Philippine-History.pptx

Philippine
Geography &
History

• Imaginary Lines
– Latitudes
– Tropic of Capricorn
– Tropic of Cancer
– Equator
– Arctic Circle
– Antarctic Circle
– Longitudes
– Prime Meridian
– International Date Line (IDL)
– Grids
Basics in Geography
• Cardinal Directions – N,S,E,W
• Intermediate Directions –
NE,NW,SE,SW
• Types of Map Projection
– Mercator Projection – provide an
accurate picture of shape and
direction; often use in ship
navigation
– Robinsons Projection – relative
sizes more accurately; useful for
making comparisons between
places on earth

5 Themes of Geography
• Location
• Place
• Human-Environment Interaction
• Movement
• Regions

Location
Where are we?
• Absolute Location
– A latitude and longitude (global
location) or a street address (local
location).
– Paris France is 48o
North
Latitude and 2o
East
Longitude.
– The White House is located at
1600 Pennsylvania Ave.
• Relative Location
– Described by landmarks, time,
direction or distance. From one
place to another.
– Go 1 mile west on main street
and turn left for 1 block.

Place
What is it like there, what kind of place is it?
• Human
Characteristics
– What are the main languages,
customs, and beliefs.
– How many people live, work, and
visit a place.
• Physical
Characteristics
– Landforms (mountains, rivers,
etc.), climate, vegetation, wildlife,
soil, etc.

Human-Environment Interaction
• How do humans and the environment affect each other?
– We depend on it.
– People depend on the Iloilo river for transportation.
– We modify it.
– People modify our environment by
heating and cooling buildings for comfort.
– We adapt to it.
– We adapt to the environment by wearing
clothing suitable for summer (shorts) and
winter (coats), rain and shine.

Movement
• How are people, goods, ideas moved from place to place?
– Human Movement
– Trucks, Trains, Planes
– Information Movement
– Phones, computer (email), mail
– Idea Movement
– How do fads move from place to place?
TV, Radio, Magazines

Regions
• How are Regions similar to and different from other places?
– Formal Regions
– Regions defined by governmental or administrative boundaries (States, Countries,
Cities)
– Regions defined by similar characteristics (Corn Belt, Rocky Mountain region,
Chinatown).
– Functional Regions
– Regions defined by a function (newspaper service area, cell phone coverage area).
– Vernacular Regions (Not in your book)
– Regions defined by peoples perception (middle east, the south, etc.)

Remembering the 5 themes
• If you can’t remember what they are just
ask MR. HELP!!!
– M – Movement
– R – Regions
– HE – Human Environment interaction
– L – Location
– P - Place

• Mt. Apo, Tri-boundaries of Davao City, North Cotabato and Davao del
Sur – highest peak
• Mt. Dulang-dulang, Bukidnon – 2nd highest Peak
• Sierra Madre – longest Mountain Range, from Cagayan to Quezon
• Philippine Deep – deepest depths
• Luzon – largest Island, Mindanao- 2nd Largest Island- Most Populated
• Davao City – largest City, Puerto Princesa City – 2nd Largest City
• Pearl of Lao Tzu– largest Pearl (6.4 kilos)
Philippine Geography/ Facts

• As of 2020, Philippine Population estimated: 109 million, 13th in the
World
• Quezon City – (Largest City in the Philippines-according to
Population) Capital City (July 17, 1948-June 14, 1976 / RA 333)
• Cebu City – oldest city (San Miguel, Ciudad de Santisimo Nombre de
Jesus, City of Most Holy Name of Jesus)
• Rio Grande de Cagayan/ Cagayan River – largest and longest river
• Famous Volcanoes/ Mountains:
– Mt. Mayon - Albay (Region 5)
– Mt. Hibok-hibok – Camiguin (Region 10)

• Mt. Canlaon between 2 Negros provinces
(Region 6 & 7)
• Mt. Taal – Batangas (Region 4a)
• Mt. Banahaw – Quezon province (Region 4a)
• Mt. Bulusan – Sorsogon (Region 5)
• Mt. Pinatubo – Zambales (Region 3)
• Mt. Musuan- Valencia City, Bukidnon (Region
10)
• Mt. Iriga – Camarines Sur (Region 5)
• Mt. Iraya – Batanes (Region 2)
• Mt. Matutum – South Cotabato (Region 12)
• Mt. Makiling – Laguna (Region 4a)
• Mt. Arayat – Pampanga (Region 3)
• 17 Regions
• BARRM – Bangsamoro
Autonomous Region in
Muslim Mindanao
• CAR – Cordillera
Administrative Region
• 81 Provinces
• 146 Cities
• 14, 88 Municipalities
• 42, 046 Barangays
(as of 30 September 2020)

• Claudius Ptolemy – Maniolas
• Chinese – Mai-i (Mindoro) – Land of Gold
– Mintolang (Mindanao)
– Malilu (Manila)
– Luzon (Lusong)
• Ruy Lopez de Villalobos – Las Islas Felipinas
• Ferdinand Magellan – Archipelago of St. Lazarus
• American Colonization – Philippine Islands
• Islas de Poniente (Islands of the West) – Europeans
• Pearl of the Orient Seas – Fr. Juan J. Delgado (1751) Dr. Jose P. Rizal
(1892)
Philippine Names

• Biblical
• Legends (Philippines came from a giant who was carrying a huge rock
• Science (Claim that it was part of the remnant of Pre-historic Continent
called “Mu” or “ Lemuria”) Volcanic Eruptions
– Continental Shelf Theory
– Volcanic Theory
Origin of the Philippines

• Southeast Asia
• 4°23’ N & 21°25’N Latitudes and 116°E & 127°E
• Northernmost Island: Y’ami – 240 km from Taiwan
• Southernmost Island: Saluag Isle – 24 km. from Sabah, Malaysia
• Total Land Area: 300,780 sq.km. or 0.2% of the world's land mass
• Bigger than United Kingdom and almost as large as Italy and slightly
smaller than Japan
• 7,107 islands
• 3 Island Groups: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
Location, Area and Natural
Resources

11 main Islands
– Luzon
– Mindanao
– Samar
– Negros
– Palawan
– Panay
– Mindoro
– Leyte
– Cebu
– Bohol
– Masbate
• PD 1596 s 1978 – declaring the
Kalayaan Islands a part of the
Philippines – as Municipality under
Palawan
• Climate
– Tropical and Monsoonal in Character
– 2 distinct seasons: the dry season (from
December to May) and wet season (from
June to November)
• Plant Life: Aurora, marigold, bandera
española, cadena de amor, dama de
noche, gumamela, kamuning,
kalachuchi, jasmin and ilang-ilang

• Animal Life:
– Water Buffalo
– Eastern Sarus Crane or Tipol in Luzon and Labong in Visayas – biggest bird
– Philippine Monkey Eating Eagle (Philippine Eagle)
– Kalaw (Rufous hornbill) – clock in the mountain
– Katala (red-vented cockatoo) – can talk like human
– Palawan Peacock
– Tamaraw in Mindoro
– Tarsier in Bohol
– Mouse deer in Balabac Is. in Palawan
• Fish and Marine Resources:
– Rhincodon typus (Whale Shark) Largest Fish
– Pandaka Pygmaea (Tabios) Smallest Fish

• Minerals
– Iron-bearing areas: Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur/ Angat, Bulacan, Larap,
Camarines Norte, Marinduque and Samar
– Chromite Deposits: Masinloc, Zambales
– Nickel: Surigao del Norte
– Coal: Cebu, Polillo Is, Masbate and Mindanao
– Asbestos: Ilocos Norte and Zambales
– Asphalt: Leyte
– Lead and Zinc: Masbate
– Cement: Cebu, La Union and Rizal
– Sulphur: Biliran, Camiguin and Mt. Apo
– Tin and Quicksilver: Palawan
• Energy
– Maria Cristina Falls (Hydro-electric)
– Dams
– Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant

• Social Classes: Rich, Middle Class and Lower Class (present time)
• Filipino Characters:
– Fatalism (Bahala na)
– Sensitive about their honor and reputation (self-pride)
– Smooth relations with their relatives, friends and colleagues (pakikisama)
– Lack of Discipline
– Hiya (Shame)
– Lack perseverance (Ningas cogon)
– Mañana Habit
– Hospitable
Social Environment

– Liberty-loving people
– Gratitude (Utang na loob)
– Cooperative (Bayanihan)
– Hard Work
– Durability and Resiliency
– Kanya-kanya
• Regional Traits
– Ilocanos: are the most adventurous, hardworking, and frugal
– Tagalog: feel superior to other Filipinos because they live in a region blessed
with rich farm lands and navigable rivers and panoramic beauties and their
participation in history
– Bicolanos: are religious, mild-tempered and musical people
– Bisayans: particularly those from Iloilo are extravagant, carefree and jolly
– Muslim Filipinos: are fierce and valiant warriors on both land and sea
• Filipino Women: occupy a high place in Philippine Society

• Biblical Story – Creation by God
• Scientific:
– Human Theory of Migration and Evolution
– Migration Theory (Dawn Men or Cave Men, Negritos, Indonesians, Malays)
Henry Otley Bayer
– Core Population Theory - Felipe Landa Jocano
– Robert Fox discovered – Skull Cap of Tabon Cave Man (22,000 BC)
• Legends and Fairy Tales (Malakas and Maganda)
Early Ancestors

• Food and Drinks:
– Rice, Carabao Meat, Pork, Chickens, sea turtles, fish, bananas and other fruits
– They cooked their food in earthen pots on in bamboo tubes
– They ate with their fingers, using banana leaves as plates and coconut shell as
drinking cups
– They made fide through rubbing two pieces of dry wood
• Tuba- wine from coconut
• Lambanog- wine of Tagalogs
• Basi- wine of Ilocacos, made from sugarcane/ tubo
• Tapuy- wine of Igorots, made from rice/bigas
• Pangasi- wine of Visayans. Made from rice/bigas.
Malayan Heritage (Pre-Colonial)

• Mode of Dressing:
– Men:
– Kangan- collarless, short-sleeved jacket
– Bahag- strip of cloth
– Putong – a piece of cloth wound around the head
– Kolambigas- gold armlets
– Women:
– Baro- wide sleeved jacket
– Patadyong- skirt
• Tattoos – to enhance their bodily beauty and to show their war record
• House:
– Batalan – where jars of water were kept for household purposes
– Bahay Kubo

• Amusements: carabao races,
wrestling, fencing, boat races, and
stone-throwing contest, banquets to
celebrate good harvests
• Music:
– Musical Instruments:
– Kudyapi (Tagalog guitar),
– Kalaleng, Tinggian (nose flute),
– the Kulintang (Moro Xylophone),
– Tultogan (Visayan Bamboo drum),
– the Silbay (Ilocano reed flute) and
– Suracan (Subanum cymbal)
– Folk Dances:
– Kumintang (Love Dance),
– Dandansoy (Bisayan Tuba Dance),
– Kinnotan (Ilocano Ant Dance) ,
– Paujalay (Moro wedding Dance),
– Tadok (Tinggian love dance)
– Songs:
– Tagumpay (Victory Song),
– Dallu (Negrito Religious Song),
– Ayog-ku (Igorot serenade song),
– Bactal (Tagbanua death song),
– Dallot (Ilocano Ballad Song),
– Kuilay-kuilay (Tingian wine song),
– Tudob (Agusan harvest Song)

