2. Cancer is 100+ different diseases Each type of cancer shares one thing in common: unchecked growth toward limitless expansion
3. Most common cancers: carcinomas cancer of cells that cover body surfaces Lung Breast (women) Skin Colon Bladder Prostate (men)
4. Leukemias, lymphomas & sarcomas Leukemias: Bloodstream Lymphomas: Lymph nodes & immune system tissues Some common sarcomas: Fat Bone Muscle
5. Cancer names relate to location Prefix Meaning adeno- gland chondro- cartilage erythro- red blood cell hemangio- blood vessels hepato- liver lipo- fat lympho- lymphocyte melano- pigment cell myelo- bone marrow myo- muscle osteo- bone
6. All cancer starts the same way cells lose their normal ability to die, so they can keep multiplying without any limit
7. Normal tissue balances new cell growth and old cell death 1. Cells divide 3. Apoptosis, or cell suicide 2. Cell is damaged & can’t be repaired
8. If apoptosis fails, the balance is disrupted cells divide and grow out of control Fourth orlater mutation Third mutation Second mutation First mutation Uncontrolled growth
9. Take your skin, for example normal growth control Dead cells shed from outer surface One basal cell migrates to the epidermis and loses its ability to divide Epidermis Cells in basal layer divide into 2 cells. One stays and keeps dividing. Dermis
10. Skin cancer starts with too many cells Cells in basal layer divide into 2 cells. Both can divide, leading to more dividing cells. Underlying tissue
11. Which become tumors (neoplasms) Gradual increase in the number of dividing cells creates a growing mass of tissue called a tumor or neoplasm. Normal organization of tissue becomes disrupted over time. Underlying tissue
12. Which can invade and metastasize how cancer spreads 1 Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and blood vessels 2 Cancer cells are transported by the circulatory system to distant sites 3 Cancer cells reinvade and grow at new location
13. Only malignant tumors are cancer Malignant (cancer) cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites Benign (not cancer) tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis Time
14. Cancer is dangerous when it spreads to other parts of the body and disrupts how they work Brain Melanoma cells travel through bloodstream Liver Melanoma(initial tumor)
20. guanine [G]ATCG combine in different orders to create the gene’s message, like letters make words and sentences. Chemical bases A T C G
21. Mutations are like typos in the base sequence A G C T A A C T A C DNA Normal gene A G C G A A C T A C Single base change A G G C G C T A A C A C T Additions C T A G A A C T A C Deletions
22. 3 kinds of genes are involved in cancer Oncogenes Act like a stuck gas pedal, making the cell divide and multiply faster and faster. Tumor suppressor genes Act like brakes on cell growth, unless they are mutated. DNA repair genes Fix broken genes, unless they are mutated.
23. They disrupt the growth-signaling pathway Inactive intracellular signaling protein Inactive growth factor receptor Signaling protein from active oncogene Activated gene regulatory protein Transcription Cell proliferation driven by internal oncogene signaling
24. 3 kinds of genes are involved in cancer Oncogenes Act like a stuck gas pedal, making the cell divide and multiply faster and faster. Tumor suppressor genes Act like brakes on cell growth, unless they are mutated. DNA repair genes Fix broken genes, unless they are mutated.
25. Mutated, lost and inactivated tumor suppressor genes can allow cancer to start Normal cell Normal genes prevent cancer Remove or inactivate tumor suppressor genes Cancer cell Damage to both genes leads to cancer Mutated/inactivated tumor suppressor genes
26. 3 kinds of genes are involved in cancer Oncogenes Act like a stuck gas pedal, making the cell divide and multiply faster and faster. Tumor suppressor genes Act like brakes on cell growth, unless they are mutated. DNA repair genes Fix broken genes, unless they are mutated.
27. Mutated DNA repair genes allow more mutations to accumulate and cancer to start Normal DNA repair T C A G C Base pair mismatch No cancer T C A T C A G T C G T C A T C T C A T C A G T C G Cancer A G T G A G T A G No DNA repair
28. What can cause gene mutations? These things: Some viruses or bacteria Radiation Some chemicals Heredity Diet Hormones
33. Cancer risk increases as you get older more time = more accumulated gene mutations 400 300 200 100 Colon Breast Number of Cancer Cases (per 100,000 people) A 75-year-old is 100x more likely to get cancer than a 25-year-old 0 20406080 Age of Person (in years)
34. So, how can you prevent cancer? Avoid the things that cause changes in your cells’ genes! Carcinogenic chemicals Carcinogenic radiation Cancer viruses or bacteria
35. Don’t use tobacco (cigarettes & chew) Lung Cancer Risk Increases with Cigarette Consumption 15x 10x 5x Lung Cancer Risk 0 15 30 Non-smoker Cigarettes Smoked per Day
36. Don’t drink a lot of alcohol & smoke Heavy smokers or drinkers have 6 times the risk of esophagus cancer as people who don’t smoke or drink. People who smoke AND drink have 40 times the risk as people who don’t smoke or drink. 40x 30x 20x 10x Risk Increase Alcoholic Drinks Consumed per Day AND Packs of Cigarettes Consumed per Day
38. Limit the amount of meat & fat you eat Studies show eating a lot of it increases risk of certain cancers Correlation Between Meat Consumption and Colon Cancer Rates in Different Countries 40 30 Number of Cases (per 100,000 people) 20 10 0 300 200 100 80 Grams (per person per day)
39. Eat lots of fruits & veggies Studies show it lowers your cancer risk
