On 28 October UKCCSRC Director Jon Gibbins and ECR member Rudra Kapila spoke at a meeting with the University of Edinburgh 'Engineers Without Borders' group. This focused on CCS applications in developing countries, where Rudra's practical experience of CCS engagement in India and wider climate negotiations was particularly relevant. While CCS was a somewhat unusual topic for EWB the shared concerns about dangerous climate change made for a very interesting discussion.

1. The UKCCSRC is supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council as part of the Research Councils UK Energy Programme
Engineers Without Borders Meeting
Edinburgh
Tuesday 28 October 2014
Progressing CCS
Jon Gibbins
Director, UK CCS Research Centre
Professor of Power Plant Engineering and Carbon Capture
University of Edinburgh
www.ukccsrc.ac.uk
jon@ukccsrc.ac.uk

2. About the UKCCSRC
The UK Carbon Capture and Storage Research Centre (UKCCSRC) leads and coordinates a programme of underpinning research on all aspects of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in support of basic science and UK government efforts on energy and climate change.
The Centre brings together around 250 of the UK’s world-class CCS academics and provides a national focal point for CCS research and development.
Initial core funding for the UKCCSRC is provided by £10M from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) as part of the RCUK Energy Programme. This is complemented by £3M in additional funding from the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) to help establish new open-access national pilot-scale facilities (www.pact.ac.uk). Partner institutions have contributed £2.5M.
www.ukccsrc.ac.uk

3. IPCC Climate Change 2013 'The Physical Science Basis'
http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/

4. Fraction of C stored must rise from zero to 100%
Myles R. Allen, David J. Frame & Charles F. Mason, The case for mandatory sequestration, Nature Geoscience 2, 813 - 814 (2009), doi:10.1038/ngeo709
500
600 700 800 900 1000
Emissions (billion tonnes of C)
Fraction of fossil
fuel emissions
captured and stored
The prime climate objective is not to end the use of fossil fuels.
The prime objective is to develop and deploy 100% CCS in time to cap cumulative emissions of carbon at a safe level.
CO2 EOR and other applications with partial overall capture should be seen as a stage in a path from zero CO2 capture to 100% CCS.
They can be a move in the right direction from where we are now – emitting 100% of fossil carbon to atmosphere.
The key factor is the extent to which technologies and/or projects can readily be adapted to get higher fractions of CO2 stored.
What do we need to achieve?

5. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ccs-policy-scoping-document

6. http://s06.static-shell.com/content/dam/shell- new/local/country/gbr/downloads/pdf/peterhead-ccs-brochure.pdf
Peterhead / Goldeneye
Natural Gas CCS Project

7. Fuel (http://www.whiteroseccs.co.uk/your-questions- answered/fuel)
What mix of fuels will be used at the plant?
The primary fuel will be coal that is already fired at the existing power station. It is anticipated that the plant will be capable of co-firing biomass with the coal to reduce further the CO2 emissions.
How much fuel will the plant need?
The plant is expected to require approximately 1.2 million tonnes of coal and 300,000 tonnes of biomass per annum (assuming the combustion of 15% biomass).
Where will the fuel come from?
It is likely that the coal and biomass required will come from the same sources as the coal and biomass already delivered to the existing power station. These are a mix of imported coal and coal mined in the UK, as well as biomass sourced from abroad and from over 100 local farmers who have contracts to supply Drax with biomass products.
How will the fuel be stored?
The coal and biomass will be stored onsite within the existing coal stock area and transported to the new power station by a conveyor belt system. There will also be some fuel storage available on the project site.
Will biomass energy crops be grown at the expense of food crops?
Energy crops sourced by Drax are grown on land that is unsuitable for food production in order to comply with the company’s robust sustainability criteria. Drax only purchases biomass from sources that are considered sustainable.
http://www.whiteroseccs.co.uk
White Rose Oxyfuel CCS Project

8. What is the apparent global market
for CCS?
New projects to suit developing markets may replace some of the long-standing projects on the GCCSI database
How could the global market develop?
1. EOR in North America (and Middle East?)
•
Canada and Mexico as well as USA
•
Cheap gas but CCS on gas still needs support for EOR
•
Time needed to get beyond ‘gas good / coal bad ‘ dogma
•
USA - Proposed gas-level EPS may also delay CCS
•
Canada – Power EPS + plant life limit = constrained options
•
Canada - Oil sands gas for steam generation
•
Mexico - Gas for new power, EOR driver plus climate law
•
Middle East – Will depend on results from new projects?

