the floor of the third ventricle • Consists of numerous nuclei • Consists of an infundibulum, which connects to the pituitary gland © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 41. The Diencephalon • The hypothalamus (continued) • Consists of nuclei to control: • Subconscious control of skeletal muscles • Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and digestive functions • Secretion of antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin • Emotional and behavioral drives and thirst drives • Coordination between voluntary and autonomic functions • Body temperature • Circadian rhythm © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 42. Figure 16.12a The Hypothalamus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Optic nerve Infundibulum (cut) Tuberal area Mamillary body Midsagittal section through the brain. This view shows the major features of the diencephalon and adjacent portions of the brain stem. Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Fornix Anterior cerebral artery Frontal lobe Anterior commissure Optic chiasm Parietal lobe Choroid plexus in epithalamus Thalamus (surrounds third ventricle) Pineal gland Hypothalamus Aqueduct of midbrain Cerebellum Fourth ventricle
  • 43. Figure 16.12b The Hypothalamus Supraoptic nucleus Enlarged view of the hypothalamus showing the locations of major nuclei and centers. Functions for these centers are summarized in Table 16.6. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Thalamus Hypothalamus Pons Tuberal area Mamillary body Posterior lobe of pituitary gland (pars nervosa) Autonomic centers (sympathetic) Paraventricular nucleus Preoptic area Autonomic centers (parasympathetic) Suprachiasmatic nucleus Anterior lobe of pituitary gland Tuberal nuclei Optic chiasm Infundibulum Pars distalis Pars intermedia
  • 44. The Cerebellum • The cerebellum consists of: • Two hemispheres • Folia (folds similar to gyri of the cerebrum) • Anterior and posterior lobes • Vermis (separates the hemispheres) • Flocculonodular lobes • Arbor vitae • Cerebellar peduncles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 45. Figure 16.15b The Cerebellum Cell body of Purkinje cell © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Dendrites projecting into the gray matter of the cerebellum Axons of Purkinje cells projecting into the white matter of the cerebellum Purkinje cells LM ´ 120 Choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle Mamillary body Pons Fourth ventricle Sagittal view of the cerebellum showing the arrangement of gray matter and white matter. Purkinje cells are seen in the photomicrograph; these large neurons are found in the cerebellar cortex. Cerebellar peduncles Superior Middle Inferior Medulla oblongata Pons Anterior lobe Arbor vitae Cerebellar nucleus Cerebellar cortex Posterior lobe Flocculonodular lobe Medulla oblongata Superior colliculus Aqueduct of midbrain Inferior colliculus Mesencephalon Anterior lobe Arbor vitae Cerebellar cortex Cerebellar nucleus Posterior lobe Flocculonodular lobe
  • 46. Figure 16.15a The Cerebellum © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cerebellum Vermis Vermis Anterior lobe Primary fissure Posterior lobe Superior surface of the cerebellum. This view shows major anatomical landmarks and regions. Left hemisphere of cerebellum Right hemisphere of cerebellum Folia Folia
  • 47. The Cerebellum • The cerebellum • Cerebellar cortex: subconscious coordination of movements • Arbor vitae: connects cerebellar cortex with cerebellar peduncles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 48. The Cerebrum • The cerebrum consists of: • Two hemispheres • Several lobes • Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal • Gyri and sulci • Longitudinal fissure • Corpus callosum • Basal nuclei • Limbic system © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 49. The Cerebrum  The cerebrum is the largest, most superior portion of the human brain.  Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from and generates motor commands to the opposite side of the body.  The two hemispheres have some functional differences, although anatomically they appear to be identical. The cerebral hemispheres are separated by longitudinal fissure. Cortical surface of the brain forms a series of grooves called sulci. The sulcus between frontal and parietal lobe is central sulcus. This sulcus functionally separates the sensory and motor part of cerebrum. The sulcus between parietal and temporal lobe id lateral sulcus. The eminence between two sulsi is called gyrus. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 50. Figure 16.16a The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part I Longitudinal fissure © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Superior view Right cerebral hemisphere Cerebral veins and arteries covered by arachnoid mater Central sulcus Parieto-occipital sulcus Cerebellum Left cerebral hemisphere
