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Wax Pattern
• Wax Pattern
=
precursor of cast restoration
• Final restoration can be no better than its wax pattern
Wax Patterns
FABRICATION:
1. Direct technique
2. Indirect technique

WAX PATTERNS

WAXES:
ANSI/ADA Specification No.4
• Type I
• Type II

=
=

intraoral,
extraoral,

melting temp
melting temp
Inlay Waxes
Requirements of a good inlay wax:
1. Can flow easily when heated, without chipping, flaking, or
loosing its smoothness.
2. Rigid when cool.
3. Can be carved precisely without chipping, distorting or
smearing.
4. Color must contrast with the stone die (Blue, red, green).
Wax is thermoplastic - distortion !!! - how to control
The wax pattern should be stored on the lubricated die and invested
as soon as possible after fabrication.

Cast and Die Preparation
• Working cast and opposing cast are
Correctly mounted on an articulator.
• Preparation finish line is outlined in
Red pencil (Very fine red line).
• Die hardening agent is applied to the
Finish line area to protect it from
Abrasion (Thin layer, less than 10
Micron).
• Die relief agent is painted on the preparation
portion of the die, 0.5 mm short of the finish line.
• 2 coast is usually necessary to achieve the desired 20-40
micron relief.
• Proximal contact surfaces of the adjacent teeth are lightly
scraped and protected with due hardening agent.
• Die lubricant coated over the die and allowed to soak for
several minutes.
Wax pattern fabrication
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Coping fabrication.
Axial contours
Emergence profile
Occlusal morphology
Margin finishing

Armamentarium
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Pkt (Thomas) waxing instruments No.s 1 to 5.
Wax spatula.
Sable brush.
Inlay wax
Zinc stearate powder
Die lubricant
Coping fabrication
The coping is a thin structure closely adapted to the prepared area
of the die, and serves as a foundation for the axial contours and
occlusal morphology of the wax pattern.
The coping can be formed using:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Inlay wax
Heated resin material
Vacuum-adopted polystyrene
Pressure-formed polyprophlene

Axial contours
The proximal contacts (mesial & distal) and the facial and lingual
axial contours of the wax pattern, are waxed up onto the finished
coping.
A)

Proximal contacts:
• Occlusogingival location:
 Occlusal third of the other posterior crown.
 Maxillary first and second molar in the middle
third.
• Faciolingual location:
 Facial aspect of the middle of the posterior teeth.
 Maxillary first and second molar centered
faciolingually.
Axial contours
B)

Facial and lingual contours
In harmony with the normally positioned, adjacent teeth.

Axial contour
C)

Height of contour (Maximum prominence of a surface)
• Facial surface of posterior teeth:
 Occurs in the cervical third.
 Extends approximately 0.5 mm (beyond the
cementoenamel junction)
• Lingual surface of maxillary posterior teeth:
 Occurs in the middle third.
 Extends approximately 0.5 mm mandibular 1st
premolar.
 Extends approximately 0.75mm on mandibular
2nd premolar.
 Extends approximately 1 mm on mandibular
molars.
Axial contour
d)

Emergence profile:
• The part of the axial contour which extends from the
gingival sulcus to the height of contour. It must be
straight profile in the gingival third of the axial surface.
• This will assist the cleaning efficiency of the toothbrush
and floss.
Over contour/Undercontour

Occlusal morphology
The occlusal morphology of the wax pattern is waxed up when axial
contours are essentially complete.
The occlusal scheme can be classified by the location of the occlusal
contact made by the functional cusp on the opposing tooth in centric
relation.
Two types:
1. Cusp-fossa.
2. Cusp-marginal ridge.
Classification of occlusal arranements
Type

Cusp-Fossa

Cusp-Marginal Ridge

Location of occlusal
contact in opposing
teeth
Relation withopposing
tooth/teeth
Advantages

Occlusal fossae only

Marginal ridges and
occlusal fossae

Tooth-to-tooth

Tooth-to-two teetch

Occlusal forces are directed
parallel with the long axis of
the tooth. These forces are near
the centre of the tooth-placing
little lateral stress on the tooth.
Rarely found in natural
occlusion, and so can only be
used when restoring several
contacting teeth and the teeth
which oppose them
Full mouth reconstruction

Most natural type of
occlusion, found in 95%
of adults. Ca be used for
single cast restorations.

Disadvantages

Application

Food packing and
displacement of teeth
may arise if a functional
cusp wedges into a
lingual embrasure.
Most cast restoration
done in daily practice.