• Marriage Customs:
– To marry within their rank
– Before the marriage – groom gave dowry to the family of bride
(Bigay-kaya)
– Early Filipinos Practice Divorce
– Panghimuyat – a certain amount of money given to the bride to be parents
as payment for the mother’s rearing the girl
– Bigay-suso – a form of payment given to girls wet nurse for feeding the bride
during her infancy wit milk of her own breast
– Himaraw – another sum of money given to girl’s parents as reimbursement
for the amount spent in feeding the girl during her infancy

• Government:
– Barangay (Balangay) composed of 100
families
– Ruler of Barangay was called Datu/
hari or Raja (Executive, Legislative and
Judicial Powers vested)
– Usually obtained his position by
inheritance
• Laws:
– Oral Laws were the customs (Ugali)
– Umalahokan – announcer of the
government to the people
Religion:
Polytheistic- belief in many gods
Animistic
- Bathala- the supreme God of Ancient
Filipinos
- Idiyanale- God of Agriculture
- Apolaki/Madarangan- God of War
- Sidapa- God of the Dead
- Siginarugan/ Agni- God of Fire
- Lalahon- Goddess of Harvest
- Ridul- God of Thunder
- Dal’lang- Goddess of Beauty
- Balangaw/Barangao – god of rainbow
- Diyan Masalanta – God of love
- Sisiburanin – goddess of underworld
- Anito- the spirits of their descendants
- Katalonan o Babaylan- the leader of
sacrificial ceremony

• Burial and Mourning Customs
– Morotal – Woman
– Maglahi – Man
– Laraw - Chieftain
• Superstitions:
– Asuang, Mangkukulam, Tianak,
Tikbalang, Anting-anting, Gayuma
• Languages:
– Malayo-Polynesian Languages
• Writing:
– Use a sharp pointed iron instrument
called Sipol as pen
– They wrote on banana leaves, tree-
barks and bamboo tubes
• Literature:
– Sabi – Maxims
– Bugtong – Riddles
– Talindaw – Boat Song
– Tagumpay – Victory Song
– Uyayi – Hele
– Ihiman – Wedding song
– Kumintang – War song
– Pangalay – Sayaw ng dalawang
ikinasal
– Kinnotan – Ant dance
– Dadansoy – Courtship (Visayas)
• Epics:
– Hudhud & Alim – Ifugao
– Biag ni Lam-ag – Ilocano
– Handiong – Bicolano
– Humadapnon and Labaw Dunggon
– Bantugan, Indrapatra & Sulayman ,
Bidasari, Parang Sabil – Muslims

• Education:
– Bothoan – the name of the school in
Panay Island
– Taught how to read, write, arithmetic,
use of weapons and bolos (art of
acquiring amulets and talismans)
– Banakal- stalk of the tree to be use in
writing
– Agurang- the elders of the society who
will teach the young
– Baybayin- ancient Filipino writing
• Sciences:
– Used mathematical operations in their
business transactions
• Calendars
– 12 months a year with 30 days each
month
• Domestic and Foreign Trade
– China, Japan, Siam, Malacca, India,
Sumatra, Java and Borneo
• Agriculture and Industries
– Kaingin Method
– Wooden Plows
– Recognized the system of public and
private ownership of lands

• Early Relations with India as
early as 900 AD
• Hindus gave us such industries
as:
– Mining quicklime in Masbate
– Waving cotton cloth
– making lotus designs
– making guitars
– making sampaguita flower leis
– raising fruits (Mango, Langka and
sirisa) and
– vegetables (ampalaya, patola, and
malunggay)
Indian, Chinese and Arabian Heritage
(Pre-Colonial) • In writing- our ancient alphabet came
from their Sanskrit writing
• In Language: The Tagalog language
has 375 Sanskrit words, some
examples are:
– Ama
– Asawa
– Halaga
– Maharlika
– Nanay
– Mutya
– Paa
– Raha
– sandata

• Sarong (Skirt) and the putong of the
ancient Filipinos were Indian origin.
• Superstitious beliefs
• Customs
– Hanging a garland around the neck of
visitor
– Giving dowry by the groom to the
bride’s parents
– Showering the groom and bride with
rice after the wedding ceremony
– Offering buyo to a visitor as a sign of
hospitality
– Pilgrimage by a childless couple to a
holy shrine
• Early Relations with China as
early as 982 AD – Filipinos from
Mindoro sailed to Canton, China in
an Arab Ship
• They did business around
Lingayen Gulf, Manila Bay,
Mindoro and Sulu
• We learned from Chinese how to
make:
– Gunpowder
– To mine a gold
– To work with metal
– and to make kites
• In costumes:
– Gave us early Filipino jackets and
loose trousers, slippers, wooden
shoes (bakya) fans and umbrellas.
– The use of white clothes for mourning

• Social Customs:
– Respect for elders
– Arranged Marriages
– And Worship of dead ancestors
– The use of firecrackers at New Year
– Tong (fees)
– Gambling (Jueteng, cards and mah-jong)
• In Language: about 1500 words in
Tagalog vocabulary came from Chinese
examples:
– Ate, Bakya, Bantay, Buwisit, Gunting, Kuya,
Pinto, susi
Early Relations with Arabia (1380)
• 1380- first Arab visitor Mukdum
came to Sulu from Mecca, Saudi
Arabia.
• He spread Islam, the Muslin Religion
and built the first Mosque at
Simunul, Sulu
• 1450- Abu Bakr went to Jolo and
married the princess of Jolo and
founded the Sultanate of Sulu
• 1475- Shariff Kabunsuan landed in
Cotabato and conquered that Valley
and built the Sultanate of
Maguindanao

• Sultanate Government
– Headed by a Sultan (King)
– Raja (heir)
– Dayang (Princess)
– Kali (Judge)
– Composed of 10-12 barangay/nayon
• Panglima- assistant of the Sultan
• Lakamana- personal sacrificial of
Sultan
• Bintala- administrator of all Pandita
(priest of each purok).
• Nakib- the commander of the armed
forces
• Makabili- services in the market
• Maharajah- Purok leader
5 Pillars of Islam
– Shahada- Allah is the only God and
Mohammad is the Phrophet
– Salat- prayer for 5 times a day
– Zakat- alms giving
– Saum- fasting
– Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca, once in a life
Quran – holy book of Islam
• Muslim Culture Influences
– ARABESQUE Architecture in all
mosque
– SARIMANOK designs of Maranaos
– OKIL of Tausugs
– Dance: SINGKIL

• Social Stratification:
– Nobles (Chiefs & and his Family)
– Freemen (Middle Class) Timawa
– Dependents (Alipin)
• 2 Kinds of Alipin/ Slaves
– Aliping Namamahay
– Aliping Saguiguilid
• Visayan Dependents
– Tumataban – work for his master if
requested
– Tumarampok – one day a week
– Ayuey – 3 days a week
Pre-Colonial Society
– One could go up the social ladder or lose
his social status depending on certain
circumstances
• System of Writing
– Baybayin or syllabary

• Trade Partners
– Blood compact called sanduguan was concluded between the contracting
parties to seal a treaty of friendship and alliance
– Orang Dampuans or Men from Champa in Southern Annam – established
trading post in Sulu and since then, trade between Sulu and Southern Annam
flourished
– Men of Banjars – Made Sulu became one of the chief trading centers in the
region
– Sri Vijaya – founded by Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa, powerful empire arose in
the city of Palembang located in Sumatra, Indonesia. Mahayana Tantric Buddhist
Kingdom and the greatest maritime empire in Southeast-asia. Made Sulu one of
the flourishing trade centers
– Madjapahit Empire – greatest Javanese empire. Founded by Raden Wijaya
(reigned 1293-1309). Under Hayam Wuruk the empire reached its zenith,
claiming sovereignty over Indonesia (now). It was a Hindu or Indian in culture.

• Rise to Power of the Islamic Empire
– Muslims took control of the major trade routes from the famous Silk Road (Central
Asia)
– Indian Ocean and the Moluccas – Muslims gained the monopoly of all Asian products
– Only Venetian Merchants are allowed to use the Indian Ocean route
• Renaissance Period
– A revival of learning and renewed interest in wordly matters/Religious Matters (1400-
1600)
– New ideas are introduced that change almost entirely all of European society
– Technological progress began
Factors triggered the Age of
Exploration

• The Medieval Travelers
– Marco Polo from Venice Italy – the most famous European visitor to the Mongol court
in China.
• The Crusades
– A military expedition to recover Jerusalem and other places of pilgrimage in Palestine
• Propagation of Catholic Faith
– Portugal Spain, France, England, and Holland accompanied by merchants and
missionaries
• Pioneers of European Explorations
– Portugal: Prince Henry the Navigator, 1488- Bartholomew Diaz Cape of Good Hope,
1497-Vasco da Gama in Calicut India, Alfonso de Albuquerque
– Spain: Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) form Genoa Italy

• Rivalry in Territorial Claims
– Pope Alexander VI issued the papal bull Inter Caetera/ Treaty of Zaragosa on
May 4, 1493
– it sought to divide the non-Christian world between Spain and Portugal by drawing a
imaginary demarcation line in the Atlantic at 100 leagues west of Azores and the Cape
Verde Islands
– Non Christian ands lying east of demarcation line belonged to Portugal
– While those in the west to Spain
– Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): where the demarcation line in the Atlantic was
moved farther to the west
– It was these two treaties that provided a legal basis for Spain to send expeditions
to the east by the westward route and pave way for sending the Magellan
expedition

• God, Gold, Glory
• Ferdinand Magellan (nationality:
Portuguese, naturalized Citizen of
Spain)
• September 20, 1519 left San
Lucar de Barrameda, Spain
• With 5 Ships:
– Trinidad – Ferdinand Magellan
– Concepcion – Gaspar de Quesada
– Victoria – Luis Mendoza
– Santiago – Juan Serrano
– San Antonio – Juan de Cartagena
Spanish Exploration
• King Ferdinand and Queen
Isabel of Spain financed the
voyage of Ferdinand Magellan
• Antonio Pigafetta - the chronicle
of Magellan’s Expedition
• March 16, 1521 – reach Samar
and Homonhon Island then to
Limasawa and met Raja Kolambu
• 1st Blood Compact (Magellan-
Kolambu)
• 1st Mass with Father Pedro de
Valderrama in Limasawa,
Southern Leyte

• Named Philippines as Archipelago of
St. Lazarus
• They proceed to Cebu with Raja
Humabon (1st Baptized as Carlos and
his wife Juana) – Magellan gave the
beautiful image of Child Jesus
• After Cebu they proceed to Mactan –
Raja Lapu-lapu
• Magellan died in the battle with Rajah
Lapu-lapu
• Juan Serrano took over the leadership
of Ferdinand Magellan
• Later Sebastian El Cano took the
leadership and bring Victoria back to
Spain
• Victoria only return to Spain with
Sebastian Del Cano
• Trinidad trapped at Moluccas Island
of Portugal
• Results of Magellan’s Voyage
– It was the first voyage around the world
by sea
– It proved that the earth is not flat
– It added to the knowledge about
geography
– It made Spain interesting in colonizing
the Philippines

Next Expeditions after Ferdinand Magellan
• Juan Garcia Joffre de Loaysa (1525) reached Surigao Bay. Its
leaders died along way
• Sebastian Cabot (1526) – reached only as far as South America.
• Alvaro de Saavedra (1542) – reached Mindanao and attempted to go
to Cebu. Failed to find the survivors of Loaysa Expedition. Leader died
on its way back to Spain
• Ruy Lopez de Villalobos- reached Mindanao and the coast of
Tandaya.He named Philippines as Las Islas Felipinas