  • 51. The Cerebrum • The Cerebral Hemispheres • The Cerebral Lobes • Frontal lobe: conscious control of skeletal muscles • Occipital lobe: perception of visual stimuli • Parietal lobe: conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, and taste • Temporal lobe: conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 52. Figure 16.17a The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part II Precentral gyrus Central sulcus FRONTAL LOBE of left cerebral hemisphere Lateral sulcus Branches of middle cerebral artery emerging from lateral sulcus TEMPORAL LOBE Lateral view of intact brain after removal of the dura mater and arachnoid mater showing superficial surface anatomy of the left hemisphere © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Pons Medulla oblongata Postcentral gyrus PARIETAL LOBE OCCIPITAL LOBE Cerebellum
  • 53. Figure 16.13a Sectional Views of the Brain Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Interventricular foramen Frontal lobe Anterior commissure Optic chiasm Mamillary body Mesencephalon © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Pons Temporal lobe Cingulate gyrus Fornix Thalamus Membranous portion of epithalamus Hypothalamus Pineal gland Parieto-occipital sulcus Superior colliculus Corpora Inferior quadrigemina colliculus Aqueduct of midbrain Fourth ventricle Cerebellum Medulla oblongata A sagittal section through the brain
  • 54. The Cerebrum • Hemispheric Specialization • Left hemisphere • Speech center, writing, language, mathematics • Right hemisphere • Analysis by touch, spatial visualization © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 55. Figure 16.18 Hemispheric Specialization LEFT HAND © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Prefrontal cortex Speech center Writing Auditory cortex (right ear) General interpretive center (language and mathematical calculation) Visual cortex (right visual field) LEFT HEMISPHERE RIGHT HEMISPHERE CORPUS C ALLOSUM RIGHT HAND Prefrontal cortex Anterior commissure Analysis by touch Auditory cortex (left ear) Spatial visualization and analysis Visual cortex (left visual field)
  • 56. The Cerebrum • The Central White Matter • Consists of bundles called: • Association fibers: tracts that interconnect areas of neural cortex within a hemisphere (arcuate fibers and longitudinal fasciculi) • Commissural fibers: tracts that connect the two hemispheres (anterior commissure and corpus callosum) • Projection fibers: tracts that link the cerebrum with other regions of the brain and spinal cord © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 57. Figure 16.19a The Central White Matter Lateral aspect of the brain showing arcuate fibers and longitudinal fasciculi © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Arcuate fibers Longitudinal fasciculi
  • 58. Figure 16.19b The Central White Matter Longitudinal fissure Corpus callosum Projection fibers of internal capsule Anterior view of the brain showing orientation of the commissural and projection fibers © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior commissure
  • 59. The Cerebrum • The Basal Nuclei • These are masses of gray matter embedded in the white matter inferior to the lateral ventricles • Consist of: • Caudate nucleus • Putamen • Globus pallidus • Claustrum • Amygdaloid body © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 60. The Cerebrum • The Basal Nuclei • Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus • Control the cycles of arm and leg movements when walking • Claustrum • Plays a role in subconscious processing of visual information. It focuses attention on specific patterns or relevant features (watching movie!) • Amygdaloid body • Component of the limbic system © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 61. Figure 16.20c The Basal Nuclei © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal section Head of caudate nucleus Lateral ventricle Claustrum Insula Putamen Lentiform nucleus Globus pallidus Amygdaloid body Corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Internal capsule Lateral sulcus Anterior commissure Tip of inferior horn of lateral ventricle
  • 62. The Cerebrum • The Limbic System • Located between the cerebrum and the diencephalon just superior to the corpus callosum • Functions: • Establishes emotional states • Links the conscious functions with the unconscious autonomic functions • Facilitates memory storage and retrieval © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 63. Figure 16.21a The Limbic System Corpus callosum Interthalamic adhesion Central sulcus Fornix Hypothalamus Temporal lobe Parahippocampal gyrus (limbic lobe) Hippocampus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Thalamus (within dentate gyrus) Cingulate gyrus (limbic lobe) Pineal gland Mamillary body Sagittal section through the cerebrum showing the cortical areas associated with the limbic system. The parahippocampal and dentate gyri are shown as if transparent so that deeper limbic components can be seen.