Cusp-marginal ridge arrangement
MANDIBULAR BUCCAL CUSPS
1st Premolar
2nd Premolar
2nd Premolar
Mesiobuccal cusp of 1st molar
Distobuccal cusp of 1st molar
Distal cusp of 1st molar
Mesiobuccal cusp of 2nd molar
Distobuccal cusp of 2nd molar
Distal cusp of 2nd molar

MAXILLARY OCCLUSAL SURFACE
Mesial marginal ridge of 1st premolar
Distal marginal ridge of 1st premolar
Distal marginal ridge of 1st premolar
Distal marginal ridge of 2nd premolar and
mesial marginal ridge of 1st molar
Central fossa of a 1st molar
(Usually nonfunctional)
Distal marginal ridge of 1st molar and
mesial marginal ridge of 2nd molar
Central fossa of 2nd molar
Usually not present.
Cusp-marginal ridge arrangement

A.
B.

Cusp-Fossa
Cusp-Marginal Ridge

Functional waxing of the occlusal morphology

• The occlusal morphology of posterior teeth can be waxed up by
adding wax in six specific and progressive stages. Wax additive
technique
Color coded inlay can be sued for visual convenience.
• The six stages of functional occlusal waxing are:
 Cones (cusp positions)
PKT NO.1

yellow wax.

 Marginal & cusp ridges
Pkts No.1

Blue wax.

 Buccal & lingual ridges
Pkt No.1

Red wax

 Axial contours
Pkt. No. 1 & 4.

Green wax.

 Triangular ridges
Pkt. No.1

Red wax

 Supplemental anatomy
Pkt. No. 1,3 & 5.

Green wax.

Cusp-marginal ridge for mandibular teeth
• The iocclusal morphology of the wax pattern is waxed up when
axial contours are essentially complete.

Cusp-marginal ridge for mandibular teeth.

Cones for buccal cusp: Pkt. No.1
Junction of buccal one-third and lingual two-thirds of mandibular
teeth.
Mesiodistally in line with opposing fossae or marginal ridge.
Length of mandibular cus determined by contact in the fossa or on
the marginal ridges of the maxillary teeth.
Cusp-marginal ridge for mandibular teeth.

Cones for buccal cusp : Pkt No.1
Junction of buccal one-third and lingual two – thirds of mandibular
teeth.
Mesiodistally in line with opposing fossae or marginal ridge.
Length of mandibular cusp determined by contact in the fossa or on
the marginal ridges of the maxillary teeth.

Cusp – marginal ridge for mandibular teeth.
Buccal ridges: Pkt No.1
Buccal ridges from the tip for the cone to its base and will produced
the outline of the final contour of thebuccal surface.
Check in centric and lateral excursions and make sure that it is not
overcontoured.

Cusp marginal ridge for mandibular teeth
Mesial and distal cusp ridges: PKT No. 1
Add mesial and distal ridges to the buccal cusp and complete buccal
contours by blending these ridges into the buccal surface.
Check the inclines of the new ridges for compatibility by moving the
articulator through excursions
Cusp marginal ridge for mandibular teeth
Triangular ridges: PKT No.1
Add triangular ridges to the buccal cusp.The base of these triangular
ridges should form the central groove of the occlusal surface. The
ridges should be convex to insure optimal contact with opposing
teeth.
Cusp marginal ridge for mandibular teeth
Cones for lingual cusp: PKT No. 1
Position the cones for lingual cusp(non functional)
Placed as far lingually as possible to prevent working side
interferences.
The lingual cusp should be shorter than the buccal cusp.
Cusp marginal ridge for mandibular teeth
Triangular ridges: PKT No. 1
Add ridges to form lingual outline of the lingual contour.
Broad based triangular ridges with the PKT No. 1 and will converge
slightly toward the central fossa.
The contacts formed by each of the opposing cusp should form a
tripod configuration
Cusp marginal ridge for mandibular teeth
Marginal ridges: PKT No. 1
Form marginal ridges by joining the buccal and lingual cusp ridges.
Smooth all grooves and fossae with PKT No. 3.
Round and finish the ridges with the PKT No. 5.
Cusp marginal ridge for mandibular teeth