• Miguel Lopez de Legaspi (1565)
- Voyaged through Viceroy Luis de Velasco of New Spain (Mexico)
– Reached Homonhon Island and Limasawa and met Datu Banka
– Blood compact with Datu Sikatuna and Sigala in Bohol
– He proceed to Cebu with Raja Tupas
– He named it the Most Holy Name of Jesus / Villa de San Miguel
– Due to food shortage he proceeded to Panay Islands and to
Manila
– Juan de Salcedo – expedition to the North (Ilocos)
– Marti de Goite – conquered Manila defended by Raja Sulayman at
the Battle of Bankusay
– Manila declared as the Capital of Spanish Philippines
– “The Distinguished and Ever Loyal City”

• 2 Branches of Government
– Executive and Judicial
• Headed by the Governor-General
– is the official representative of King of
Spain to the Philippines
– He has the power to Execute, Legislate
laws and Judge (Judiciary)
– He execute all laws and royal decrees
issued by King
– Can appoint, remove officials except
those appointed by the King
– He can appoint a friar curate
Spanish Philippines - Government
– Can resolve the issues between the
government authority and religion
– Cumplase- the power of Governor
General to approved or not to apply a
certain decree issued by the King of
Spain
– Can be the President of Royal
Audiencia
• There is no Legislative Branch in
the Philippines
• All laws came from Spain

• Mexican Viceroy
– Until 1821, the Philippines really was under the Spanish Viceroy in
Mexico in the name of the King
– This was because the Philippines was colonized from Mexico, the
Spanish Colony in Americas
• Council of Indies
– Was mandated by the king to appoint the head of colonial
government
Mexican Viceroy & Council of Indies

• First president – Governor General Santiago de Vera.
• Oidores- chief ministers
Duties:
• 1. Judicial – tried the cases from the lower courts
• 2. Executive – can be able to be the Governor General if there is
vacancy in the seat of Governor General
• 3. Legislative- can make laws which under the agreement with the
Governor General
• Will audit the over-all spending of the Government
Royal Audiencia (1583)

• Residencia
– was an investigation of an official conducted at the end of his term
– Officials found guilty of public misconduct were penalized either
with imposition of heavy fines, sequestration of property,
imprisonment or dismissal form office
• Visitador/ Visita
– Was conducted without any previous notice
– Very rarely done, the visitador general was sent to the colony with
the power to investigate the governor and other high officials
Residencia and Visitador

• Provincial Level
– Alcaldias (Province) headed by
Alcalde Mayor
– Alcalde Mayor - Salary of Php
300.00/ month
– Duties:
– They represented the Spanish king
and the Governor-General
– They managed the day-to-day
operations of the provincial
government Implemented laws and
– supervised the collection of taxes
Local Government – Though they were paid a small
salary, they enjoyed privileges
such as the
– Indulto de Comercio or the right
to participate in the galleon trade.
• Reduccion - One of the major
processes of pacification through
conversion. It was the system of
gathering the converts into a cabecera.
• Bajo de Campana
Unpacified area
Corregimientos headed by
Corregidores (Mariveles, Mindoro
and Panay)

• Towns / Municipalities
– Pueblos (Municipalities) headed by
Gobernadorcillos or Little Governor
– MAIN DUTIES: Efficient governance
and taxcollection.
– Four lieutenants aided the
Gobernardorcillo:
– Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant),
– Teniente de Policia (police
lieutenant),
– Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenant
of the fields)
– Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant
of the livestock)
– They had small salaries but were
exempted from paying taxes
qualifications
• Any native or Chinese meztizo 25
years old; literate in oral or written
Spanish Cabeza de Barangay for 4
years
Barrio/ Barangay
- Barangays headed by Cabezas de
Barangay (Tax Collector for
Gobernadorcillos)
- Responsible for the peace and
order of the barrio
- Recruited men for public works
- QUALIFICATIONS: Cabezas
should be literate in Spanish Have
good moral character and property
Cabezas who served for 25 years

• The positions of Gobernadorcillos and Cabeza de Barangay were
given to the Filipinos particularly the former Datus
• City
– Ayuntamiento or Cabildo headed by the Alcalde
– Cebu, Manila, Nueva Segovia (Cagayan), Villa Fernandina (Vigan), Nueva
Caceres (Camarines Sur), Ilo-ilo, Jaro, Arevalo (Ilo-ilo)
– It became the center of trade and industry
– The Ayuntamiento had a city council called the CABILDO
– Cabildo is composed of:
– Alcalde (MAYOR)
– Regidores (COUNCILORS)
– Alguacil Mayor (POLICE CHIEF)
– Escribando (SECRETARY)

King of Spain
Spanish Viceroy in
Mexico
Ayuntamiento
(City)
Alcalde
Spanish
Archbishop
Alcaldia (Provincial)
Alcaldes-Mayor
Royal Audiencia
Parish Priests
Spanish Governor
General in Manila
Bishops
Barangay (Cabezas de Barangay)
Pueblos
(Towns/Municipalities)
Gobernadorcillos
Council of Indies
Corregimientos
(Unpacified area)
Corregidores

– Tax Collector
– Preacher
– Confessor
– Registrar of deeds, births, marriages and deaths
– Election Inspector
– Law Enforcer
• Union of Church and State
• Archbishops became a acting Governor-
General in times of vacancy
• Archbishops – the highest leader of Church
in the Philippines
• Bishops – Second highest leader of the
Church
• Propagation of Catholic Faith:
Powers of the Parish Priest
Philippine Territory
• 333 years under Spain
• Territory includes:
– The island archipelagoes of Guam,
Marianas, the Carolines and the
Palaus in the South Pacific were
included in Philippine territory
– Most of Mindanao and Sulu were
excluded
– Interior mountain regions of Luzon
and Visayas were also excluded

• Catholicism – Spain’s Greatest Legacy
• 1578- 1st Hospital was founded in
Manila – San Juan de Dios and the San
Lazaro Hospital
• Spain introduced new food plants like:
– Corn
– Potatoes
– Coffee
– Cacao
– Cabbage
– Sigarillas
– Chicos
– Guavas
Spanish Heritage
– Wheat
– Beef
– Mutton (from lamb)
– Sausages
– Ham
– Sardines
• Spoons, forks, table knives, napkins,
crystal drinking glasses
• Drinks: Beer, Cognac, Port, Sangria
• Clothing: Western Coat, Americana,
Saya, Camisa

• Filipino Women in Spanish Time:
– Respected and honored by men
– They attended dances and other social events
– Young women were kept in the home or school “colegios”
• A New Calendar:
– Western Calendar
– Gov. General Claveria corrected the Philippine Calendar on August 16, 1844 he
ordered that Tuesday, December 31, 1844 would be Wednesday, January 1,
1845
• Spanish Names for Filipinos:
– Gov. General Claveria , ordered all Filipino families to choose a surname from a
catalog sent to all provinces in the country – November 21, 1849 – (Catalogo
Alfabetico de Apellidos)
• Spanish Language:
– Mesa, Silla, Oras, Campana, etc.

• Western Education under Spain:
– Elementary, Secondary and College
– Religion is the main focused education
– Subject were taught in Elementary: reading, writing, arithmetic, catechisms and
good moral/ values
– School for Boys:
– Colegio de San Ignacio became the Ateneo Municipal,
– Colegio de San Ildefonso, Cebu (1595) and
– Colegio-Seminario de San Jose in Maynila (1601)
– School for Girls:
– Colegio de Santa Potenciana (1594)- 1st School for Girls,
– Beaterio de la Compana de Jesus (1694),
– Colegio de Sta. Catalina (1696),
– Colegio de Sta. Rosa (1750),
– Colegio dela Concordia at Convento dela Asuncion,
– Colegio de Sta. Isabel- oldest school for Girls in present

• Subject were taught: Music, Cooking, Sewing, Painting, Embroidery, Doctrina Cristiana,
Spanish Language, History and Mathematics
• Printing, Books and Newspapers:
– Doctrina Cristiana – first published Book in the Philippines
– Del Superior Govierno – first newspaper (Published by Gov. Gen. Manuel
Gonzales de Aguilar
• Literature:
– Urbana at Felisa by Father Modesto de Castro.
– Poetry and Plays - Jose dela Cruz or Huseng Sisiw and Francisco Baltazar
– Awit (Heroic Poems), Corridos (Religious-legendary poems)
– Don Juan Tenorio, Ibong Adarna and Bernardo Carpio
– Florante at Laura – Balagtas (Balagtasan)
– El Filibusterismo and Noli Me Tangere

• Theatre:
– Western Style plays performed on stage by live actors
– Cenaculo - this is a dramatic performance to commemorate the passion and
death of Jesus Christ
– Panunuluyan – this is presented before 12:00 on Christmas Eve. This is a
presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn wherein to
deliver the baby Jesus.
– Salubong (or Panubong) - The Salubong is an Easter play that dramatizes the
meeting of the Risen Christ and his Mother. It is still presented in many Philippine
towns.
– The Zarzuela – considered the father of the drama; it is a musical comedy or
melodrama three acts which dealt with man’s passions and emotions like love,
hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice or some social or political problem
– Moro-moro - is presented also on a special stage. This is performed during town
fiestas to entertain the people and to remind them of their Christian religion.

• Music:
– Cariñosa, Surido, Pandanggo, Jota
• Houses and Villages:
– Central Plaza
– Bahay na bato
– Patio and Azotea
• Arts:
– Damian Domingo- father of Filipino
Painters
– Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion – won
international fame with their paintings in
National Exposition in Madrid in 1883
– Spolarium of Juan Luna
– Romanesque & Gothic
– Doric, Ionian, Corinthian, Graeco-Roman,
Byzantine, and Baroque
• Science:
– Manila Observatory- Federico Faura
– Anacleto V. del Rosario became the first Filipino
director of Manila Laboratory in 1888 – Prince of
Filipino Chemists
• Fiestas and Amusements:
– Cockfighting
– Manila Lottery
• Character Traits Influenced by
Spaniards:
– Christian Devotion
– Delicadeza (Honor)
– Palabra de Honor (good manners)
– Romanticism
– Mañana Habit
– Sentimentalism
– Siesta
– Señorito Habit
– Aristocracy

Social Classes
• Principalia – made up of the kinship of the
ancient datus, nobility, encomenderos,
teachers and other professionals and local
officials
• Masses – ordinary citizens
• Middle Class or the Ilustrado
• Peninsulares – Pure Spanish blood born
in Spain
• Insulares – Pure Spanish Blood born in
the Philippines
• Illustrados – Filipinos studies Abroad
• Chinese Mestizos – mixed races of
Chinese, Filipino and Spanish
• Indios – the native Filipinos Social Stratification
Peninsulares
Insulares
Ilustrados
Chinese Mestizos
Indios

• Encomienda:
– was the money from the tribute upon certain
conquered territory
– It was given by the King to a Spanish
conquistador as reward for his services
– 1591 there were 267 encomiendas in the
Philippines
– Due to abuses, it was abolished in 16th
Century
• Tribute:
– Was the residence tax
– Each family paid one peso per year
– A single person paid one-half peso
– Can be paid in Cash or in good
– It was replaced in 1884 by Cedula Tax
Economic Life Under Spain
• Polo or Force Labor:
– All male Filipinos from 16 to 60 years old
were forced to work for the government
– At first, it lasted for 40 days and reduced to
15 days in 1884
– Polistas of (force laborers)
– Build schools, roads and bridges
– Filipino Men can buy their Force Labor
paying called Falla
• Bandala:
– An indirect tax imposed on the Filipino
farmers who were required to sell their
products to the government

