WebSocket or SignalR: which technology is better for your real-time web application? This comprehensive comparison covers everything from API and performance to scalability and security.

1. Home  Insights  WebSocket vs SignalR: An In-Depth Comparison
WebSocket vs SignalR: An In-Depth
Comparison
AUTHOR
Tien Nguyen
DATE
April 26, 2023
CATEGORY
Insights
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2. between the server and the client, you might be wondering which technology to use.
WebSocket and SignalR are two popular options that enable bidirectional and
persistent communication over the web. But how do they di몭er and which one is better
for your project?
In this article, I will compare WebSocket vs SignalR in terms of their API, ease of use,
performance, use cases, and more. I will also list the pros and cons of each technology
to help you choose the right one for your needs. By the end of this comparison, you will
have a clear understanding of WebSocket and SignalR and how to use them e몭ectively
in your web development projects.
So let’s get started!
What is WebSocket?
WebSocket is a protocol for bidirectional communication channels that operate over a
single TCP connection. This allows for simultaneous sending and receiving of data by
the server and the client. The IETF standardized WebSocket as RFC 6455 in 2011.
Compared to HTTP, which is a stateless and unidirectional protocol that requires the
Table of Contents
1. What is WebSocket?
2. What is SignalR?
3. Comparing WebSocket vs SignalR
4. API
5. Ease of Use
6. Flexibility
7. Performance
8. Scalability
9. Security
10. Compatibility
11. Use Cases
12. Pros and Cons of WebSocket
13. Pros and Cons of SignalR
14. Choosing the Right Technology
15. WebSocket and SignalR: Future Outlook
16. Conclusion
17. FAQs
Got it

3. client to initiate every request and the server to respond with a new connection,
WebSocket provides a standardized way for the server to push data to the client
without waiting for a request from the client. This solves the problem of real-time
applications that require constant and fast data exchange between the server and the
client. Additionally, WebSocket allows messages to be passed back and forth while
keeping the connection open, enabling a two-way ongoing conversation between the
client and the server.
WebSocket is compatible with HTTP and uses the HTTP Upgrade header to switch from
the HTTP protocol to the WebSocket protocol during the initial handshake. It can run
over HTTP ports 443 and 80, which are commonly used for secure and non-secure web
connections respectively. This makes WebSocket easy to use with existing web
infrastructure and 몭rewall settings.
The WebSocket API is simple and lightweight, enabling web applications to utilize the
protocol with JavaScript. A WebSocket connection is established by creating a new
WebSocket object with the URL of the server endpoint that supports WebSocket. For
example:
1. // Create a new WebSocket object
2. const ws = new WebSocket("ws://example.com/websocket");
3.
4. // Define event handlers for opening, closing, sending and
receiving messages
5. ws.onopen = function() {
6. // The connection is open and ready to communicate
7. console.log("WebSocket connection established");
8. };
9.
10. ws.onclose = function() {
11. // The connection is closed
12. console.log("WebSocket connection closed");
13. };
14.
15. ws.onmessage = function(event) {
16. // A message is received from the server
17. var data = event.data;
18. console.log("WebSocket message received: " + data);
19. };
20.
21. ws.onerror = function(error) {
22. // An error occurred during the communication
23. console.error("WebSocket error: " + error);
24. };
25.
26. // Send a message to the server

4. What is SignalR?
SignalR is an ASP.NET library that o몭ers free and open-source server-side code to send
asynchronous noti몭cations to client-side web applications. SignalR o몭ers real-time
web functionality that enables the server to send data to the client as soon as it
becomes available, without requiring a request from the client.
Similar to WebSocket, SignalR provides full-duplex and bidirectional communication
between the server and the client, but it also o몭ers additional features and bene몭ts
over WebSocket. For example:
Abstraction over transports: SignalR supports multiple transport methods, such
as WebSocket, Server-Sent Events, Long Polling, and Forever Frame, and
automatically detects the best available transport for each client. SignalR can work
with a wide range of browsers and devices, including those that do not support
WebSocket.
Connection management: SignalR transparently handles the creation,
maintenance, and disposal of connections for each client, supports connection
reconnection, and grouping of connections for broadcasting messages to speci몭c
clients or groups of clients.
27. ws.send("Hello, world!");

