Natalia Winder Rossi's (FAO) presentation for IFPRI's policy seminar "Boosting Growth to End Hunger by 2025 in Africa: The Role of Social Protection" held on 2 May 2019 in Washington DC.
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Social Protection in Rural Areas
1. SOCIAL PROTECTION
IN RURAL AREAS
Boosting growth to end hunger by 2025
The role of social protection
Social Protection: From Protection to Production
Natalia Winder Rossi
FAO Social Protection Team Leader – Senior Adviser
Washington, DC | 2 May, 2019
2. What is the issue?
Social Protection: From Protection to Production
1
Progress, but still a long way to go….
736 million people live in extreme poverty
Increase in the number of extreme poor in Sub Saharan
Africa from 1990 (413 million) to 2015 (413 million)
Most of the extreme poor are in rural areas:
income depend on agriculture and natural resources
Vulnerable to climate related risks and shocks
Limited access to social services, infrastructure, financial
services
Heterogeneous group (income, geographic location,
livelihood, age, gender)
3. What is the issue?
Social Protection: From Protection to Production
1
How to accelerate progress to achieve SDG 1 (1.1; 1.3; 1.5)?
Political will as a pre-condition
Macro dynamics- stimulation of economic growth and
generating employment where majority of poor live
Enhancing social and productive capital (investing in rural
areas, access to services, including in extending social
protection to the poor)*
4. Social Protection: From Protection to Production
3Boosting growth to end hunger by 2025
The role of social protection
WHAT IS THE ISSUE?
Pathways to enhance social and productive inclusion
Make processes of
structural, rural and
agricultural transformation
more inclusive
Address inequitable
distribution of resources
and market failures
Create employment and
economic opportunities
Increase access to assets (including
land, natural resources, technology)
Accumulate human capital
Increase access to liquidity,
credit, markets and services
Improve ability to manage risk
Reduce burden of care
5. What is the role of social protection in this context?
Social Protection: From Protection to Production
1
Research carried out by Transfer Project (FAO, UNICEF, UNC and
partners) focused exclusively in Africa, shows that:
Social protection can have social and productive impacts among the
poorest; and
Can generate multiplier impacts in the local economy
How to sustain these impacts in the long-run?
Coordinated and coherent agricultural and social protection policies and
programs can help break the intergenerational transmission of extreme
poverty
Importance of this specific intersectoral coordination reflected in several African
policy initiatives and declarations (e.g.: CAADP, Malabo)
6. Enhancing productive capital: what do we know?
Social Protection: From Protection to Production
1
Impact: National cash transfer programmes:
Improvement of food security across the board
Strong effects on school enrolment
Mixed results in health
Enhance risk management capacity, relax liquidity
constraints, and generate economic impacts even among
the poorest
Generate multiplier impacts in the local economy
(impacts on non-participants)
Transfer Project contributed to build and
strengthen the economic case for scale-up or
programmes at national level!
7. STRONG IMPACT ON PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES, WITH
VARIATION ACROSS COUNTRIES
Crop Livestock NFE
Productive
labor
Social
Networks
Risk
management
Zambia
Malawi X
Zimbabwe X X
Lesotho X X
Kenya X X
Ethiopia X X X
Ghana X X X
Reduction in casual ag labor and increase in household economic
activities—no general work disincentive, elasticity of leisure is low
Synergies between cash and productive plus
Social Protection: From Protection to Production
8. Enhancing productive capital: what do we know?
Social Protection: From Protection to Production
1
Adequacy of programmes:
Take up, use and impact of programmes will largely depend on the
adequacy of such programmes in terms of size, regularity, but also socio-
cultural pertinence and livelihoods
TP contributed to shed light on the specific elements of design that
matter for economic impacts
TP raising issues on gender-sensitive design, implementation
Still gaps in terms of pertinence for indigenous peoples, livelihoods*
9. Enhancing productive capital: Coherence
Social Protection: From Protection to Production
1
How to maximize impacts: Coherence with agriculture interventions
“A systematic promotion of complementary and consistent policies and
programs across sectors, thereby creating synergies to combat rural poverty
and food insecurity more effectively”
To maximize and sustain the gains over time, it is key to complement cash with
complementary interventions (existing or new)
“To avoid/minimize conflicting interactions between policies/programs
To be pursued horizontally (across ministries/agencies) or vertically (across different
levels of government)
Different desired outcomes will determine the type of “coherence
10. Enhancing productive capital: what do we know?
Social Protection: From Protection to Production
1
Typologies of existing of coherent interventions (lit review):
• Sustainable Livelihood Programs (SLP): single programs with multiple components
including both agricultural and social protection interventions;
• Complementary Programs (CP): programs from the two sectors that are designed
and/or implemented in a somewhat coordinated and/or aligned manner;
• Overlapping programmes (OP): programs from both sectors without alignment or
coordination which beneficiaries can partially overlap at the individual/household
and/or at geographical/community level only in an unplanned manner
11. Enhancing productive capital: Coherence
Social Protection: From Protection to Production
1
Coherence with agriculture interventions (Example:
Cash+ in FSN and agriculture)
Social assistance interventions providing regular transfers
in combination with additional components or linkages
that seek to augment income/economic effects
• The “plus” components can be integrated into the cash transfer program
or can be externally linked
• Cash component allows beneficiaries: 1) to address their immediate
basic needs and 2) to invest in economic activities
• The “plus” components (productive assistance and training) protect,
restore, and develop livelihoods.
• Cash+ as part of a broader long-term vision of economic inclusion
strategies
12. Enhancing productive capital: what do we know?
Social Protection: From Protection to Production
1
What does the evidence say?
• Mostly positive results on various domains (investment in productive assets,
financial inclusion, food security)
• Long-term implications not clear (sustainability)
• Reaching the poorest still challenging
• In addition to:
• Limited Institutional arrangements to facilitate coordination across different government
agencies
• A conscious effort needed to to select the beneficiaries of both types of interventions in a way
to increase the joint impact of both programs
• Goal of raising agricultural productivity vs. the goal of mitigating or reducing rural poverty
13. Enhancing productive capital: End goal…
Social Protection: From Protection to Production
1
Comprehensive strategy of economic participation and inclusion of the poorest
Gradual integration of households into broader rural and economic
development processes
Identify processes to enhance inclusion of those left behind
Graduation models provide some elements, but gaps in terms of
sustainability and linkages with broader processes
CASH+ and SP/AG coherence work provided some additional elements on
sustainability on long-term impact, but still gaps on incentives to AG, labor,
production sectors to systematically engage