• Sanctorium
– A tax of three reales was collected by the
government but turned over to the
Church
• Galleon Trade and Subsidy from
Mexico
– Manila-Acapulco Trade
– It ended in 1815
– Real Subsidy (real situado)
– Php 250,000.00
• Introduction of New Plants and
Animals
– Corn, coffee, cacao, beans, achuete,
maguey, peanuts, chico and papaya
– Sheep, carabaos, ducks, geese and
better breeds of chickens and roosters
• Introduction of New Industries
– Cattle-ranching, making of candles and
soap, sugar, tobacco
• Economic Society and the Royal
Company
– Sent the first shipment of indigo (dye) to
Europe
– Imported new seeds and machinery from
the United States to help farmers
– King Charles III founded the Royal
Company of the Philippines
• Rise of Banks
– Obras Pias (Good Works System)
– First Bank was founded by Francisco
Rodriguez
– Oldest existing bank in the Philippines is
the Bank of the Philippine Islands

• Tobacco Monopoly
– Founded by Governor General Jose
Basco y Vargas in 1782.
– Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra,
Nueva Ecija, and Marinduque
– It was abolished by Governor General
Primo de Rivera
• Opening of the Philippine Ports to
the World
– Opening of the other Philippine Ports:
Sual, Ilo-ilo, Cebu and Zamboanga
• -

Causes: Heavy Taxes imposed, force labor, illegal land possession,
monopoly, religious freedom, oppression and exploitation of the foreigners
1. Tondo Conspiracy (1687-1588) – Objective: To regain freedom from
Spain lead by Magat Salamat, Agustin de Legaspi, Juan Banal, Pedro
Balingit
2. Revolt of Magalat (1595)– Objective: Disillusionment with Spanish rule
and Opposition of Tribute (Tuguegarao, Cagayan)
3. Ladia Conspiracy (1543) – Objective: Restoration of Barangaic Political
Set-up lead by Pedro Ladia
4. Revolt of Maniago (1660-1661) – Objective: To free and Independent
from Spain and Force Labor (Pampanga) – Francisco Maniago/ Cavite
Filipino Revolts

5. Revolt of Malong (1660-1661) – Causes: Spanish Oppressive
impositions, Force Labor (Andres Malong) - Pangasinan
6. Revolt of Bancao (1622) - Disillusionment with Spanish rule / Religious
(Leyte)
7. Revolt of Sumuroy (1649-1650) –Defiance of the order given by Gov.
General Fajardo (Agustin Sumuroy) - Cavite
8. Silang Revolt – (Ilocos) Force Labor, Expulsion of Spaniards and
Spanish Mestizos – lead by Diego and Gabriela Silang
9. Palaris Revolt (1762-1764) – lead by Juan Dela Cruz Palaris, end the
payment of tributes (Pangasinan)
10. Igorot Revolt (1601) – Opposition to the attempts of the Spaniards to
convert them to Christianity
11. Gaddang Revolt (1621) – Revolted against Encomenderos and
government officials

12. Tamblot Revolt (1621-1622) – Religious motive (Bohol)
13. Dagohoy Revolt (1744-1829) – Francisco Dagohoy – refusal of
Father Gaspar Morales friar curate of the town of Bohol to give Christian
burial to the brother of Francisco Dagohoy
14. Tapar Revolt (1663) – Modification of Christianity
15. Basi Revolt (1807) – government imposition of the monopoly on
wine (basi)
16. Cavite Revolt (1822) – Injustices committed by the rich landowners
against the helpless farmers – Luis de los Santos and Juan Silvestre
17. Hermano Pule Revolt (1832-1841) – Religious causes “Confradia de
San Jose (Tayabas, Quezon)

• Causes of Nationalism
– New idea from abroad about the freedom and the rights of men
– Opening of Suez Canal
– Race prejudice against Filipino priests
– The Spanish Revolution of 1868
– Martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za
• Propaganda Movements
– La Solidaridad – founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena and 1st Editor (1889) and
purchased by Marcelo H. Del Pilar
– La Liga Filipina – founded by Jose P. Rizal (Noli Me Tangere/ Touch Me Not and El
Filibusterismo/ The Reign of Greed)
Propaganda Movement and
Katipunan

• Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan (KKK) founded by Andres Bonifacio on July 7, 1892 at Azcarrga
St. (Claro M. Recto Avenue, Tondo, Manila)
– Unite the Filipinos into one solid nation
– To fight for Philippine Independence
– Civic. Moral and Political
• Structure:
– Supreme Council (Central Government)
– Provincial Council
– Popular Council
– Judicial Council
• Members:
– 1st Grade (Katipon) – Anak ng Bayan
– 2nd Grade (Kawal) - Gom-Bur-Za
– 3rd Grade (Bayani) – Rizal

• Literature of Katipunan:
– Decalogue of KKK (A. Bonifacio)
– Pag-ibig sa Tinubuan Lupa (A. Bonifacio)
– Kartilla (E. Jacinto)
– Kalayaan (E. Jacinto) Official Newspaper of KKK
– A la Patria (E. Jacinto)
• Discovery of Katipunan
– Teodoro Patiño told his sister Honoria about the plot
– Honoria told to a Visayan Nun everything
– Visayan Nun told everything to Father Mariano Gil

• Cry of Pugadlawin- August 26, 1896
• Causes of the Revolution
– Abuses of Spanish Officials and priests
– Persecution of Filipino leaders who defended the rights of their fellow countrymen
– Filipinos desire to regain their freedom
– Discovery of KKK
• First Battle took place at San Juan del Monte on Sunday August 30,
1896
• Governor General Ramon Blanco declared a state of war in 8 provinces:
Pampanga, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Tarlac, Manila and Nueva
Ecija
Philippine Revolution

• Rivalry between Aguinaldo and Bonifacio
• Magdiwangs (Bonifacio) and Magdalos (Aguinaldo)
• Tejeros Assembly: March 22, 1897 – wanted to settle controversy between two
factions.
– They elect officials representing the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
– Emilio Aguinaldo elected as President
– Andres Bonifacio Elected as Interior Secretary
– But Daniel Tirona protested on Bonifacio’s elections
– Bonifacio declared the election is null and void
• Death of Bonifacio: Gen. Aguinaldo ordered to imprison Andres Bonifacio and his
brothers
• The Revolutionary Government tried Bonifacio and his brother Procopio and
sentenced to die
• But President Aguinaldo reduced it to life imprisonment.
• But he was pressured to cancel that order and to execute Bonifacio
• May 10, 1897 Andres and Procopio were shot by Aguinaldo’s soldiers under the
command of Major Lazaro Makapagal at Mt. Buntis, Maragondon

• Biak-na-Bato Republic
– San Miguel, Bulacan
– Made a Constitution copied the Cuban Constitution (Isabelo Artacho
and Felix Ferrer)
– Pact of Biak-na-Bato (Gov.Gen. Primo de Rivera and Pedro Paterno
of the Philippine Government)
– Exile of E. Aguinaldo
– Spain pay an amount of Php 800,000 to be given in three installments- Php
400,000-upon the departure of Aguinaldo, Php 200,000 – the surrender of
arms and Php 200,000 amnesty to the rebels
– Additional Php 900,000 would be given to Civilian Filipinos affected by the
revolution
• No Peace after Biak-na-Bato Truce

• Why America come to the Philippines
– The Spanish-American War
– American Bases
– The Policy of Manifest Destiny
– The Filipino Invitation
• The Battle of Manila Bay –Americans won over Spanish Navy (May
01, 1898) lead by Admiral Patricio Montojo of Spain and Admiral
George Dewey of USA
• The Return of Aguinaldo –aboard the USS McCullough Dewey’s
dispatch ship, he arrived in Cavite on May 19, 1898.
The Coming of America

• Dictatorial Government was declared by Emilio Aguinaldo
lasted from May 24, 1898.
• Declaration of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898
ay Kawit, Cavite
• Rianzares Bautista read the Declaration of the Philippine
Independence
• The Philippine Flag also displayed and the Philippine
National Anthem was played
Second Revolutionary Government June 23, 1898
 Mabini issued a decree of June 23 for the creation of Congress to draft
the Philippine Constitution
 Reorganization of the Government in Provinces

Surrender of Spain
• Governor General Fermin Jaudenes and Wesley Meritt agreed for a
Mock Battle and Spain paid by USA of Php 20 Million US Dollar in
Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898
Women of the Revolution
– Melchora Aquino/ Tandang Sora – Grand old Woman of Balintawak, Mother of
Katipunan
– Gregoria Montoya – Joan of Arc of Cavite
– Agueda Kahabagan – Joan of Arc of Santa Cruz, Laguna
– Teresa Magbanua – Joan of Arc of Visayas
– Trinidad Tecson – Mother of the Biak-na-Bato
– Nazaria Lagos – Florence Nightingale of Panay
– Patronicia Gamboa – Heroine of Jaro, Ilo-ilo
– Marcella Agoncillo – sewed the Philippine National Flag

• Periodicals of Revolution
– El Heraldo dela Revolution
– Indice Official / Gaceta DE Filipinas
– La Independencia – Antonio Luna
– La Republica Filipina – Pedro Paterno
– La Libertad – Jose Zulueta
– Ang Kaibigan nang Bayan
– El Nuevo Dia – Sergio Osmeña
– El Pueblo – Vicente Sotto

• Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – 1st Governor
General of the Philippines
• Guido de Lavesares – 2nd Governor
General of the Philippines
• Archbishop Francisco dela Cuesta – 1st
Archbishop- Gov. General
• Cristobal Fellez de Almanza – 1st Royal
Audiencia – Gov. General
• Archbishop Manuel Rojo – Gov. General
during the British Colonization
• Narciso Claveria – Surnames of the
Filipinos
• Jose Basco Vargas – Tobacco Monopoly
• Jose Lemery e Ibarrola Ney Gonzales –
Spanish Governor Generals of the
Philippines
• Carlos Maria Dela Torre – Introduced the
Liberalism in the Philippines
• Fernando Primo de Rivera – signed the Biak-
na-Bato Pact
• Emilio y Terrero – read the Noli Me Tangere
open minded
• Eulogio Despujol – He ordered the exile of
Jose P. Rizal
• Ramon Blanco – declared the Matial Law in 8
Provinces
• Camilo de Polavieja – ordered the death
sentence of Rizal
• Diego delos Rios - Last Governor General

• Malolos Congress
– September 15, 1898
– President of Malolos Congress Pedro Paterno
– Malolos Constitution by Felipe G. Calderon
– Approved by Congress on November 29, 1898
• First Philippine Republic
– January 23, 1899 inauguration of the First Philippine Republic
– Emilio Aguinaldo as First Philippine President
• Filipino American War
– Private Robert W. Grayson of First Nebraska Volunteers shot and killed a Filipino
Soldier at San Juan Bridge
– First American War on Asian soil
– By winning this was, the US became a world power
The First Philippine Republic and
Filipino-American War

– February 05, 1899- American navy bombarded the Filipino positions in Manila
– Filipinos lost ground to the superior forces of US- retreated to provinces
– March 31, 1899 – Malolos captured by Americans, Aguinaldo fled to Pampanga,
Nueva Ecija and to Northern Luzon
– In Negros: Generals Aniceto Lacson and Juan Araneta organized the Republic of
Negros – American Government toppled it
– In Battle of San Mateo Rizal: December 19, 1899 – General Henry C. Lawton killed
by Filipino troops (General Licerio Geronimo)
– Aguinaldo ordered the Filipinos to fight a guerilla warfare, Filipino forces were
divided into small groups
– Capture of Aguinaldo: Palanan, Isabela by General Frederick Funston on March
23, 1901 and Aguinaldo was taken to Manila and took his oath of allegiance to the
US on April 16, 1902
– Miguel Malvar fought on Batangas until April 16, 1902
– Macario Sakay – try to establish Republic of Southern Tagalog
– Simeon Ola of Albay Province gave up on September 25, 1903