5. Hubs: SignalR uses a high-level API called hubs to enable server-to-client and
client-to-server remote procedure calls (RPC). Hubs support strongly-typed
parameters and return values, as well as asynchronous methods, streaming
methods, and model binding.
Protocol negotiation: SignalR supports two built-in protocols for serializing and
deserializing messages, JSON and MessagePack. SignalR negotiates with the client
to determine the best protocol to use for each connection.
SignalR o몭ers a 몭exible and straightforward API that enables web applications to use
this library with various languages and platforms, such as JavaScript, C#, Java, Swift,
Objective-C, etc. A new HubConnection object is created with the URL of the server
endpoint that supports SignalR to establish a SignalR connection. For example:
1. // Create a new HubConnection object
2. const connection = new signalR.HubConnectionBuilder()
3. .withUrl("/chatHub")
4. .build();
5.
6. // Define event handlers for opening, closing, sending and
receiving messages
7. connection.on("ReceiveMessage", function (user, message) {
8. // A message is received from the server
9. console.log(user + " says: " + message);
10. });
11.
12. connection.start().then(function () {
13. // The connection is open and ready to communicate
14. console.log("SignalR connection established");
15. }).catch(function (err) {
16. // An error occurred during the communication
17. console.error(err.toString());
18. });
19.
20. // Send a message to the server
21. connection.invoke("SendMessage", user, message).catch(function
(err) {
22. // An error occurred while sending the message
23. console.error(err.toString());
24. });

6. Comparing WebSocket vs SignalR
Here’s a table summarizing the key di몭erences between WebSocket and SignalR:
Aspect WebSocket SignalR
Ease of
Use
Low-level, requires more code,
more control
High-level, abstracted, less code,
hides some details
Flexibility More 몭exibility and control
Less 몭exibility and control, best
option chosen automatically
Performan
ce
Low latency, high throughput Reliable, scalable
Scalability
Direct and persistent
connection, resource
consumption, load balancing
issues
Abstracted and managed
connection, no persistent
connection, no load balancing issues
Security
Vulnerable to CSRF and CSWSH,
authentication and
authorization mechanisms
available
Multiple transport methods,
integrated with ASP.NET Core
Identity and Authorization
Compatibil
ity
Standardized and cross-
platform
Abstracted and cross-platform,
dependent on ASP.NET Core
In the upcoming sections, I will provide a detailed comparison of each aspect.
API
WebSocket and SignalR are both APIs for managing a connection between the server

7. and client and exchanging messages over it. However, they di몭er in how their APIs are
exposed and implemented.
WebSocket o몭ers a low-level API that is based on the WebSocket protocol. It consists of
two main parts: the WebSocket object and events.
The WebSocket object represents a connection between the server and client, with
methods for opening, closing, and sending messages.
WebSocket events are triggered by the WebSocket object when actions like
opening, closing, receiving messages, or encountering errors occur.
WebSocket does not provide any inbuilt connection management, message
serialization, or application-level protocols.
SignalR provides a high-level API that is based on hubs, logical groupings of methods
that can be invoked by the server or the client. Hubs also manage the connections
between the server and clients. SignalR’s two primary components are the
HubConnection object and the Hub class.
The HubConnection object represents a connection between the client and a hub
on the server. It has methods for starting, stopping, and invoking hub methods.
The Hub class is an abstract class that de몭nes methods for client or server calls,
connections, and groups.
SignalR provides features like connection management, message serialization, protocol
negotiation, and transport abstraction.
Ease of Use
WebSocket and SignalR di몭er in their ease of use. WebSocket’s low-level and 몭exible
API o몭ers more control over the connection and messages but requires more code to
handle various scenarios. In contrast, SignalR’s high-level and abstracted API simpli몭es
the connection and communication but hides some details and complexity.
With WebSocket, establishing and managing the connection requires more code on
both the client and server sides. The WebSocket object and handler must be created,
and opening, closing, sending, receiving, and error events must be handled.
Additionally, an application-level protocol for sending and receiving various types of
messages, such as text, binary, or JSON, must be implemented. Connection failure,

