PHED 2022- Invitation to Health: Live It Now! Brief 9e

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An Invitation to Health: Building Your Future, Brief Edition, 9e
Dianne Hales
Major Diseases
10

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After reading this chapter, the student
should be able to:
• List the risk factors for cardiovascular
diseases
• Summarize the risks and signs of
metabolic syndrome
• Explain the impact and treatment of
diabetes
Objectives

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• Discuss the risk factors and management
of hypertension
• Specify the effects and management of
blood cholesterol levels
• Outline the patterns and consequences of
cardiovascular diseases
Objectives (cont’d.)

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• Identify the risk factors and common
causes of strokes
• Review the causes, risk factors, and types
of cancer
• Describe the agents of infection and their
effects on human health
Objectives (cont’d.)

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• Risk factors
– Overweight/obesity
– Body fat
– Waist circumference
– Physical inactivity
– Tobacco use
– High blood pressure
– Blood glucose and cholesterol
– Family history, race, and age
Your Cardiometabolic Health

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• Cluster of disorders of body’s metabolism
• Risk factors
– Large waist circumference
– High triglyceride level
– Lower than normal HDL level
– Higher than normal fasting blood sugar
• Obese people who lose seven to ten
percent of body weight
– May reverse metabolic syndrome risk
Metabolic Syndrome

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• Insulin secretion deficient or nonexistent
– Result: glucose unable to enter body cells
– Unused glucose passes through kidneys and
out of the body in urine
• Insulin resistance
– Body produces insulin but does not use it
properly
• Prediabetes
– Indicated by higher than normal blood glucose
Diabetes

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• Elevated blood pressure over time
– Stage 1
• Systolic pressure from 140 to 159
• Diastolic pressure from 90 to 99
– Stage 2
• Systolic pressure 160 or higher
• Diastolic pressure 100 or higher
• Can cause deterioration of the heart,
brain, and kidneys
– Family history has an influence
Hypertension

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• Total cholesterol
• LDL (bad) cholesterol
– Builds up plaque in the arteries
• HDL (good) cholesterol
– Helps prevent cholesterol buildup
• Triglycerides
– Blood fats released into the bloodstream after
a meal
Your Lipoprotein Profile

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• Reduction of blood flow to the heart
• Affects more than 65 million Americans
• Young athletes face special risk
– Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
• Excessive heart muscle thickness that causes
dangerous irregularities
• Psychological risk factors for heart disease
– Depression, anger, and “type A” personality
Cardiovascular (Heart) Disease

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• Coronary artery disease
– Impairment of blood flow through the vessels
• Atherosclerosis
– Plaque buildup in arteries
– Can produce angina (chest pain)
• Heart attack (myocardial infarction)
– Affects 1.5 million Americans yearly
– Symptoms include chest pain, anxiety,
sweating, and shortness of breath
Crises of the Heart

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• Blocked blood supply to the brain
• Ranks as third most prevalent cause of
death in the U.S.
– 80 percent are preventable with lifestyle
modification
• Many risk factors exist
• Types of stroke
– Ischemic
– Hemorrhagic
Stroke

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• Uncontrolled growth and spread of
abnormal cells
– Without treatment, cancer cells crowd out and
replace healthy cells
• Cancer cells may metastasize, or spread
to other parts of the body
• One-third of cancers related to tobacco
use
• Heredity is a factor
Cancer

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• Triggered by various pathogens
– Countered by body’s natural defenses
• Viruses
– Cause colds, flu, herpes, hepatitis and AIDS
• Bacteria
– Most plentiful in the body but can also be
most pathogenic
• Fungi
– Example: athlete’s foot caused by fungus
Infectious Diseases

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• Skin
– Keeps out most potential invaders
• White blood cells (lymphocytes)
– Consume antigens
• Human body produces antibodies against
specific antigens
– After a vaccine or fighting an infection
• Stress response dampens immunity
How Your Body Protects Itself

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• Common cold
– Can strike any time of year
– Rhinoviruses tend to cause more symptoms
above the neck
– Adenoviruses tend to affect trachea and
bronchi
• Cold viruses spread by coughs, sneezes,
and touch
• Antibiotics not effective against colds
Upper Respiratory Infections

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• Attacks membranes around brain and
spinal cord
– Can result in hearing loss, kidney failure, and
brain damage
– Most common in first year of life
• Can be prevented by vaccination
• Symptoms
– Sudden, high fever
– Severe, persistent headache
Meningitis

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• Five different viruses
• Hepatitis A
– Less serious
– Transmitted by poor sanitation
• Hepatitis B
– Potentially fatal disease
– Transmitted through blood and body fluids
• Hepatitis C
– Blood transfusion or drug use
Hepatitis

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• Lyme disease
– Spread by ticks
– Treated with antibiotics
• West Nile virus
– Transmitted by mosquitos and other methods
– Causes inflammation of brain tissue
• MRSA
– Resistant to antibiotics
Insect- and Animal-Borne Infections