• Antonio Luna – Luzon
• Tomas Mascarado, Maximo Hizon ans Sevillano Aquino in Central Luzon
• Miguel Malvar in Batangas
• Juan Cailles in Laguna
• Mariano Trias in Cavite
• Paciano Rizal, Pantaleon Garcia and Artemio Ricarte in Luzon
• Vito Belarmino and Jose Paua in Bicol
• Martin Delgado, Teresa and the Magbanua brothers (Pascual and Elias) in
Ilo-ilo
• Vicente Lucban in Samar
• Simeon Ola in Albay
Filipino General of the War

Era: The only President of the First Republic
Constitution: 1899 Malolos Constitution
Inauguration: January 23, 1899, Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan (aged 29)
Vice President: None
Prime Minister: Apolinario Mabini (January 21-May 7, 1899); Pedro Paterno (May 7-
November 13, 1899)
Chief Justice: None
Senate President: None
Speaker of the House: None
Emilio Famy Aguinaldo
First Philippine Republic (1898-1901)

• first president
• youngest president – he became the country’s leader at age 28
• longest-lived president – he died when he was 94
• one of the active leaders of KKK
• signed the Pact of Biak na Bato
• known as the President of the Revolutionary Government
• he fought against the Spanish and American to retain our independence
Contributions and Achievements
Source: http://twentyfive.hubpages.com/hub/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-their-Achievements-and-Contributions

• Philippine Territory in American Times:
– The island archipelagos of Marianas, Carolines and Palaus in the South Pacific
no longer part of the Philippines
– Mindanao and Sulu became part of the Philippines (through the Bates Treaty)
– Interior Mountain region of Luzon were also included
• American Policies:
– The Americans said they would ho as soon as the Filipinos could stand on their
own as a free nation
– Americans were kinder and more generous than other colonial powers
– Filipinos adopted American ways very well (Brown Americans)
Philippines as an American Colony

• American Colonial Government:
– Military Government (August 14, 1898 – July 04, 1901)
– Gen. Wesley Merrit, Gen. Elwell Otis and Gen. Arthur MacArthur
– Civil Government (July 04, 1901 – August 1902)
– The Philippine Commissions
– Schurman Commission (1899) (Dr. Jacob Schurman)
– Taft Commission (1890-1916) – William Howard Taft – organized the Civil
Government in the Philippines
– Spooner Act – Establishment of Civil Government in the Philippines
• American Governor-General: (1901-1935)
– July 04, 1901 the civil government was inaugurated and William Howard Taft became
the first American Governor-General and Frank Murphy the last
• The Americans shared power with the Filipinos unlike Spanish
• The Americans train our people in democracy and self-rule
• At first Filipinos are only appointed to local government as the war
ended Filipinos can participate and were elected in free elections
• 1901- Cayetano Arellano was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court

• Philippine Organic Act of 1902 or Cooper Law on July 01, 1902 –
was passed to create the Philippine Assembly
• Philippine Assembly:
– July 30, 1907 the first free national elections were held
– Philippine Assembly was inaugurated in Manila Grand Opera House on
October 16, 1907 and Sergio Osmeña was elected as Speaker
– First all-Filipino lawmaking body during the American era
– Helped the Philippine Commission making laws for the colony
– Philippine Commission acted like the upper house and assembly acted as
lower house
• Philippine Legislature:
– Inaugurated at Manila on October 16, 1616
– 2 Houses; the House of Representative and Senate
– Manuel L. Quezon Elected as Senate President
– Sergio Osmeña elected as House Speaker

• Kiram-Bates Treaty – sovereignty of US over the whole archipelago of
Sulu and its dependences is acknowledge
• Payne-Aldrich Act (1909) –partial free trade of US and Philippines
• Underwood Simons Tariff Law – allowing an open trade between the
Philippines and Us (October 13, 1913)
• Reconcentration Act – provided for the zoning of inhabitants of a town
known to have thieves/ outlaws
• Sedition Law (1901) – provided that Filipino advocating independence or
separation from US would be punished severely by death or
imprisonment
• Brigandage Act – proving for severe penalty those who steal carabao
• Gabaldon Act/ Law – Establishment of Barrio schools (Isauro Gabaldon)
Significant Laws acted under
America

• Municipal Code Act
– Municipal President
– Vice President
– Council
– Qualified voters – were males, 23 years
old
• Provincial Code Act
– Governor
– Treasurer
– Supervisor
• Civil Service Act
– To enter in government it must be take
the examinations
– Introduction of merit system
• Filipinization of the Philippine
Government by FB Harrison –
replacing American Officials and
employees with Filipinos

• New Land Policy
– Friar lands were resold to Filipino farmers
– Taft colonial administration bought these friar lands and resold to the Filipino farmers
– Homestead Act in 1924 allowed any Filipino to own up to 24 hectares of public land
– All lands had to be registered and their owners got Torrens titles
• Agricultural Increase
– 1902 the Bureau of Agriculture became the first government agency in the new
American Colony
– 1903 the American Congress sent a $3 million emergency fund to support rice and
carabaos from other Asian countries
– Modern farm tools from US were introduced
• Free Trade with America
– Philippine products, copra, sugar, cigars hemp, etc. were sold to the Americans
– American products, cars, radios, appliances, cigarrettes, etc were bought by the
Filipinos
Economic Progress under America

• New Industries
– Manila and other cities and towns sprang up hundreds of factories to make coconut
oil, cigars and cigarettes, sugar rope and textiles
– Mining and fishing became big industries
– Household cottage industries also boomed
– Developed the coconut and hemp industries
– Tobacco were also developed
• Improvement of Transportation and Communications
– Automobile, electric street car, airplane, telephone, wireless telegraph, radio and
movie were introduced
– American developed our railroads in Luzon, Cebu and Panay
– Pier 7 in Manila became the largest port in Asia
– Manila became the center of air travel in Asia
– The Kennon Road opened Baguio and the Mountain Province to travel
• New Banks
– 1906 Postal Saving Bank was opened
– Philippine National Bank established in 1906

• Economic Problems
– We sold our raw materials cheap and bought expensive manufactured goods
from America
– Colonial Mentality became worse
– Labor and peasant unrest spread in the 1920’s and 1930’s
– The world depression hit the poor masses worst of all
– American capitalists and businessmen controlled the new companies
• Significant American Administrators
– Wesley Merritt – 1st American Military Governor
– Arthur MacArthur – last American Military Governor
– William Howard Taft – 1st American Civil Governor
– Frank Murphy – Last American Civil Governor/ 1ST High Commissioner
– Paul V. McNutt - last High Commissioner

• Religious Freedom
– Filipinos became free to choose their own religion
– American Influences: Methodists, Baptists, Episcopalian, Pentecostals, etc.
– Filipinized Catholicism: Isabelo delos Reyes and Gregorio Aglipay – Philippine
Independent Church (Alipayananism)
– Felix Manalo of Iglesia ni Cristo (1914)
• Free Education
– All children could study in schools
– The brightest children from poor families could go as far as university
– First American Teachers are soldiers
– 1901, the first batch of professional teachers came from the US onboard the US Army
Ship Thomas - Thomasites
• Better Health
– Filipinos enjoyed better health and hygiene
– Death rate fell/ Americans introduced the use of the flush toilet
Our American Heritage

• English Language
– Filipinos learned the English Language
– English became the official language of the government and business
– Filipinos adopted the names like John, Bobby, Mary, Lily, Rosie, Mark
– New Filipino writers mastered the English Language: Carlos P. Romulo – won the Pulitzer Prize for
Journalism 1942
• Free Press
– 1930’s the Philippines had fastest press in Asia
– Filipino journalists championed independence and reported freely about the government
– Manuel L. Quezon founded The Philippine Herald (1920)
– Ramon Roces founded the “The Graphic”
– Sergio Osmeña – Nuevo Diaz in Cebu (1900)
– Rafael Palma and Teodoro Kalaw – El Renacimiento
– Alejandro Roces, Sr. - La Vanguardia
• Diet and Dress
– Cornflakes, oat meal, ham, egg sandwiches, hamburgers, hot dogs, pan americano, tomato catsup,
mayonnaise, beefsteak, apple pie, ice cream and chewing gum
– Men worn trousers with belt and suspenders, polo shirts and tennis shoes

• Democratic Family and Social Classes
– Old customs of addressing elders with “po”, “opo”, “ate”, “kuya” or kissing the hands of parents
and elders (mano po) – were gone
– Uses “hi” in greetings
– Filipinos celebrating holidays like 4th of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, Halloween, and
Valentines Day
• Women’s Rights
– Women enjoyed greater rights (September 17, 1937)
– They were free to work in an office, study with men in co-ed schools and date without
chaperones
– First Asian women vote and hold public office were the Filipinas in 1937
• Recreations
– Basketball, baseball, football, volleyball, calisthenics, boxing, billiards, poker, bowling, tennis and
badminton
• Movies and Entertainment
– First Movie house Cine Rizal (1903) at Tondo, Manila
– Cine Ideal (Roces brothers) in 1903
– First local film “La Vida de Dr. Rizal” by Edward Meyer Gross

• Music and Dance
– American Jazz
– Boogie-woogie
– Fox trot
• Houses
– Small apartments
– New bungalows, chalets, two story concrete houses and earthquake proof building
were built
• Arts
– Guillermo Tolentino
• Freedom Theater and Literature
– Tagalog zarzuelas became popular like Tanikalang Ginto of Juan Abad and Kahapon,
Ngayon at Bukas by Aurelio Tolentino
– “Bayan ko” also popular
– Amado V. Hernandez
– Lope K. Santos Banaag at Sikat (1935)

• Peasant Revolts and the Communist Party
– There were peasant revolt in Nueva Ecija, Ili-ilo, Negro Occidental, Pangasinan, Laguna
and Bulacan
– Sakdalista lead by Benigno Ramos – May 02, 1935
– All revolt failed
– The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) was founded in Manila by Crisanto
Evangelista on August 26, 1930
• Political Campaign for Independence
– Jones Law (1916) granted independence as soon as a stable government be establish
therein
– With 3 branches of Government, Bill of Rights and Council of State (Wilson Admin)
– 1932 American Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law (HHC)
– It was the first Philippine Independence Law passed by the United States (thru the
initiative of Os-Rox Mission)
– It was now approved by the Philippine Legislature
– It was rejected by Philippine Legislature on October 17, 1933
The Commonwealth of the
Philippines

– Tydings-McDuffie Law (1934) signed by FD Roosevelt with revision from Hare-
Hawes-Cutting Law
– Retention naval reservation and fueling stations
– Drafting a new constitution
• The 1935 Philippine Constitution
– July 10, 1934 202 delegates were elected to a constitutional convention
– Claro M. Recto as the President of the Convention
– February 8, 1935 the new constitution was approved by the majority of the delegates
– March 23, 1935 Pres. FD Roosevelt signed the Philippine Constitution
– May 4, 1935 Filipino people ratified the constitution
• The Commonwealth of the Philippines
– A semi-independent (autonomous) government of Filipinos under American Colony
– September 17, 1935 first national election under Commonwealth Government
– Manuel L. Quezon, Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay run for the
presidency
– Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña elected as President and Vice-President
respectively

Era
Second President of the Philippines
First President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
Inauguration
November 15, 1935, Legislative Building, Manila (aged 57)
December 30, 1941, Malinta Tunnel, Corregidor (aged 63)
November 15, 1943, Washington, D.C. (aged 65)
Vice-President
Sergio Osmeña (November 15, 1935-December 30, 1941;
December 30, 1941-August 1, 1944)
Chief Justice
Ramon Avanceña (April 1, 1925-December 24, 1941)
Jose Abad Santos (December 24, 1941-May 2, 1942)
Speaker of the National
Assembly
Gil Montilla (November 25, 1935-December 30, 1938)
Jose Yulo (January 24, 1939-December 30, 1941)
Manuel Luis Molina Quezon
Commonwealth of the Philippines

• first Senate president elected as President of the Philippines
• first president elected through a national election
• first president under the Commonwealth
• he created National Council of Education
• he initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth
• he made Tagalog / Filipino as the national language of the Philippines
• he appears on the twenty-peso bill
• a province, a city, a bridge and a university in Manila were named after him
• his body lies within the special monument on Quezon Memorial Circle

Era
Fourth President of the Philippines
Second President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
Inauguration August 1, 1944, Washington, D.C. (aged 67)
Vice-President None
Chief Justice Manuel V. Moran (July 9, 1945-March 20, 1951)
Senate President Manuel Roxas (July 9, 1945-May 25, 1946)
Speaker of the House Jose C. Zulueta (June 9-December 20, 1945)
Sergio Suico Osmeña, Sr.