8. reconnection, authentication, authorization, and other scenarios must also be handled.
With SignalR, less code is required to establish and manage the connection between
the server and the client. A HubConnection object and a Hub class must be created
and the methods that can be invoked by either side must be de몭ned. SignalR handles
opening, closing, sending, receiving, and error events, and provides built-in features for
serializing and deserializing messages using JSON or MessagePack protocols. SignalR
also handles scenarios such as connection failure, reconnection, authentication,
authorization, etc.
Flexibility
WebSocket provides more 몭exibility and control over the connection and messages,
such as choosing the transport method, port, protocol, message format, encoding and
decoding method, error handling, security, and scalability.
SignalR provides less 몭exibility and control, abstracting away some of the details and
complexity of the underlying transport methods, ports, protocols, message formats,
encoding and decoding methods, error handling, security, and scalability. SignalR
makes decisions based on the best available option for each client and server
environment, making it easier to use but harder to customize.
Performance
WebSocket and SignalR have distinct performance characteristics. WebSocket excels in
low-latency and high-throughput data exchange, while SignalR is better at providing
reliable and scalable communication.
WebSocket surpasses SignalR in terms of latency and bandwidth by eliminating the
overhead of HTTP headers and supporting binary data transfer.
SignalR performs better than WebSocket in reliability and scalability, thanks to its
ability to support various transport methods and automatic transport selection. It also
handles connection management, reconnection, authentication, authorization,
grouping, and broadcasting.
WebSocket places more demand on server resources in terms of memory and CPU
usage compared to SignalR, as it maintains a persistent connection with each client.

9. SignalR, on the other hand, uses a connection pool to manage multiple connections
with each client, which requires fewer memory and CPU resources.
Scalability
WebSocket and SignalR face di몭erent challenges and have unique solutions for
scalability. WebSocket allows for a direct and persistent connection between the server
and client, but this can lead to increased resource consumption and complicated load
balancing. In contrast, SignalR provides an abstracted and managed connection
between the server and client, but introduces some overhead and relies on the Azure
SignalR Service.
WebSocket’s scalability challenge is due to its stateful and persistent nature.
Maintaining a WebSocket connection requires signi몭cant memory and CPU resources
on the server, which limits the number of concurrent connections a single server can
handle. Additionally, sticky sessions or session a몭nity is needed for load balancing,
which can limit 몭exibility and reliability.
There are solutions to mitigate WebSocket’s scalability challenges. One solution is to
use a dedicated WebSocket server or proxy to handle WebSocket connections and
communicate with the application server using a di몭erent protocol such as HTTP or
message queues. This reduces resource consumption on the application server and
decouples WebSocket logic from application logic. Another solution is to use a
distributed pub/sub system or message broker, which allows multiple servers to
subscribe and publish messages to di몭erent topics or channels. This enables
broadcasting messages to multiple clients across multiple servers without maintaining
direct connections.
SignalR, on the other hand, has a scalability advantage due to its abstracted and
managed nature. It does not maintain a persistent and stateful connection with each
client, instead using a connection pool to manage multiple connections with each
client. It also does not require sticky sessions or session a몭nity for load balancing,
increasing the 몭exibility and reliability of the load balancing strategy.
Despite SignalR’s scalability advantage, it does have limitations that may a몭ect its
scalability. For example, SignalR relies on the Azure SignalR Service for scaling out
across multiple servers or regions, which introduces overhead and dependency on the
Azure service. Additionally, SignalR does not support horizontal scaling for streaming
methods, which means that streaming methods can only be invoked from one server to
one client at a time, limiting the scalability of streaming scenarios that involve multiple

10. servers or clients.
Security
WebSocket and SignalR both pose security risks and have corresponding solutions.
WebSocket’s direct and persistent nature makes it vulnerable to cross-site WebSocket
hijacking (CSWSH) and cross-site request forgery (CSRF) attacks. On the other hand,
SignalR’s abstracted and managed connection inherits security issues and
dependencies.
WebSocket’s security solutions include using SSL/TLS encryption to prevent message
tampering and eavesdropping. Authentication and authorization mechanisms, such as
tokens, cookies, or certi몭cates, can also be implemented. SignalR’s security advantage
is that it supports multiple transport methods and automatically selects the best
transport available. SignalR also integrates with ASP.NET Core Identity and ASP.NET
Core Authorization to handle authentication and authorization.
Compatibility
WebSocket and SignalR both have their bene몭ts and drawbacks when it comes to
compatibility. WebSocket provides a standardized and cross-platform protocol that
works with any web server and client that supports it, while SignalR provides an
abstracted and cross-platform library that works with any web server and client that
supports ASP.NET Core.
WebSocket’s cross-platform nature is an advantage in terms of compatibility. As a
protocol de몭ned by the IETF as RFC 6455 and implemented by most modern web
servers and browsers, WebSocket also has a standardized API de몭ned by the W3C and
supported by most modern web browsers. This allows WebSocket to work with any web
server and client that supports the WebSocket protocol and API, regardless of the
programming language or platform.
However, WebSocket’s limited support and adoption is a drawback when it comes to
compatibility. As a relatively new technology, WebSocket is not supported by some
older web servers and browsers, and requires additional con몭guration and setup on the
web server side, such as enabling the WebSocket feature and opening the WebSocket
port.
SignalR is a library built on top of ASP.NET Core. It also has a 몭exible API that supports