  • 64. The Cerebrum • The Limbic System • The fornix • Tract of white matter connecting the hippocampus with the hypothalamus • Many fornix fibers extend to the mamillary bodies • Mamillary bodies control reflex movements associated with eating © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 65. The Cranial Nerves • There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves • These nerves innervate the periphery emerging from the brain (not the spinal cord) • These nerves are on the ventrolateral surface of the brain • They are numbered beginning at the anterior aspect of the brain • They are numbered CN I to CN XII © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 66. Figure 16.22b Origins of the Cranial Nerves © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Diagrammatic inferior view of the human brain. Compare view with part (a). Olfactory bulb, termination of olfactory nerve (N I) Olfactory tract Optic chiasm Optic nerve (N II) Infundibulum Oculomotor nerve (N III) Trochlear nerve (N IV) Trigeminal nerve (N V) Abducens nerve (N VI) Facial nerve (N VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (N VIII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (N IX) Vagus nerve (N X) Hypoglossal nerve (N XII) Accessory nerve (N XI)
  • 67. The Cranial Nerves • CN I: The Olfactory Nerve • Function: sensory (smell) • Origin: olfactory epithelium • Foramen: olfactory foramina • Destination: olfactory bulbs © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 68. Figure 16.23 The Olfactory Nerve © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Olfactory nerve fibers Left olfactory bulb (termination of olfactory nerve) Olfactory tract (to olfactory cortex of cerebrum) OLFACTORY NERVE (N I) Cribriform plate of ethmoid Olfactory epithelium
  • 69. The Cranial Nerves • CN II: The Optic Nerve • Function: sensory (vision) • Origin: retina • Foramen: optic canal • Destination: diencephalon, then to occipital lobe © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 70. Figure 16.24 The Optic Nerve OPTIC NERVE Optic chiasm Optic tract © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. (N II) Mesencephalon (cut) Eye Visual cortex (in occipital lobes) Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Pituitary gland Lateral geniculate nucleus (in thalamus) Optic projection fibers
  • 71. The Cranial Nerves • CN III: The Oculomotor Nerve • Function: controls extra-ocular eye muscles • Motor function • Superior, inferior, and medial rectus • Inferior oblique • Levator palpebrae superioris • Origin: mesencephalon • Foramen: superior orbital fissure • Destination: extra-ocular eye muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 72. Figure 16.25 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra–Ocular Muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Trigeminal nerve (N V), cut Vestibulocochlear nerve (N VIII), cut Facial nerve (N VII), cut ABDUCENS NERVE (N VI) Lateral rectus muscle (cut) Medial rectus muscle Inferior rectus muscle Ciliary ganglion OPTIC NERVE (N II) Optic chiasm OCULOMOTOR NERVE (N III) TROCHLEAR NERVE (N IV) Superior rectus Superior muscle oblique muscle Trochlea Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Inferior oblique muscle
  • 73. The Cranial Nerves • CN IV: The Trochlear Nerve • Function: controls extra-ocular eye muscles • Motor function • Superior oblique • Origin: mesencephalon • Foramen: superior orbital fissure • Destination: extra-ocular eye muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 74. Figure 16.25 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra–Ocular Muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Trigeminal nerve (N V), cut Vestibulocochlear nerve (N VIII), cut Facial nerve (N VII), cut ABDUCENS NERVE (N VI) Lateral rectus muscle (cut) Medial rectus muscle Inferior rectus muscle Ciliary ganglion OPTIC NERVE (N II) Optic chiasm OCULOMOTOR NERVE (N III) TROCHLEAR NERVE (N IV) Superior rectus Superior muscle oblique muscle Trochlea Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Inferior oblique muscle
  • 75. The Cranial Nerves • CN V: The Trigeminal Nerve • Function: • Mixed (sensory and motor) function • Ophthalmic: sensations from the forehead, eyelids, and nose • Maxillary: sensations from lower eyelid, upper lip, and cheek • Mandibular: controls mastication • Origin: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 76. The Cranial Nerves • CN V: The Trigeminal Nerve (continued) • Foramen: • Ophthalmic: superior orbital fissure • Maxillary: foramen rotundum • Mandibular: foramen ovale • Destination: • Ophthalmic and maxillary: Pons • Mandibular: mandibular muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 77. Figure 16.26 The Trigeminal Nerve © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. TRIGEMINAL NERVE (N V) Maxillary branch Foramen ovale Pons Otic ganglion Mandibular branch Pterygopalatine ganglion Ophthalmic branch Semilunar ganglion Superior orbital fissure Supraorbital nerves Ciliary ganglion Foramen rotundum Infra-orbital nerve Lingual nerve Submandibular ganglion Mental nerve
  • 78. The Cranial Nerves • CN VI: The Abducens Nerve • Function: controls eye movements • Motor function • Origin: pons • Foramen: superior orbital fissure • Destination: innervates the lateral rectus eye muscle © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 79. Figure 16.25 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra–Ocular Muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Trigeminal nerve (N V), cut Vestibulocochlear nerve (N VIII), cut Facial nerve (N VII), cut ABDUCENS NERVE (N VI) Lateral rectus muscle (cut) Medial rectus muscle Inferior rectus muscle Ciliary ganglion OPTIC NERVE (N II) Optic chiasm OCULOMOTOR NERVE (N III) TROCHLEAR NERVE (N IV) Superior rectus Superior muscle oblique muscle Trochlea Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Inferior oblique muscle