• he was 65 when he became president– making him the oldest president to
hold office
• he was the first Visayan to become president
• he joined US Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 starting
the freedom of the Philippines from the Japanese during World War II
• during his time, the Philippine National Bank has been rehabilitated and the
country joined the International Monetary Fund
• on his time, the Bell Trade Act was approved by the US Congress
• Sergio Osmena appears on the 50 peso bill

• United Nations Charter President Osmeña sent the
Philippine delegation, which was headed by Carlos P.
Romulo, to the San Francisco gathering for the promulgation
of the Charter of the United Nations on 26 June 1945.

• Second World War was the war between the allied nations (US, Britain,
China, France and Union Soviet) and the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy,
Japan)
• It started in Europe when Adolf Hitler troops attacked on September 1, 1939
• December 08, 1941 (Pacific Time) Japan made a sneak attacks on Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii, United States
• Few hours later, Japanese fighter planes appeared in Philippine skies
• They bombed Davao City, Tuguegarao, Baguio, Iba, Tarlac, and Clark Air
Field
• Manila and Nichols (Villamor Airbase) bombed
• Japanese troops landed in Aparri and Vigan in Northern Luzon, at Legaspi in
Bicol, Davao City in Mindanao and Lingayen in Tayabas Luzon
Second World War and Japanese
Occupation

• The Commonwealth in Exile
– President Roosevelt wired Pres. Quezon to escape to the United States
– President Quezon, his family, and War Cabinet secretly left Corregidor by
submarine on February 20, 1942 to October 3, 1944, the Commonwealth
Government went in Exile at Washington, DC
– President Quezon died of illness on August 1, 1944 and he was succeeded by
Vice President Osmeña
• I Shall Return
– General Douglas MacArthur was also ordered to leave by Pres. Roosevelt
– But when he landed in Australia on March 17, 1942, MacArthur told to the world “I
shall return”
• The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor
– Bataan: April 09, 1942 headed by Gen. Eduard P. King
– Corregidor: May 06, 1942 headed by Gen. Jonathan Wainwright
– Visayas and Mindanao: May 10, 1942 headed by Gen. William Sharp

• Death March
– One of the cruelest atrocities by the Japanese
– Some 62,000 Filipino soldiers and 11,000 American troops were forced to March from
7 to 11 days without food, water or medicine
– They marched 120 kilometers from Mariveles, Bataan to Camp O’Donnell in
Capas, Tarlac
• Japanese Military Occupation
– January 2, 1942 to July 5, 1945
– January 3, 1942- the Japanese Military Administration was set up in Manila
– Head by General Yoshihida Hayashi and General Takazi Wachi
– Japanese declared Martial Law
– Imposed curfew black-outs, rationing and censorship
– They punished Filipinos for any hostile acts against Japanese soldiers
– One Japanese is equivalent to 10 Filipinos
– They banned the shortwave radio so we could not hear news from abroad
– They circulated money with Japanese script
– They called this as “Mickey Mouse Money”

• Second Philippine Republic
– Jorge B. Vargas became the Chairman of the Philippine Executive Commission
– January 23, 1942 the members of the Executive Commission sent a letter to the
Japanese Military promising to obey the Japanese order for the sake of the Filipino
people
– January 21, 1942 – Japanese Premier Hedeki Tojo came to the Philippines and
announced the Philippine independence and said that Japan was the Liberator of
Asians
– He launched the “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”
– September 04, 1943 the new constitution was finished
– October 14, 1943 the Second Philippine Republic was inaugurated and Jose P.
Laurel as the President
• Propaganda War
– Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (Kalibapi) agency of Japanese
propaganda
– The only political party allowed during Japanese Occupation

• The Collaborators
– Most Filipinos had to collaborate with the Japanese during the war
– Japanese controlled food, medicine and other supplies
– Makapili – Makabayang Katipunan ng mga Pilipino
• Guerilla Warfare
– Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon (HukBaLaHap/ Huks) Headed by Luis Taruc
• Japanese Atrocities
– Deaths of Filipino Soldiers and Civilians: 1,111,998
– Damage to property, goods and services: USD 6,411,732,000
– Murder, torture and rape of civilians
– Looting, burning and destruction of property
– Rape, sex slaves
– Cruel Kempeitai (Japanese Military Police)
• Liberation of the Philippines
– October 20, 1944 the American liberation forces landed in Palo, Leyte with 650 ships and
four army divisions
– Gen. MacArthur retuned as he promised

– New US Air Force fighter planes shot down the Japanese kamikaze pilots
– The US Navy won the big battle of Leyte Gulf on October 23-26, 1944
– February 1945 the Battle in Manila ended and liberated the City on February 23,
1945
– July 05, 1945 General MacArthur announced the liberation of the Philippines
• End of the Second World War
– May 7, 1945 the war in Europe ended
– Germany surrendered to the Allied Forces (V-E Day in Europe)
– August 06, 1945 the first atomic bomb was dropped at Hiroshima
– August 09, 1945 another atomic bomb dropped in Nagasaki
– Japanese surrendered on August 15, 1945
– V-J Day
• Restoration of the Commonwealth
– February 22, 1945 – President Osmeña installed at Malacañan Palace after the
liberation of Manila

• Japanese Administrators
– Masaharu Homma – 1st Japanese Military Governor
– Tomoyoki Yamashita – Last Japanese Military Governor

Era
Third President of the Philippines
The only President of the Second Republic
Inauguration
October 14, 1943, Legislative Building, Manila
(aged 51)
Vice President None
Chief Justice Jose Yulo (February 5, 1942-August 1945)
Assembly
Benigno S. Aquino Sr. (October 17, 1943-
February 2, 1944)
Jose Paciano Garcia Laurel, Sr.
Second Philippine Republic (1943- 1945)

• he was considered as the legitimate president of the Philippines
• he organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong
Pilipinas).
• he declared Martial Law in 1944
• he and his family developed the establishment of Lyceum of the
Philippines

• Problems of the New Republic
– Reconstruction
– Poor Government and poor people
– Peace and Order
– Moral and Spiritual decline
Third Philippine Republic
(1946-1972)
1946-1948 1948-1953
1954-1957 1957-1961 1961-1965 1965-1986

Era
Fifth President of the Philippines
Third and last President of the Commonwealth
First President of the Third Republic
Inauguration
May 28, 1946, Legislative Building, Manila (aged 54)
July 4, 1946, Independence Grandstand, Manila (aged
54)
Vice-President Elpidio Quirino (May 28, 1946-April 17, 1948)
Chief Justice Manuel V. Moran (July 9, 1945-March 20, 1951)
Senate President
Jose Avelino (May 25, 1946-July 4, 1946; July 5, 1946-
February 21, 1949)
Speaker of the House
Eugenio Perez (May 25, 1946-July 4, 1946; July 5, 1946-
December 30, 1949)
Manuel Acuña Roxas

• Philippine Rehabilitation Finance Corporation – for building houses after the
World War II
• Creation to Central Bank of the Philippines – to help the system of banking in
the Philippines and stabilize the Philippine Peso Dollar reserves
• Republic Act No. 1946 or Tenancy Act – the 70/30 share and regulation of
tenancy contacts
• Amnesty Proclamation – for the Japanese Collaborators
• Treaty of General Relations – to give all sovereignty power of the Philippines
from United States
• Military Base Agreement – with United States
• War Surplus Agreement - Military Assistance Agreement
• Bell Trade Act – Philippine Peso pegged to US Dollar, system of Tariffs
• Parity Rights – exploitation of Philippine Natural Resources by the Americans/ led
to the amendment of the 1935 Constitution
• Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933

• was inaugurated as the new and first president of the new Republic
because the Philippines was finally free after the WW II
• in his time, the country has started reconstruction from war damage
and the Philippines started breathing without foreign rule
• under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade
Act laws were accepted by the congress
• he is in the 100 peso bill

Elpidio Rivera Quirino
Era Sixth President of the Philippines
Second President of the ThirdRepublic
Inauguration April 17, 1948, Malacañan Palace, Manila (aged 57)
December 30, 1949, Independence Grandstand, Manila
(aged 58)
Vice-President: Fernando Lopez (December 30, 1949-December 30, 1953)
Chief Justice Ricardo M. Paras (April 2, 1951-February 17, 1961)
Manuel V. Moran (July 9, 1945-March 20, 1951)
Senate President
Mariano Jesús Cuenco (February 21, 1949-December 30,
1951)
Quintin Paredes (March 5, 1952-April 17, 1952)
Camilo Osías (April 17, 1952-April 30, 1952; April 17, 1953-
April 30, 1953)
Eulogio Rodriguez (April 30, 1952-April 17, 1953;
November 30, 1953-December 30, 1953)
Jose Zulueta (April 30, 1953-November 30, 1953)
Speaker of the House Eugenio Perez (July 5, 1946-December 30, 1953)

• Economic Development Corporation (EDCOR) – for the HukBaLaHap
Rebels
• Reorganization of Arm Forces of the Philippines
• President’s Action Committee on Social Amelioration (PACSA) – to
mitigate the sufferings of indigent families
• Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration (ACCFA) –
to help the farmers market their crops and save them from loan sharks
• Korean War – deployment of Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea or
PEFTOK
• Quirino Foster Agreement – help the Philippines for five years
• Minimum Wage Law (RA 602) Repealed by PD 442 and Repealed again
by RA 6727
• Judge Antonio Quirino – emissary of Quirino Administration to have
peace talk with Luis Taruc
• Rural Banks of the Philippines - to facilitate credit utilities in rural areas.

