Solar PV/T Technology Development at UKM

Solar Photovoltaic-Thermal (PV/T)
Technology and Development
Prof Dato’ Dr Mohd Yusof Hj Othman FASc
Puri Pujangga
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
National University of Malaysia
16 June 2014
7th Asian School on Renewable Energy
Associate Principle Research Fellow/
Director, Institute of Islam Hadhari

Mohd Yusof Hj Othman
7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
CONTENTS
• Introduction; Why PV/T?
• Current Research in PV/T Studies at SERI, UKM.
1. Double-pass PV/T air heater with Fins
2. Double-pass PV/T air heater with CPC & Fins
3. PV/T air heater with V-groove collector
4. PV/T air heater with rectangular tunnel collector
5. PV/T air heater with honey comb collector
6. PV/T water heater collector
7. PV/T combi collector
8. Bifacial PV/T air heater
• Conclusion

INTRODUCTION
• Why PV/T?
– A combination of photovoltaic cell and solar thermal
collector, hence maximizing space used.
– Generate both electricity and heat simultaneously.
– More efficient solar collector.
Solar water heater Solar air heater Solar electricity

Rational of PV/T
• PV technology is well established and
accepted; high efficiency and high stability;
widely used in isolated locations, stand
alone, integrated, grid-connected.
• Solar thermal is also well established and
accepted; high efficiency and high stability;
widely used in hot water and hot air
systems in domestic, space heating,
industrial process heat, agriculture etc.

Comparisons: Thermal and PV
Solar Thermal
 Harnessing solar energy for
thermal applications –
domestics, industries, hotels,
hospitals, leisure, etc.
 Use thermal energy for space
heating, fluid and generate
electricity.
 Has been accepted worldwide
as solar thermal power.
Photovoltaic
 Convert solar energy to
electricity.
 Absorb 80% of incident solar
radiation but convert only
small portion to electricity.
 Release excess heat during
the operation.

Why PV/T?
• Increased PV module efficiency by decreasing
temperature.
 About 0.4%-0.5% decrease in efficiency for every 1oC increase in
PV temperature.
 Efficiency rate for generating electricity will increase by 10%-15%.
 Cooling effect will ensure PV operate at rated electrical output
and prevent damage by overheating.
• Replace the traditional heating fuel in the building.
 Can deliver additional 200%-300% more heat energy from
conventional PV system.

Why PV/T?
• Reducing the emission of greenhouse gases.
 Reduction in COx, NOx, & SOx because PV/T contributes to
displacing fossil fuel.
• Maximize usable roof space
 The installation produces more energy per unit surface area
compared to PV and Thermal systems installed separately.
• Replacing the roofing material with PV/T system reduces
the payback period.
• PV/T systems has a total operating efficiency above 50%
• PV/T systems is proven to be feasible and cost effective
• Therefore, why not use PV/T collector that contributes
both electricity and heat simultaneously?

Basic Idea of PV/T Efficiencies (?)
 Area of Collector = Area of thermal
collector (At) + Area of PV panel (Apv)
 Efficiency = ( thermal eff (t) + PV eff
(pv))2
 Thermal Efficiency = 60 %
 Photovoltaic Efficiency = 10 %
 Combined Photovoltaic Thermal
Efficiency = 35 %
 Area of Collector = Area of thermal
collector (At) +Area of PV panel (Apv)
 Efficiency = thermal eff (t) + PV eff
(pv)
 Thermal Efficiency = 50 %
 Photovoltaic Efficiency = 5 %
 Combined Photovoltaic Thermal
Efficiency = 55 %

Air based PV/T system
Air Inlet
Blower
Auxiliary
Heater
PV/T
Collector
Drying
chamber/
space heating
On/off
Controller
Principle scheme
of air based
PV/T system:
PV/T module,
drying chamber,
blower, auxiliary
heater, controller

Liquid based PV/T system
Principle scheme of liquid based PV/T system:
PV/T module, storage and auxiliary heater

Schematic Diagrams of PV/T
Hybrid collector (Water & Air)

Research Study in Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T)
Collector at SERI, UKM

The collector has three
essential components: a
glazing on the top, a plate
containing numerous PV
cells and a bottom plate.
The air enters through the
channel formed by the
glass cover and the PV
plate and then through the
lower channel. The fins on
the back of the PV panel
increase the heat transfer to
the air.
Fin
Glass cover
PV cell
Absorber plate
Air in
Air out
Insulator
Absorber
plate
Glass
cover
PV cell
Fin