Margin finishing
Remove wax pattern from die and re-lubricate the die
Place wax pattern on freshly lubricated die
Re-melt the entire margin with hot PKT No. 1. Add wax on the
margin and carve precisely upto the margin with PKT No. 4.
Check the margin carefully for the following discrepancies:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Overwaxed margins
Short margins
Ripples
Thick margins
Open margins
Wax pattern

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Wax pattern

  • 1. Wax Pattern • Wax Pattern = precursor of cast restoration • Final restoration can be no better than its wax pattern
  • 2. Wax Patterns FABRICATION: 1. Direct technique 2. Indirect technique WAX PATTERNS WAXES: ANSI/ADA Specification No.4 • Type I • Type II = = intraoral, extraoral, melting temp melting temp
  • 3. Inlay Waxes Requirements of a good inlay wax: 1. Can flow easily when heated, without chipping, flaking, or loosing its smoothness. 2. Rigid when cool. 3. Can be carved precisely without chipping, distorting or smearing. 4. Color must contrast with the stone die (Blue, red, green). Wax is thermoplastic - distortion !!! - how to control The wax pattern should be stored on the lubricated die and invested as soon as possible after fabrication. Cast and Die Preparation • Working cast and opposing cast are Correctly mounted on an articulator. • Preparation finish line is outlined in Red pencil (Very fine red line). • Die hardening agent is applied to the Finish line area to protect it from Abrasion (Thin layer, less than 10 Micron). • Die relief agent is painted on the preparation portion of the die, 0.5 mm short of the finish line.
  • 4. • 2 coast is usually necessary to achieve the desired 20-40 micron relief. • Proximal contact surfaces of the adjacent teeth are lightly scraped and protected with due hardening agent. • Die lubricant coated over the die and allowed to soak for several minutes.
  • 5. Wax pattern fabrication 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Coping fabrication. Axial contours Emergence profile Occlusal morphology Margin finishing Armamentarium 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Pkt (Thomas) waxing instruments No.s 1 to 5. Wax spatula. Sable brush. Inlay wax Zinc stearate powder Die lubricant
  • 6. Coping fabrication The coping is a thin structure closely adapted to the prepared area of the die, and serves as a foundation for the axial contours and occlusal morphology of the wax pattern. The coping can be formed using: 1. 2. 3. 4. Inlay wax Heated resin material Vacuum-adopted polystyrene Pressure-formed polyprophlene Axial contours The proximal contacts (mesial & distal) and the facial and lingual axial contours of the wax pattern, are waxed up onto the finished coping. A) Proximal contacts: • Occlusogingival location:  Occlusal third of the other posterior crown.  Maxillary first and second molar in the middle third. • Faciolingual location:  Facial aspect of the middle of the posterior teeth.  Maxillary first and second molar centered faciolingually.
  • 7. Axial contours B) Facial and lingual contours In harmony with the normally positioned, adjacent teeth. Axial contour C) Height of contour (Maximum prominence of a surface) • Facial surface of posterior teeth:  Occurs in the cervical third.  Extends approximately 0.5 mm (beyond the cementoenamel junction) • Lingual surface of maxillary posterior teeth:  Occurs in the middle third.  Extends approximately 0.5 mm mandibular 1st premolar.  Extends approximately 0.75mm on mandibular 2nd premolar.  Extends approximately 1 mm on mandibular molars.
  • 8. Axial contour d) Emergence profile: • The part of the axial contour which extends from the gingival sulcus to the height of contour. It must be straight profile in the gingival third of the axial surface. • This will assist the cleaning efficiency of the toothbrush and floss. Over contour/Undercontour Occlusal morphology The occlusal morphology of the wax pattern is waxed up when axial contours are essentially complete. The occlusal scheme can be classified by the location of the occlusal contact made by the functional cusp on the opposing tooth in centric relation. Two types: 1. Cusp-fossa. 2. Cusp-marginal ridge.