• Seven point program for social security:
– Unemployment insurance
– Old-age insurance
– Accident and permanent disability insurance
– Health insurance
– Maternity insurance
– State relief
– Labor opportunity
• Social Security Commission - making Social Welfare Commissioner Asuncion
Perez chairman of the same
• Executive Order No. 355 - replaced National Land Settlement Administration with
Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the
responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice
and Corn Production Administration
• Integrity Board - to probe into reports of graft and corruption in high government
places
• Killing of former First Lady Aurora Quezon and her companions on April 28,
1949 by the Huks on the Bongabong-Baler

• under his term Hukbalahap movement was active
• he created Social Security Commission
• he also created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption
• in 1948, Quezon City was the capital of the Philippines
• peso and dollar exchange rate at his time was 1 US = P2

Ramon Del Fierro Magsaysay, Sr.
Era
Seventh President of the Philippines
Third President of the Third Republic
Inauguration
December 30, 1953, Independence Grandstand, Manila
(aged 46)
Vice-President Carlos P. Garcia (December 30, 1953-March 17, 1957)
Senate President
Eulogio Rodriguez (January 25, 1954-December 30,
1957)
Jose B. Laurel Jr. (January 25, 1954-December 30,
1957)

• Laurel – Langley Agreement (1955-1974) – replaced Bell Trade Act,
continuation of US authority to control exchange rate of peso , sugar quota
and tariffs
• Presidential Complaints and Action Committee – hear the grievances
of common people and give solution on it
• National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration – to make
the land distributes as soon as possible
• Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration
(ACCFA) – to help farmers
• Farmers Cooperative Marketing Association (FaCoMA) - to buy
equipment for farmers
• RA 1400 – (Land Reform Act of 1955) – Created the Land Tenure
Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and
distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for
individuals and 600 hectares for corporations. RA 821 – ACCFA
• Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) – governed
the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing
share-tenancy and leasehold system

• Reparations agreement - the reservations made by Ambassador
Romulo, on the Philippines behalf, upon signing the Japanese Peace
Treaty in San Francisco on September 8, 1951, for several years of
series of negotiations were conducted by the Philippine government
and that of Japan

• was a chairman of the Committee on Guerilla Affairs
• was the first president sworn into office wearing Barong Tagalog in his
inauguration
• his presidency was referred as the Philippines’ Golden Years for it was the
cleanest and zero-corruption
• the Philippines was ranked 2nd in Asia’s clean and well-governed
countries
• Operation Thunder Lightning – surrender of Luis Taruc by Ninoy Aquino
• Benigno Aquino, Jr. was appointed by President Ramón Magsaysay to act
as personal emissary to Luís Taruc, leader of the Hukbalahap, a rebel
group.
• SEATO was formed on September 8-10, 1954 to fight communism

Era
Eighth President of the Philippines
Fourth President of the Third Republic
Inauguration
March 1, 1957, Malacañan Palace, Manila (aged 61)
December 30, 1957, Independence Grandstand, Manila (aged
62)
Vice-President
Diosdado Macapagal (December 30, 1957-December 30,
1961)
Senate President Eulogio Rodriguez (January 22, 1957-April 5, 1963)
Speaker of the House Daniel Z. Romualdez (January 27, 1958-December 30, 1961)
Carlos Polistico Garcia

• RA 1700 – Outlawing the Communist Party of the Philippines
• Filipino First Policy
• Austerity Program
– tighten up its controls to prevent abuses in the over shipment of exports under license
and in under-pricing as well.
– more rigid enforcement of the existing regulations on barter shipments.
– Government imports themselves were to be restricted to essential items.
– reduce rice imports to a minimum.
– An overhauling of the local transportation system would be attempted so as to reduce
the importation of gasoline and spare parts.
– tax system would be revised so as to attain more equitable distribution of the
payment- burden and achieve more effective collection from those with ability to pay
• Bohlen-Serrano Agreement – shorten from 99 years to 25 years
renewable every five years (military base agreement of Philippines and
United States)

• he was known for “Filipino First Policy”
• he established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and
commerce
• was known as the “Prince of Visayan Poets” and the “bard from Bohol”
• cultural arts was revived during his term
• was the first president to have his remains buried at the Libingan ng
mga Bayani

Era
Ninth President of the Philippines
Fifth President of the Third Republic
Inauguration December 30, 1961, Quirino Grandstand, Manila (aged 51)
Vice-President Emmanuel Pelaez (1961-1965)
Chief Justice Cesar Bengzon (April 28, 1961-May 29, 1966)
Senate President
Eulogio Rodriguez (January 22, 1957-April 5, 1963)
Ferdinand E. Marcos (April 5, 1963-December 30, 1965)
Daniel Z. Romualdez (January 22, 1962-March 9, 1962)
Cornelio T. Villareal (March 9, 1962-December 30, 1965)
Diosdado Pangan Macapagal, Sr.

• Republic Act No. 3512 – An Act Creating A Fisheries Commission
Defining Its Powers, Duties and Functions, and Appropriating Funds
Therefor
• Republic Act No. 3518 – An Act Creating The Philippine Veterans Bank,
and For Other Purposes
• Republic Act No. 3844 – An Act To Ordain The Agricultural Land Reform
Code and To Institute Land Reforms In The Philippines, Including The
Abolition of Tenancy and The Channeling of Capital Into Industry, Provide
For The Necessary Implementing Agencies, Appropriate Funds Therefor
and For Other Purposes
• Republic Act No. 4166 – An Act Changing The Date Of Philippine
Independence Day
• Republic Act No. 4180 – An Act Amending Republic Act Numbered Six
Hundred Two, Otherwise Known As The Minimum Wage Law, By Raising
The Minimum Wage For Certain Workers, And For Other Purposes.

• Five-Year Socio-Economic Integrated Development Program – it could
be seen that it aimed at the following objectives.
– immediate restoration of economic stability;
– alleviating the plight of the common man;
– And establishing a dynamic basic for future growth.
• Sabah Claim- On September 12, 1962, the territory of North Borneo, and
the full sovereignty, title and dominion over the territory were ceded by
Sultan of Sulu, HM Sultan Muhammad Esmail E. Kiram I, to the Republic
of the Philippines.
• The cession effectively gave the Philippine government the full authority to
pursue their claim in international courts.
• The Philippines broke diplomatic relations with Malaysia after the
federation had included Sabah in 1963.
• It was revoked in 1989 because succeeding Philippine administrations
have placed the claim in the back burner in the interest of pursuing cordial
economic and security relations with Kuala Lumpur.
• To date, Malaysia continues to consistently reject Philippine calls to
resolve the matter of Sabahs jurisdiction to the International Court of
Justice.

• Maphilindo - was described as a regional association that would
approach issues of common concern in the spirit of consensus.
• However, it was also perceived as a tactic on the parts of Jakarta and
Manila to delay, or even prevent, the formation of the Federation of
Malaysia.
• Manila had its own claim to Sabah (formerly British North Borneo), and
Jakarta protested the formation of Malaysia as a British imperialist plot.
• Vietnam War - Before the end of his term in 1965, President
Diosdado Macapagal persuaded Congress to send troops to South
Vietnam. However this proposal was blocked by the opposition led by
Senate President Ferdinand Marcos who deserted Macapagal’s Liberal
Party and defected to the Nacionalista Party

• he established the first Land Reform Law
• he placed the Philippines currency – peso, on the currency exchange
market
• he made June 12 1898 as the Philippines’ Independence Day
• he signed the Minimum Wage Law
• he signed the creation of the Philippine Veteran’s Bank

Era
Tenth President of the Philippines
Sixth and Last President of the Third Republic
The only President of the Fourth Republic
Inauguration
December 30, 1965, Quirino Grandstand, Manila (aged 48)
December 30, 1969, Quirino Grandstand, Manila (aged 52)
June 30, 1981, Quirino Grandstand, Manila (aged 64)
February 25, 1986, Malacañan Palace, Manila (aged 69)
Capital
Quezon City (1965-1978)
City of Manila (1978-1986)
Vice-President
Fernando Lopez
(December 30, 1965-December 30, 1969)
(December 30, 1969-September 23, 1972)
Prime Minister
Ferdinand E. Marcos (concurrent capacity as President)
(June 12, 1978-June 30, 1981)
Cesar E.A. Virata
(June 30, 1981-February 25, 1986)
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos, Sr.
Fourth Philippine Republic (1972-1986)

Chief Justice
Felix V. Makasiar (July 25, 1985-November 19, 1985)
Enrique M. Fernando (July 2, 1979-July 24, 1985)
Fred Ruiz Castro (January 5, 1976-April 19, 1979)
Querube C. Makalintal (October 21, 1973-December 22,
1975);
Roberto V. Concepcion (June 17, 1966-April 18, 1973);
Cesar Bengzon (April 28, 1961-May 29, 1966)
Senate President
Gil Puyat (January 26, 1967-September 23, 1972)
Arturo M. Tolentino (January 17, 1966-January 26, 1967)
Assembly
Nicanor E. Yñiguez (July 23, 1984-March 25, 1986)
Querube C. Makalintal (June 12, 1978-June 30, 1984)
Cornelio T. Villareal (April 1, 1971-September 23, 1972)
Jose B. Laurel Jr. (February 2, 1967-April 1, 1971)
Cornelio T. Villareal (January 17, 1966-February 2, 1967)

• Green Revolution
– Production of rice was increased through promoting the cultivation of IR-8 hybrid rice.
In 1968 the Philippines became self-sufficient in rice, the first time in history since the
American period. It also exported rice worth US$7 million.
• Blue Revolution
– Marine species like prawn, mullet, milkfish, and golden tilapia were being produced
and distributed to farmers at a minimum cost. Today, milkfish and prawns contribute
substantially to foreign exchange income.
• Liberalized Credit
– More than one thousand rural banks spread all over the country resulting to the
accessibility of credit to finance purchase of agricultural inputs, hired labor, and
harvesting expenses at very low interest rate. During 1981-1985, credit was available
without interest and collateral arrangements. Some of the credit programs were the ff:
– 1. Biyayang Dagat (credit support for fishermen)
– 2. Bakahang Barangay –supported fattening of 40,000 head of cattle in farmer
backyards

– 3. Masaganang Maisan, Maisagana, and Expanded Yellow Corn Program –
supported 1.4 Million farmers through P4.7 Billion loans from 1975-1985
– 4. Gulayan sa Kalusugan and Pagkain ng Bayan Programs –provided grants and
loans of P12.4 Million to encourage backyard and communal production of vegetables
and improve nutrition of Filipino households
– 5. Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran (KKK)—supported 25,000 entrepreneurial
projects through P1.8 Billion and helping 500,000 beneficiaries
• Decontrol Program
– Price control polices were implemented on rice and corn to provide greater incentive
to farmers to produce more.
– Deregulation of trading in commodities like sugar and coconut and agricultural inputs
like fertilizer were done for more efficient marketing and trading arrangements.
• Education Reform
– Access to free education widened during the Marcos Administration. The biggest
portion of the budget was allotted for Educational Programs (P58.7 Billion in 20
years). The literacy rate climbed from 72% in 1965 to 93% in 1985 and almost 100%
in Metro Manila on the same year.

• Agrarian Reform
– Tenant’s Emancipation Act of 1972 or PD 27 was implemented without bloodshed. 1.2
million farmers benefited, either they became the owner or leaseholder in more than 1.3
million hectares of rice and corn lands.
• Primary Health Care
– made medical care accessible to millions of Filipinos in the remotest barrios of the
country.
• Bagong Lipunan Improvement of Sites and Services (BLISS)
– Housing project had expanded the government’s housing program for the low-income
group. Housing were conceptualized by a series of legal issuances from the funding, the
lending, mortgaging and to the collection of the loans. These are governed by the Home
Mutual Development Fund (Pag-Ibig Fund), the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
(HLURB) and the National Home Mortgage Finance which remain intact up to the present
• Energy Self-Reliance
– Indigenous energy sources were developed like hydro, geothermal, dendrothermal, coal,
biogas and biomass.
– The country became the first in Asia to use dendrothermal and in five years we became
number two, next to US, in geothermal utilization.
– The extensive energy resource research and exploration and development resulted to
reduction of oil imports from 100% in 1965 to 40% in 1985

• Export Development
– During 1985 textile and textile products like garments and embroideries, furniture and
rattan products, marine products like prawns and milkfish, raw silk, shoes, dehydrated
and fresh fruits were exported
• Labor Reform
– The Labor code was promulgated which expanded the concerns of the Magna Carta
of Labor to extend greater protection to labor, promote employment, and human
resource development.
– The minimum wages of the workers were boosted through the guaranteed 13th
month pay and cost of living allowances.
• Unprecedented Infrastructure Growth
– The country’s road network had improved from 55,778 kilometers in 1965 to 77,950 in
five years (1970), and eventually reached 161,000 kilometers in 1985.
– Construction of irrigation facilities was also done that made 1.5 million hectares of
land irrigated and increased the farmer’s harvest and income.
– In addition, nationwide telecommunication systems—telephone systems, telex
exchange too centers, and interprovincial toll stations were also built.

