A presentation on teacher supply and demand for the MAIED program, looking at the policy questions

1. Teacher supply and demand, and
school access task team
Asia group
27th January
EPGD

2. Teacher Supply and Demand
Factors for teacher supply :
-teachers training institution output capacity
- stocks and flows of qualified and unqualified teachers
- training for teachers in the system.
- workforce changes in future years
-demography, budget
- teacher migration in (from abroad or private sector)
Factors for teacher demand:
-demographics of current teachers/students
- teacher retirement age and age distribution
- TPR and subject shortages
- teacher attrition and migration out(to abroad or private sector)
- effects of conflict or HIV / AIDs
- ghost teachers

3. Teacher Supply and Demand
Projections of learner enrolment and supply needs:
- NER
-GER
- population growth & mortality under 5
- primary completion rates
- ASER
Planning issues for teacher supply and demand
-authority of teacher hiring & redeployment?
-balance of teachers deployment between urban and rural
schools
-system of teacher salaries and funding

4. Equity and Access
Indicators for access and equity:
Government data for:
- completion and enrolment rates
- Zones of exclusion and ASER
- PTR and attendance
- Achievement levels
Disaggregate all data by
gender, race, caste, region, etc

5. Equity and Access
Planning and resolving issues of equity and access
Finance:
-school level or the district level?
-barriers to access
-redistribution of money, resources, teachers
-funding formula or school budget
Infrastructure and physical facilities:
-equitable allocation of investment in schools/classrooms, upgrading
Within education:
Assessment methods
Quality and equity principals in curriculum

6. Implementation of research
Methodology
-consult stakeholders
-literature review
-1 to 2 years
What kind of information and data?
-Data from human resource management, census
surveys, household surveys, unemployment
levels, education payroll, five or ten year reports
on trends, UIS, governments, international
orgs, schools, PRSP, NGOs reports.

7. General planning issues
-political: eg election cycle
-social and cultural: eg gender differences
-economic: eg funding
-global: eg MDG

8. Example recommendations
• Teacher Supply, Demand and
Utilisation recommendations
• Reform or invest in teacher education
• Equal opportunity employment
• Extension of retirement age
• Incentives to bring teachers back from
workforce or abroad or to stay in
schools or to work rurally
• Appropriate assessment of teachers
• Higher salaries
• Increase para-teachers
• Assurance of employment
• Remove ghost teachers
• In-service training / upskillling
• Distance education and ICT’s
• Teaching assistants
• Access and Equity recommendations
• Invest in quality of education and curriculum
reform and materials
• Conditional cash transfers
• Vouchers
• Scholarships
• Build more schools
• Flexible teaching timetables and non-formal or
second chance education
• Partnerships with private sectors / community
NGO’s
• Free school meals
• Language policy change to mother tongue in early
years
• ECCE investment
• Gender sensitive pedagogy
• National fund to balance inequitable funding
• Distance learning and education for special needs
• Collaboration mechanisms between
health, welfare and social aid sectors
• Multigrade teaching
• Decentralisation
• TVET projects