9. How could the global market develop?
2. Coal with CCS for developing countries
•
World Bank and ADB have stopped funding new coal plants
•
Obvious market, but will need OPEX as well as CAPEX support
•
Co-benefits from better pollutant control
•
But must be cheaper then equivalent energy services from renewables
3. China?
•
Sophisticated market with capacity for indigenous supply
•
With potentially aggressive export drive - cooperate or compete?
•
Large-scale indigenous deployment depends on China’s satisfaction with global climate deal and actual EOR prospects
4. Europe
•
Keeping coal likely to be a new priority for energy security
•
But will this translate in action on CCS - and by when?
•
European CCS projects could be a big driver for Markets 1-3

10. •
Permitting of transport and storage in the EU
•
Validated storage capacity
•
New transport infrastructure
•
North Sea Basin is major hub for EU CCS, but currently transboundary issues – need to ratify London Protocol
•
Offshore storage experience
•
Including EOR?
•
Offshore pipeline experience
•
Re-use of existing pipelines and offshore infrastructure
•
Clusters of anthropogenic sources: business models, operation, CO2 mixing etc.
How could the global market develop?
5. Offshore storage
Experience from Norway and UK Commercialisation projects:

11. http://cdn.globalccsinstitute.com/sites/default/files/publications/118466/assessment-co2-storage-potential-guangdong-province-china-2.pdf
How could the global market develop?
Offshore storage potential in South China
Also prospects in Brazil, Australia, India, US Gulf Coast, Middle East etc.
UK FCO project:
Feasibility Study of CCS- Readiness in Guangdong Province, China (GDCCSR)
Final Report: Part 2
Assessment of CO2 Storage
Potential for Guangdong
Province, China
GDCCSR-SCSIO Team
March 2013

12. FIRST
TRANCHE
Demonstration
SECOND
TRANCHE
Commercial &
Regulatory Drivers
Overall effort also important to maintain continuity
GLOBAL
CCS
ROLLOUT
Big prize is getting two learning cycles
from two tranches of CCS projects before global rollout
DEVELOPED
MARKET
CCS
ROLLOUT
BUILD ALL PLANTS CAPTURE READY
RETROFIT CAPTURE
CCS - Sequencing Deployment
Gibbins, J. and Chalmers, H. Preparing for global rollout: A ‘developed country first’ demonstration programme for rapid CCS deployment. Energy Policy, 2008, 36(2), 501-507.
Time

13. Feedback and Feed-Forward for R&D Essential
Based on Energy Research Partnership, reported in 2006 in http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/newsevents/pubs/second-uk-energy-research-summit/
(and subsequently reproduced in various forms including , www.ukerc.ac.uk/support/tiki-download_file.php?fileId=3619 )
A. UPDATING CCS KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS
B. CCS KNOWLEDGE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT
C. CCS KNOWLEDGE DELIVERY ACTIVITIES
D. CCS CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND CAPACITY DELIVERY
UKCCSRC Research and Pathways to Impact Delivery (RAPID)
a four-part approach for delivering industry-relevant R&D
https://ukccsrc.ac.uk/research/research-and-pathways-impact-delivery-rapid

14. Lignite fuel, ~ 1MtCO2/yr being sold for EOR - Shell Cansolv amine capture technology, Additional units planned - Looking for 30% reduction in capital costs
UKCCSRC R&D collaboration under MOU
Saskatchewan, Canada, 2 October 2014
SaskPower Boundary Dam Unit 3 official opening