  • 80. The Cranial Nerves • CN VII: The Facial Nerve • Function: Mixed (sensory and motor) • Sensory: sensations from the face / taste • Motor: controls muscles of the face • Origin: • Sensory: taste buds • Motor: pons • Foramen: internal acoustic meatus • Destination: • Sensory: pons • Motor: muscles of the face © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 81. Figure 16.27a The Facial Nerve Origin and branches of the facial nerve © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior auricular branch Stylomastoid foramen Chorda tympani nerve (with mandibular branch of N V) Lingual branch (with lingual nerve of N V) Submandibular ganglion Pons Pterygopalatine ganglion Greater petrosal nerve Geniculate ganglion FACIAL NERVE (N VII) Temporal branch Zygomatic branches Buccal branch Mandibular branch Cervical branch
  • 82. The Cranial Nerves • CN VIII: The Vestibulocochlear Nerve • Function: • Sensory: balance and hearing • Origin: receptors of the vestibule and cochlea • Foramen: internal acoustic meatus • Destination: pons © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 83. Figure 16.28 The Vestibulocochlear Nerve © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Tympanic cavity (middle ear) Semicircular canals Vestibular branch (N VIII) Facial nerve (N VII), cut Internal acoustic canal VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE (N VIII) Pons N V N VI N VII N IX N XII N X N XI Medulla oblongata Cochlear branch (N VIII) Auditory Cochlea tube Tympanic membrane
  • 84. The Cranial Nerves • CN IX: The Glossopharyngeal Nerve • Function: Mixed (sensory and motor) • Sensory function: taste of posterior 1/3 of tongue. • Motor function: swallowing • Origin: • Sensory: posterior 1/3 of the tongue • Motor: salivary gland © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 85. The Cranial Nerves • CN IX: The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (continued) • Foramen: jugular foramen • Destination: • Sensory: pons • Visceral motor: parotid salivary gland • Somatic motor: pharyngeal muscles for swallowing © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 86. Figure 16.29 The Glossopharyngeal Nerve Inferior (petrosal) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Carotid body Carotid sinus Common carotid artery Otic ganglion ganglion Lingual branch GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (N IX) Medulla oblongata Superior (jugular) ganglion Pharyngeal branches Parotid salivary gland Carotid sinus branch Pons N VII N VI N V N VIII
  • 87. The Cranial Nerves • CN X: The Vagus Nerve • Function: • Sensory: information from organs • Motor: sends information to the organs • Origin: • Sensory: from the organs • Motor: medulla oblongata © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 88. The Cranial Nerves • CN X: The Vagus Nerve (continued) • Foramen: jugular foramen • Destination: • Sensory: autonomic centers of the medulla oblongata • Somatic motor: muscles of the palate and pharynx • Visceral motor: respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive organs © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 89. Figure 16.30 The Vagus Nerve Superior pharyngeal branch Superior laryngeal nerve Internal branch External branch © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Recurrent laryngeal nerve VAGUS NERVE (N X) Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve Cardiac branches Cardiac plexus Anterior vagal trunk Right lung Left lung Liver Stomach Colon Pancreas Spleen Celiac plexus Small intestine Hypogastric plexus Medulla oblongata Auricular branch to external ear Superior ganglion of vagus nerve Pharyngeal branch Superior laryngeal nerve
  • 90. The Cranial Nerves • CN XI: The Accessory Nerve • Function: • Motor: controls the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, palate, pharynx, and larynx muscles • Origin: spinal cord and medulla oblongata • Foramen: jugular foramen • Destination: • Internal branch: muscles of the palate, pharynx, and larynx • External branch: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 91. Figure 16.31 The Accessory and Hypoglossal Nerves © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (N XII) ACCESSORY NERVE (N XI) Internal branch: to palatal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal muscles with vagus nerve Intrinsic muscles of tongue Styloglossus muscle Genioglossus muscle Geniohyoid muscle Hyoglossus muscle Hyoid bone Thyrohyoid muscle Sternohyoid muscle Sternothyroid muscle Trigeminal nerve (N V) Medulla oblongata Cranial root of N XI Spinal root of N XI External branch of N XI Spinal cord Trapezius muscle Sternocleidomastoid muscle Ansa cervicalis (cervical plexus) Omohyoid muscle
  • 92. The Cranial Nerves • CN XII: The Hypoglossal Nerve • Function: • Motor: controls tongue movement • Origin: medulla oblongata • Foramen: hypoglossal canal • Destination: tongue muscles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 93. Figure 16.31 The Accessory and Hypoglossal Nerves © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (N XII) ACCESSORY NERVE (N XI) Internal branch: to palatal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal muscles with vagus nerve Intrinsic muscles of tongue Styloglossus muscle Genioglossus muscle Geniohyoid muscle Hyoglossus muscle Hyoid bone Thyrohyoid muscle Sternohyoid muscle Sternothyroid muscle Trigeminal nerve (N V) Medulla oblongata Cranial root of N XI Spinal root of N XI External branch of N XI Spinal cord Trapezius muscle Sternocleidomastoid muscle Ansa cervicalis (cervical plexus) Omohyoid muscle
  • 94. The Cranial Nerves • Summary of Cranial Nerve Branches and Functions • Mnemonic aid • Oh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 95. Table 16.12 The Cranial Nerves (Part 1 of 2) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 96. Table 16.12 The Cranial Nerves (Part 2 of 2) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.