11. various languages and platforms, such as JavaScript, C#, Java, Swift, and Objective-C.
As long as the web server and client support ASP.NET Core, SignalR can work with any
of them regardless of the transport method or language.
However, SignalR’s dependency on ASP.NET Core is a drawback when it comes to
compatibility. As a library that requires ASP.NET Core to run on the web server side,
SignalR cannot work with web servers or clients that do not support ASP.NET Core or
the Azure SignalR Service, which is necessary for scaling out across multiple servers or
regions.
Use Cases
WebSocket and SignalR are both useful for building real-time web applications, but
they have di몭erent strengths and weaknesses depending on the type and frequency of
data exchange between the server and the client.
WebSocket is a good choice for scenarios that require:
Fast and frequent data exchange between the server and the client, such as real-
time gaming, live video streaming, chat, or collaborative editing. WebSocket provides
a low-latency and high-throughput communication channel that enables e몭cient
and responsive data transfer without any overhead or delay.
Binary data transfer between the server and the client, such as images, audio, or
video. WebSocket allows for binary data transfer, which reduces the size of the
messages and improves the bandwidth.
Custom application-level protocols and logic for di몭erent types of messages and
scenarios. WebSocket is 몭exible and customizable, which allows for implementing
application-level protocols and extensions for additional functionality (such as
pub/sub messaging).
WebSocket is not a good choice for scenarios that require:
On-demand data exchange between the server and the client, such as web
browsing, form submission, or RESTful APIs. WebSocket requires a persistent
connection with each client, which consumes more resources and complicates load
balancing.
Data broadcast to multiple clients at once, such as noti몭cations, announcements, or
alerts. WebSocket requires more code and logic to handle di몭erent scenarios and
edge cases on both ends.

12. edge cases on both ends.
High security and reliability for the connection and the messages. WebSocket
exposes some vulnerabilities and limitations that require additional security
measures and con몭guration.
SignalR is a good choice for scenarios that require:
On-demand data exchange between the server and the client, such as web
browsing, form submission, or RESTful APIs. SignalR supports multiple transport
methods that can work with any web server and client that supports ASP.NET Core.
Data broadcast to multiple clients at once, such as noti몭cations, announcements, or
alerts. SignalR handles connection management, reconnection, authentication,
authorization, grouping, broadcasting, etc., for you.
Simple and easy communication between the server and the client using hubs and
methods. SignalR provides a high-level API that simpli몭es the communication
between the server and the client.
SignalR is not a good choice for scenarios that require:
Fast and frequent data exchange between the server and the client, such as real-
time gaming, live video streaming, chat, or collaborative editing. SignalR introduces
some overhead and dependency on the Azure SignalR Service for scaling out across
multiple servers or regions.
Binary data transfer between the server and the client, such as images, audio, or
video. SignalR does not support end-to-end encryption for messages, which means
that messages can be read or modi몭ed by intermediaries such as proxies or load
balancers.
Horizontal scaling for streaming methods between multiple servers or clients.
SignalR does not support horizontal scaling for streaming methods, which means
that streaming methods can only be invoked from one server to one client at a time.
Pros and Cons of WebSocket
WebSocket o몭ers several bene몭ts over HTTP-based techniques, such as:
Pros:
1. Reduced overhead of HTTP headers and improved latency due to WebSocket