15. Learning between CCS phases
2nd and 3rd generation technology projects
•
MUST be based on previous projects, just using novel technologies is clearly not a 2nd or 3rd generation
•
Some learning from studies already, e.g. Boundary Dam
•
But most proposed projects are still 1st generation
•
Need learning by doing from successful projects on:
•
technology (design, procure, construct, commission)
•
markets (business models, contracts, financing)
•
regulation, permitting etc. etc.
•
Plus reference plants to reduce risk and financing costs
•
Fully-developed market for supply chains has repeat units
•
Also need PEOPLE with experience from repeat projects

16. Conclusions
Stages in all power plant clean-up technologies:
1.
‘It’s science fiction!’
2.
‘It’s impossibly expensive and complex!’
3.
‘It’s a major investment but necessary.’
4.
‘It’s obviously just a routine part of any power plant.’
CCS is now in early stage 3 and we are working hard to get it to stage 4 as quickly as possible.
•
Can expect 2nd generation projects to appear soon that are based on 1st generation projects and that benefit from learning-by-doing ….
•
…. and/or from pre-existing transport and storage infrastructure.
•
Offshore transport and storage essential for other CCS markets ….
•
…. as well as a major European asset.
•
RD&D capacity and research-trained industry people also being developed to support CCS deployment.
•
CCS is starting to feel much more ‘practical’

17. http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/energy/great-energy-challenge/global-footprints/

18. http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/energy/great-energy-challenge/global-footprints/

19. http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/energy/great-energy-challenge/global-footprints/

20. http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/energy/great-energy-challenge/global-footprints/

21. 14. We will work to accelerate the development and commercialization of Carbon Capture and Storage technology
The Gleneagles Communiqué

22. CCS is a climate change response, not ‘oil crisis’ technology like renewables
Google News archive statistics for ‘energy’ plus other stated term.
Renewables attracted attention in 70's oil crises as an alternative source of energy, not because of a low CO2 footprint.
In contrast CCS is undertaken solely to cut CO2 emissions, which has been a priority for a much shorter period.
Proper support for CCS implementation has not had time to develop.

23. FIRST
TRANCHE
Demonstration
SECOND
TRANCHE
Commercial &
Regulatory Drivers
Overall effort also important to maintain continuity
GLOBAL CCS
ROLLOUT
Big prize is getting two learning cycles from two tranches of CCS projects before global rollout
OECD CCS ROLLOUT
IGCC/OXYFUEL
NEW BUILD/
REBUILD
PLANTS PATH
TO ROLLOUT
2015
2020
2025
20 G8 CCS
projects
by 2010
Earliest demo plants?
Last plants in first
tranche
First plants in second
tranche
Later plant in second
tranche
First lead country rollout plants
First global rollout plants
Feedback from
first
tranche
into
second
tranche
Feedback from
second
tranche
into
EU and global rollout
2015
2020
2025
TIMING FOR
Design
Construction
Start learning
BUILD ALL PLANTS CAPTURE READY
RETROFIT CAPTURE
Making CCS a reality – time and learning
Gibbins, J. and Chalmers, H. Preparing for global rollout: A ‘developed country first’ demonstration programme for rapid CCS deployment. Energy Policy, 2008, 36(2), 501-507.

24. Deployment predictions from the IEA CCS Roadmap (2009)

25. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Fuel costs
Carbon costs
Non-fuel variable costs
Fixed costs
ILLUSTRATIVE COST BREAKDOWN FOR UK GENERATION OPTIONS
Based on Redpoint: Decarbonising the GB power sector: evaluating investment pathways, generation patterns and emissions through to 2030, A Report to the Committee on Climate Change, September 2009. 2008 capital costs, assumed £30/tCO2 carbon price, gas price £12.5/MWhth, coal price £6.25/MWhth. 10% interest rate
£/MWh

26. THE END