PV Cell
Absorber
Plate
Fins

SI/O
DATAACQUISITION SYSTEM
Humidity sensor
Anemometer
Flowmeter
Air
heater
(2 kW)
Air
heater
(2 kW)
Blower
Speed
control
Blower
Gauge
screen air
mixer Flexible
hose
Air
straightener Glass
cover
Solar cells
Insulator
Data logger
I-V
Termocouples
Pyranometer
Experimental set-up in laboratory

Experimental set-up to test PV/T collector

Performance of the double-pass PV/T collector
with fins
Variation of current (I) and power (P)
against voltage (V) at mass flow rate of
0.027 kg/s.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 5 10 15 20
V(Volt)
I(A)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
P(W)
400 W/m^2
500 W/m^2
600 W/m^2
700 W/m^2
Efficiencies of the collector at solar
irradiance of 600 W/m2 and Tf1 = 35 oC

Basically, the design has similar
concept with the previous one,
except it has Compound Parabolic
Concentrators (CPC) attached to it.
Air enters through the upper
channel formed by the glass cover
and the PV cells, and is heated
directly by the sun. Next, it exits
through the lower channel formed
by the back plate and the PV cells.
The CPC concentrates solar
radiation onto the PV cells. The fins
on the back of the PV panel
increase the heat transfer to the air.
Fin
Glass cover
Solar cell
Outlet air
Inlet air
Insulator
CPC

PV/T-CPC Collector under construction

CPC
Solar cells
Fins
PV/T-CPC Collector under construction

Performance of Finned Double-pass PV/T CPC
collector
The electrical properties of the PV/T at 400 Wm-2 and mass flow rate at 0.069 kg/s
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 4 8 12 16 20
V(Volt)
I(A)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
P (W)
Fins
CPC & fins

3. PV/T air heater with CPC collector
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
mass flow rate (kg/s)
Efficiency(%) Thermal efficiency
Electrical efficiency
Combined efficiency
The effect of mass flow
rate on efficiencies at
solar radiation of 600
Wm-2 of PV/T collector
with CPC and Fins

PV/T- CPC collector on the
roof top

Drying cabinet
PVT collector
DC fans

Drying of noodle using PV/T dryer

Based on the previous two
designs, the electrical
efficiency of the collector
reduced by nearly 50% since
the PV module is covered by
glass plate. Electrical energy is
considered as high quality
source of energy, and reducing
its value defeats the purpose of
having good quality of PV
module
PV cell
V-groove
Insulator

0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
V(Volt)
I(A)
Tanpa
lengkuk-V
Dengan
lengkuk-V
The I-V curve at 0.006958 kg/s
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
V (Volt)
P(W)
Tanpa
lengkuk-V
Dengan
lengkuk-V
P-V at 0.006958 kg/s
Graf P lawan V pada 0.069581 kg/s

4. PV/T air heater with rectangular
tunnel collector

4. PV/T Air Heater with Rectangular Tunnels
INNOVATIVE SOLAR COLLECTOR
FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BOTH
HOT WATER AND ELECTRICITY
Cold Air In
Hot Air Out
Solar Panel
Insulator

4. Front View and Back View of Tunnels design

The structure and the PV/T
module used in this design
are similar with the design
in the previous collector,
except that the V-Groove is
replaced with rectangular
tunnel made of aluminum.
4 PV/T air heater with rectangular tunnel collector

4 PV/T air heater with rectangular tunnel collector
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
Voltan(V)/V
Arus(I)/A
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
Power(P)/W
Arus(I)/A
Power(P)/W
The I-V and P-V curves for the PV/T air heater with rectangular tunnel collector

5. PV/T air heater with honey comb
collector

Photovoltaic module
Aluminum sheet Heat Insulator
Honeycomb heat
exchanger

6. PV/T Water Collector
Construction of flat box Al-alloy
absorber plate for hybrid PV/T water
heater system
• In this experiment,
sensitivity study of the
system has been
performed and proved
that by combining the
systems, the installation
area produce more
electrical and thermal
energy per unit surface
area than one PV panel
and one hot water system
(thermal collector).