13. eliminating the need for a new connection with every request.
2. Improved bandwidth and reduced message size due to WebSocket allowing for
binary data transfer.
3. Fast and e몭cient data transfer with no overhead or delay due to WebSocket
providing a direct and persistent connection between the server and the client.
4. Bidirectional communication allows the server to push data to the client without
being requested by the client, and vice versa.
5. Flexibility and customizability, which allows for implementing application-level
protocols and extensions for additional functionality.
WebSocket is suitable for applications that require small and frequent message
transfer, real-time gaming, live video streaming, chat, or collaborative editing.
Additionally, it can react quickly to an event or user action, such as live score updates,
GPS location tracking, live dashboards, or stock tickers. WebSocket supports multiple
transport methods, ports, protocols, message formats, encoding and decoding
methods, security mechanisms, and scalability strategies.
However, WebSocket has some disadvantages, such as:
Cons:
1. Limited support and adoption by some older web servers and browsers.
2. Additional con몭guration and setup required on the web server and client sides.
3. Vulnerabilities and limitations that require additional security measures and
con몭guration.
4. More resource consumption and complicated load balancing due to its persistent
and stateful nature.
WebSocket connections are susceptible to cross-site WebSocket hijacking (CSWSH)
attacks and cross-site request forgery (CSRF) attacks. WebSocket connections also
require SSL/TLS encryption, authentication, and authorization mechanisms. Each
WebSocket connection consumes memory and CPU resources on the server side,
limiting the number of concurrent connections that a single server can handle.
Additionally, WebSocket requires sticky sessions or session a몭nity for load balancing,
reducing the 몭exibility and reliability of the load balancing strategy.
Pros and Cons of SignalR

14. Pros of SignalR:
1. Supports multiple transport methods: SignalR can establish and maintain a
connection between the server and the client over WebSocket, Server-Sent Events,
Long Polling, and Forever Frame. SignalR automatically detects the best available
transport for each client and gracefully falls back to older transports if necessary.
This means that SignalR can work with a wide range of browsers and devices,
including those that do not support WebSocket.
2. Handles connection management: SignalR transparently handles the creation,
maintenance, and disposal of connections for each client. SignalR also supports
connection reconnection and grouping of connections for broadcasting messages
to speci몭c clients or groups of clients. SignalR also handles authentication and
authorization for the connections by integrating with ASP.NET Core Identity and
ASP.NET Core Authorization.
3. Uses a high-level API called hubs: Hubs enable server-to-client and client-to-
server remote procedure calls (RPC). Hubs allow the server and the client to call
methods on each other using strongly-typed parameters and return values. Hubs
also support asynchronous methods, streaming methods, and model binding.
4. Supports multiple protocols: SignalR supports two built-in protocols for serializing
and deserializing messages: JSON and MessagePack. JSON is a text-based protocol
that is widely used and supported by many platforms. MessagePack is a binary-
based protocol that produces smaller messages compared to JSON. SignalR
negotiates with the client to determine the best protocol to use for each
connection.
Cons of SignalR:
1. Requires ASP.NET Core and Azure SignalR Service: SignalR needs ASP.NET Core
to run on the web server side. Additionally, SignalR requires the Azure SignalR
Service for scaling out across multiple servers or regions. This introduces some
overhead and dependency on the ASP.NET Core framework and the Azure service,
which may not be available or suitable for some scenarios or environments.
2. Lack of end-to-end encryption: SignalR does not support end-to-end encryption
for messages, which means that messages can be read or modi몭ed by
intermediaries such as proxies or load balancers. This reduces the security and
privacy of the communication between the server and the client.
3. Horizontal scaling limitations: SignalR does not support horizontal scaling for

15. streaming methods, which means that streaming methods can only be invoked from
one server to one client at a time. This reduces the scalability and performance of
streaming scenarios that involve multiple servers or clients.
Choosing the Right Technology
WebSocket and SignalR are both useful technologies for building real-time web
applications, but they have di몭erent strengths and weaknesses depending on the type
and frequency of data exchange between the server and the client. Therefore,
choosing the right technology depends on the speci몭c requirements and constraints of
your application.
In summary, WebSocket is a good choice for scenarios that require:
Fast and frequent data exchange between the server and the client
Binary data transfer between the server and the client
Custom application-level protocols and logic for di몭erent types of messages and
scenarios
SignalR is a good choice for scenarios that require:
On-demand data exchange between the server and the client
Data broadcast to multiple clients at once
Simple and easy communication between the server and the client using hubs and
methods
WebSocket and SignalR: Future Outlook
WebSocket and SignalR are two popular and established technologies for developing
real-time web applications, with their own unique advantages and future prospects.
WebSocket is an IETF-de몭ned protocol that is widely supported by modern web servers
and browsers. It has a standardized API, which is supported by most web browsers,
making it stable and consistent. WebSocket’s future may include enhancements and
extensions like compression, multiplexing, and subprotocols.
SignalR is a 몭exible library built on top of ASP.NET Core that supports multiple
transport methods and provides a range of language and platform support. SignalR is