  • 9. Classification of occlusal arranements Type Cusp-Fossa Cusp-Marginal Ridge Location of occlusal contact in opposing teeth Relation withopposing tooth/teeth Advantages Occlusal fossae only Marginal ridges and occlusal fossae Tooth-to-tooth Tooth-to-two teetch Occlusal forces are directed parallel with the long axis of the tooth. These forces are near the centre of the tooth-placing little lateral stress on the tooth. Rarely found in natural occlusion, and so can only be used when restoring several contacting teeth and the teeth which oppose them Full mouth reconstruction Most natural type of occlusion, found in 95% of adults. Ca be used for single cast restorations. Disadvantages Application Food packing and displacement of teeth may arise if a functional cusp wedges into a lingual embrasure. Most cast restoration done in daily practice. Cusp-marginal ridge arrangement MANDIBULAR BUCCAL CUSPS 1st Premolar 2nd Premolar 2nd Premolar Mesiobuccal cusp of 1st molar Distobuccal cusp of 1st molar Distal cusp of 1st molar Mesiobuccal cusp of 2nd molar Distobuccal cusp of 2nd molar Distal cusp of 2nd molar MAXILLARY OCCLUSAL SURFACE Mesial marginal ridge of 1st premolar Distal marginal ridge of 1st premolar Distal marginal ridge of 1st premolar Distal marginal ridge of 2nd premolar and mesial marginal ridge of 1st molar Central fossa of a 1st molar (Usually nonfunctional) Distal marginal ridge of 1st molar and mesial marginal ridge of 2nd molar Central fossa of 2nd molar Usually not present.
  • 10. Cusp-marginal ridge arrangement A. B. Cusp-Fossa Cusp-Marginal Ridge Functional waxing of the occlusal morphology • The occlusal morphology of posterior teeth can be waxed up by adding wax in six specific and progressive stages. Wax additive technique Color coded inlay can be sued for visual convenience. • The six stages of functional occlusal waxing are:  Cones (cusp positions) PKT NO.1 yellow wax.  Marginal & cusp ridges Pkts No.1 Blue wax.  Buccal & lingual ridges Pkt No.1 Red wax  Axial contours Pkt. No. 1 & 4. Green wax.  Triangular ridges Pkt. No.1 Red wax  Supplemental anatomy Pkt. No. 1,3 & 5. Green wax. Cusp-marginal ridge for mandibular teeth
  • 11. • The iocclusal morphology of the wax pattern is waxed up when axial contours are essentially complete. Cusp-marginal ridge for mandibular teeth. Cones for buccal cusp: Pkt. No.1 Junction of buccal one-third and lingual two-thirds of mandibular teeth. Mesiodistally in line with opposing fossae or marginal ridge. Length of mandibular cus determined by contact in the fossa or on the marginal ridges of the maxillary teeth.
  • 12. Cusp-marginal ridge for mandibular teeth. Cones for buccal cusp : Pkt No.1 Junction of buccal one-third and lingual two – thirds of mandibular teeth. Mesiodistally in line with opposing fossae or marginal ridge. Length of mandibular cusp determined by contact in the fossa or on the marginal ridges of the maxillary teeth. Cusp – marginal ridge for mandibular teeth. Buccal ridges: Pkt No.1 Buccal ridges from the tip for the cone to its base and will produced the outline of the final contour of thebuccal surface. Check in centric and lateral excursions and make sure that it is not overcontoured. Cusp marginal ridge for mandibular teeth Mesial and distal cusp ridges: PKT No. 1 Add mesial and distal ridges to the buccal cusp and complete buccal contours by blending these ridges into the buccal surface. Check the inclines of the new ridges for compatibility by moving the articulator through excursions
  • 13. Cusp marginal ridge for mandibular teeth Triangular ridges: PKT No.1 Add triangular ridges to the buccal cusp.The base of these triangular ridges should form the central groove of the occlusal surface. The ridges should be convex to insure optimal contact with opposing teeth. Cusp marginal ridge for mandibular teeth Cones for lingual cusp: PKT No. 1 Position the cones for lingual cusp(non functional) Placed as far lingually as possible to prevent working side interferences. The lingual cusp should be shorter than the buccal cusp. Cusp marginal ridge for mandibular teeth Triangular ridges: PKT No. 1 Add ridges to form lingual outline of the lingual contour. Broad based triangular ridges with the PKT No. 1 and will converge slightly toward the central fossa. The contacts formed by each of the opposing cusp should form a tripod configuration Cusp marginal ridge for mandibular teeth Marginal ridges: PKT No. 1
  • 14. Form marginal ridges by joining the buccal and lingual cusp ridges. Smooth all grooves and fossae with PKT No. 3. Round and finish the ridges with the PKT No. 5. Cusp marginal ridge for mandibular teeth Margin finishing Remove wax pattern from die and re-lubricate the die Place wax pattern on freshly lubricated die Re-melt the entire margin with hot PKT No. 1. Add wax on the margin and carve precisely upto the margin with PKT No. 4. Check the margin carefully for the following discrepancies: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Overwaxed margins Short margins Ripples Thick margins Open margins