PV/T water heater collector

PV/T Water Collector
a) Direct Flow Design,
b) Serpentine Flow
Design,
c) Parallel-Serpentine
Flow Design,
d) Modified Serpentine-
parallel Flow Design,
e) Oscillatory Flow
Design,
f) Spiral Flow Design,
g) Web Flow Design,

No
Collector absorbers
design
1 Tunnel design 9.6 45.1 54.7
2 Spiral Flow Design 11.4 52.2 63.6
PV thermal PVT
Ambient temperature = 24 – 26 °C and Solar Radiation = 700 – 800 W/m2 (Typical clear day)
Efficiency of dual function solar collectors

Ambient temperature = 24 – 26 °C and Solar Radiation = 700 – 800 W/m2 (Typical clear day)
Efficiency of dual function solar collectors
No
Collector absorbers
design
1 He et al. [1], Taiwan R.O.C 9.87 40 49.87
2 Huang et al. [2], China 9.0 38 47
3 Chow et al. [3], Hong Kong 11.0 51 62
4 Ji et al. [4], China 10.15 45 55.15
5 Adnan Ibrahim et al[5] 11.4 52.2 63.6
PV thermal PVT

Solar Panel
Cold Water In
Hot
Water
OutInsulator
6. PV/T water heater with spiral flow designed collector

DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMThermal
Storage
Thermal Storage
Tank
Data Logger 24ch
Converter/
Inverter
Load
A
V
Anemometer
Pyranometer
Humidity sensor
Thermocouples
DC Current
transducer
DC Voltage
transducer
Flowmeter
Thermostat
I-V
Auxiliary
Heater
Grid
connected
Dual Function Solar
Collectors

NOVELTY :
INTEGRATED AS
ROOFING
MATERIAL

PV/T water heater for low
energy building at SERI,
UKM

INNOVATIVE SOLAR COLLECTOR FOR
THE PRODUCTION OF BOTH HOT
WATER AND ELECTRICITY
INNOVATIVE SOLAR COLLECTOR FOR THE
PRODUCTION OF BOTH HOT WATER AND ELECTRICITY

7. PV/T combi (combination of liquid and
air) collector

Glass
Air
Water
Insulator
PV Panel PV PanelAdhesive
7. PV/T Combi (combination of liquid & air) collector
Heat conductor
Sheet-and-tube PV/T-collectors.
(Zondag et al, 2003).
Channel PV/T-collectors.

7. PV/T Combi (combination of liquid & air)
Glass
Transparent
PV panelWater
Water
Water
Adhesive
Adsorber
Insulator
Free flow PV/T-collectors.
Two-absorber PV/T-collectors.

Transparent
PV Panel
Heat
absorber
Air
Air
Air
Water
Water
Water
Insulator
Insulator
Insulator
7. PV/T Combi: Mode air and water
Mode a
Mode b
Mode c
Alternative PV/T/dual design
modes, used to determine
the optimum arrangement of
the water and the air heat
exchangers.
(Tripanagnostopoulos, 2007)

Inlet air
Water
tube
Insulation
Transparent
PV cell
Outlet air
Absorber
plate
D1
D2
D3D4
Schematic Diagram of the PV/T collector
Mussalim & Othman (2013)

Schematic diagram the PV/T combi
Water out
Transparent PV cells
Outlet air
Inlet air
Water in
Collector plate
Water tube on top
Water tube on bottom
Double pass air
Insulation

The construction of the PV/T collector

Performance study of the PV/T collector

The concept of bifacial solar cell as
compared to monofacial solar cell.
• In this experiment,
Bifacial PV module has
been designed. The
idea is to use both sides
of the PV module to
improve the electricity
generation. The heat
produce can be used for
space heating or any
other hot air
applications.

Monofacial solar module Bifacial solar module
(front face)
Bifacial solar module
(back face)

Indoor testing facilities
(under construction)
Outdoor testing facilities
(under construction)

Bifacial PV/T in
operation at
Madrid Airport

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSIONS
• We have presented 8 types of PV/T air & water heaters namely,
4. PV/T air heater with rectangular tunnel collector
7. PV/T combi (combination of air and liquid) collector
8. Bifacial PV/T air heater.
• Each of the collector has it own specifications that may be fit in one of our
applications.
• Hybrid photovoltaic collectors have great advantages: higher photovoltaic cell
efficiency, higher total efficiency (both the thermal and the electrical combined),
lower produced energy costs due to a better use of the energy conversion
process

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to record our appreciation to
UKM and the Government of Malaysia for
the financial support of this project (03-01-
02-SF0039; PRGS/1/11/TK/UKM/01/12;
FRGS/1/2011/TK/UKM/02/35; ETP-2013-
011)

THANK YOU
TERIMA KASIH
WASSALAM
Tel: 03-89216988
Faks: 03-89216990
myho@ukm.edu.my

Solar PV/T Technology Development at UKM

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