16. actively developed and maintained by Microsoft and the open-source community, so it
is expected to continue to evolve and improve. SignalR may also bene몭t from additional
features and integrations like Blazor WebAssembly support, Azure Functions support,
or gRPC-Web support.
Both WebSocket and SignalR are useful technologies for real-time web application
development, but their suitability for di몭erent data exchange scenarios may vary. The
choice between them depends on the speci몭c requirements and constraints of each
application. Both technologies are likely to remain relevant and popular in the future.
Conclusion
This article compared WebSocket and SignalR, two widely used technologies for
building real-time web applications. We discussed their features, strengths,
weaknesses, and use cases, and provided guidance on selecting the right technology
for your application.
WebSocket o몭ers low-latency and high-throughput communication, ideal for fast and
frequent data exchange, while SignalR provides reliable and scalable communication,
suitable for consistent and infrequent data exchange. Both technologies are expected
to remain relevant in the future, as they o몭er di몭erent solutions for di몭erent scenarios.
In addition to the comparison of WebSocket and SignalR, there are other articles that
can provide valuable insights for you choosing the right technology for your real-time
web applications:
gRPC vs WebSocket: Uncovering the Di몭erences
SignalR vs gRPC: Understanding the Di몭erences
SignalR vs RabbitMQ: An In-Depth Comparison for Choosing the Right Messaging
Tool
WebSocket vs Webhook: A Comprehensive Comparison Guide
If you have any questions or feedback, please leave a comment below. Thank you for
reading!
FAQs
Q: What is the di몭erence between WebSocket and SignalR?

17. A: WebSocket is a protocol that provides a persistent and bidirectional communication
channel between the server and the client. SignalR is a library that provides an
abstraction layer over WebSocket and other transport methods and simpli몭es the
communication between the server and the client using hubs and methods.
Q: When should I use WebSocket and when should I use SignalR?
A: You should use WebSocket when you need fast and frequent data exchange
between the server and the client, binary data transfer between the server and the
client, or custom application-level protocols and logic for di몭erent types of messages
and scenarios. You should use SignalR when you need on-demand data exchange
between the server and the client, data broadcast to multiple clients at once, or simple
and easy communication between the server and the client using hubs and methods.
Q: How do I enable WebSocket on my web server?
A: WebSocket requires some additional con몭guration and setup on the web server side,
such as enabling the WebSocket feature, opening the WebSocket port, or adding the
WebSocket handler. The exact steps depend on the type of web server you are using.
For example, if you are using IIS, you can follow this guide to enable WebSocket on IIS.
Q: How do I scale out my SignalR application?
A: SignalR requires the Azure SignalR Service for scaling out across multiple servers or
regions. The Azure SignalR Service is a fully managed service that handles all the
connection management, reconnection, authentication, authorization, grouping,
broadcasting, etc., for your SignalR application. You can follow this guide to scale out
your SignalR application using Azure SignalR Service.
Q: How do I secure my WebSocket or SignalR connection?
A: WebSocket and SignalR both support SSL/TLS encryption for securing the
connection between the server and the client. SSL/TLS encryption can be enabled by
using the scheme instead of the scheme for the WebSocket URL, or
by using HTTPS instead of HTTP for the SignalR URL. WebSocket and SignalR also
support authentication and authorization mechanisms for verifying the identity and
access rights of the clients. Authentication and authorization mechanisms can be
implemented by using HTTP headers or query parameters during the initial handshake,
or by using custom messages after the connection is established. For example, if you
wss:// ws://

18. are using ASP.NET Core Identity and ASP.NET Core Authorization, you can follow this
guide to authenticate and authorize your SignalR clients.
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