• Political Reform
– The structure of government established by President Marcos remains substantially
the same except the change of name, inclusive of superficial features in laws, to give a
semblance of change from that of President Marcos regime.
• Fiscal Reform
– Government finances were stabilized by higher revenue collections and loans from
treasury bonds, foreign lending institutions and foreign governments.
• Peace and Order
– In 1966, more than 100 important smugglers were arrested; in three years 1966-68
they arrested a total of 5,000. Military men involved in smuggling were forced to retire.
– Peace and order significantly improved in most provinces however situations in Manila
and some provinces continued to deteriorate until the imposition of martial law in
1972.
• Decentralization Act – Philippine Regionalization, Divided the Philippines
into 13 regions

• he was the first president to win a second term
• he declared Martial Law on Sept. 23, 1972
• he increased the size of Philippine military and armed forces
• in 1980, GNP was 4 times greater than 1972
• in 1986, the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia
• he built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals and infrastructures than all
former presidents did combined
• is the only president whose remains interred inside a refrigerated crypt
(was buried on November 18, 2016 at the Libingan ng mga Bayani)

• Marcos became a dictator for 14 years (1972-1984)
• September 21, 1972 – Martial Law was declared (Proclamation 1081)
• September 23, 1972 – Marcos announced the declaration of Martial Law
via Nationwide television and radio broadcast in the evening
• 1973 Constitution – November 30, 1972 – finished and signed the new
constitution by the delegates (Former President Carlos P. Garcia as
President)
• January 17, 1973 – President Marcos signed the New Constitution
• 1973 Constitution – amended 22 times during the Marcos dictatorship
91973, 1976, 1981, 1984)
• Death of Democracy
– Arrest and detention of Marcos Opponents and protesters against the government
(Sen. Benigno Aquino, Jr., Jose Diokno and Ramon Mitra)
Marcos Dictatorship

– Closing down of all newspapers, radio and television stations and printing presses
– Government control of all public utilities and important industries
– Travel Ban abroad
– Ban on public meetings, student demonstrations and labor strikes
– Ban on private weapons
– Torture and murder of political prisoners
• Government Reorganization
– Marcos replaced Congress with several lawmaking bodies
– 1984 he organized the Batasang Pambansa
– Marcos also changed the local government (old barrios now called barangays)
– The country was divided unto 13 administrative regions
– Marcos became the President and Prime Minister of the country
– Motto: Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa (One Nation, One Spirit)
– Cesar Virata appointed as Prime Minister
– Marcos has its absolute power

• Strong Military Power
– Marcos created special military courts
– Major General Fabian C. Ver headed the National Intelligence and Security Agency
– Military got the biggest share in government budget
• Fourth Republic
– January 17, 1981 – ended the Martial Law
– Pope John Paul II visited the Philippines
– June 16, 1981 – first Presidential election after Martial Law
– June 30, 1981 – inauguration of the Fourth Philippine Republic
– Kilusang Bagong Lipunan – as official Political Party
• Aquino Assassination
– August 21, 1983 – a China airlines jet brought back Sen. Benigno Aquino to Manila
International Airport
– Shot by a military assassin as he got down the plane

• Snap Elections
– February 7, 1986 – Marcos farce to call Snap Election
– Marcos declared as winner according to Commission on Elections
– According to NAMFREL (National Movement for Free Elections) Aquino won
• People Power Revolution
– February 22- 25, 1986 the Filipino People united in a peaceful, prayerful and successful
revolution to bring back democracy in the Philippines
– Started at Camp Aguinaldo, EDSA on Saturday February 22, 1986
– With Defense Secretary Juan Ponce Enrile and Deputy Chief of Staff Fidel V. Ramos
called press conference to announce they they no longer support President Marcos
– Cardinal Jaime Sin, Mrs. Aquino, Agapito “Butz” Aquino and other inspired volunteers to
protect the rebels in Camp Auinaldo
– The Appeal also went over Radio Veritas and a secret radio station with June Keithley.
– By the morning of Sunday, February 23, tens of thousands of eople men, women, and
children formed a human barricades along EDSA and nearby streets
People Power Revolution

– During the next 2 days more and more soldiers sided with the people
– Millions of people, rich and poor alike, went to the barricades
– President Marcos was finished. One the night of Tuesday, February 25, he and his
family and some friends left the country to Hawaii in a US Air Force jet
• The Aquino Government
– February 25, 1986 – Corazon Aquino took her oath of office a the New President of
the republic at Club Filipino, Greenhills, Metro Manila
– March 25, 1985 – she proclaimed a temporary “Freedom Constitution”
– She appointed delegates to a new constitutional Commission to make the new
constitution (Cecilia Muñoz Palma as President)
– February 2, 1987- the people voted yes for the adoption of constitution
– May 11, 1987 -new senators and congressmen were elected to the new Congress
– Local Government - was also retuned to democracy
– January 18, 1988- the people voted for new governors, mayors and councilors
– March 28, 1989 - the new barangay official were also elected

Fifth Philippine Republic (1986-present)
1986-1992 1992-1998 1998- 2001 2001-2010 2010-2016
2016-present

Era
Eleventh President of the Philippines
First President of the Fifth Republic
Inauguration February 25, 1986, Club Filipino, San Juan (aged 53)
Seat of Government City of Manila
Vice-President Salvador H. Laurel (1986-1992)
Chief Justice
Marcelo B. Fernan (July 1, 1988-December 6, 1991)
Pedro L. Yap (April 18, 1988-July 1, 1988)
Claudio Teehankee (April 2, 1986-April 18, 1988)
Ramon C. Aquino (November 20, 1985-March 6, 1986)
Senate President
Jovito Salonga (July 27, 1987-January 1, 1992)
Neptali Gonzales (January 1, 1992-June 30, 1992)
Speaker of the House Ramon V. Mitra Jr. (July 27, 1987-June 30, 1992)
Maria Corazon Cojuangco Aquino

• The return of Democracy, freedom and justice in the Philippines
• Partial recovery of the big sums of money stolen by Marcos and some
members of his family
• Stability of the government despite six successive military coups led by
loyalists forces of Marcos, reformist soldiers of Col. Gregorio Honasan and
separatist Mindanao hero Col. Alexander Noble
• Easier credit terms and better conditions of repayment
• Push back the communist New People’s Army rebels and arrest the top
communist leaders
• Passed the best agrarian reform
• Improved the image of the Philippines abroad
• Mobilized national and international aid for the victims of various
calamities
• Family Code of 1987 and 1191 Local Government Code

• was named “Woman of the Year” in 1986
by Time magazine
• first woman president of the Philippines
and Asia
• she abolished 1973 Marcos Constitution
brought the new Constitution of the
Philippines
• she reorganized the structure of the
executive branch of government
• she always initiated charitable and social
activities helping the poor and the needy
• she’s been cited as a modern-day Joan of
Arc by many
• she is in the new 500 peso bill together
with her husband Ninoy Aquino
• she has received great honors and
awards such as one of:
• 100 Women Who Shaped World History
• 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th
Century
• 65 Great Asian Heroes
• a recipient of J. William Fulbright Prize for
International Understanding

Era
Twelfth President of the Philippines
Second President of the Fifth Republic
Inauguration June 30, 1992, Quirino Grandstand, Manila (aged 64)
Vice-President Joseph Ejercito Estrada (June 30, 1992-June 30, 1998)
Chief Justice
Andres R. Narvasa (December 8, 1991-November 30,
1998)
Senate President
Neptali Gonzales (January 26, 1998-June 30, 1998;
August 29, 1995-October 10, 1996; January 1, 1992-
January 18, 1993)
Ernesto Maceda (October 10, 1996-January 26, 1998)
Eduardo J. Angara (January 18, 1993-August 29, 1995)
Speaker of the House Jose de Venecia (July 27, 1992-June 30, 1998)
Fidel Valdez Ramos

• Republic Act 7638 (Charter of the Department of Energy)
– This act was signed and implemented so that the department of energy would be
created.
• Republic Act 7648 (Electric Power Crisis)
– This act prescribes the measures that are necessary and proper to effectively address
the electric power crisis in our country.
• First RP-US Visiting Forces Agreement
– The effect of this agreement is that it allows the government of the United States to keep
the authority over their military personnel that are accused of committing crimes in the
Philippines.
• Republic Act 7832 (Anti-electricity and Electric Transmission
Lines/Materials Pilferage Act)
– This act penalizes theft and pilferage of electric lines and materials.
• Republic Act 8179
– This act further allows foreign investments. It supports Republic Act 7042, which
promotes foreign investments and prescribes the procedures and actions foreign
investors have to do when registering for a business in the Philippines.

• Deregulation and Privatization of Major Industries
• Protection of Migrant Workers (Republic Act 8042)
– which is also known as the Migrant Workers Act.
– This act protects Filipino workers abroad.
• Philippines 2000
– Peace and Stability
– Economic Growth and Development
– Energy and Power Generation
– Environmental Protection
– Streamlined Bureaucracy
– Agrarian Reform Program
– Restatement of the Death Penalty

• during his time, the Philippines was cited as Asia’s Next Economic Tiger
because he brought back economic growth
• the Philippines celebrated Centennial Independence in 1998
• he’s the only Filipino who received British Knighthood from the United
Kingdom, bestowed by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight Grand Cross of the
Order of St. Michael and St. George)
• he led the 4th APEC Summit held in the Philippines
• his “Philippines 2000” vision made the Philippine Stock Exchange one of
the best in the world in the mid-90s
• Death Penalty was reinstated at his time
• he signed peace talks and agreement with the MNLF

Era
Thirteenth President of the Philippines
Third President of the Fifth Republic
Inauguration
June 30, 1998, Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan
(aged 61)
Vice-President
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (June 30, 1998-January 20,
2001)
Chief Justice:
Hilario G. Davide (November 30, 1998-December 20,
2005)
Andres R. Narvasa (December 8, 1991-November 30,
1998)
Senate President
Aquilino Pimentel (November 13, 2000-June 30, 2001)
Franklin M. Drilon (July 12, 2000-November 13, 2000)
Blas Ople (June 29, 1999-July 12, 2000)
Marcelo H. Fernan (July 27, 1998-June 28, 1999)
Arnulfo T. Fuentabella (November 13, 2000-January 24,
2001)
Manuel Villar (July 27, 1998-November 13, 2000)
Joseph Marcelo Ejercito Estrada

Philippine-History.pptx

Recomendados

Recomendados

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

La actualidad más candente (20)

Similar a Philippine-History.pptx

Similar a Philippine-History.pptx (20)

Más de ThriciaSalvador

Más de ThriciaSalvador (12)

Último

Último (20)

Philippine-History.pptx