This two-day workshop supported the Government of Viet Nam in building the necessary capacity to advance its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process. The workshop closely focused on building National Adaptation Plans in the agricultural sector through multi-stakeholder collaboration, and increased knowledge and capacity on a number of topics including: prioritization of adaptation options, cost-benefit analysis, overview of the broad-based nature of climate change adaption impacts, analysis of challenges, and creation of an open discussion with key stakeholders on defining a road-map for the NAP process. The workshop was delivered using discussions and case studies to enhance interactive learning for participants, with supporting presentations by GiZ and SNV.
3. Three key terms
Hazard: Is it raining? (Or too dry, or windy etc)
The potential occurrence of a natural or human-induced physical
event that may cause loss of life, injury, or other health impacts,
as well as damage and loss to property, infrastructure,
livelihoods, service provision, and environmental resources.
(IPCC, 2012 page 32).
Exposure: Am I getting wet?
The presence (location) of people, livelihoods, environmental
services and resources, infrastructure, or economic, social, or
cultural assets in places that could be adversely affected by
physical events and which, thereby, are subject to potential
future harm, loss, or damage (IPCC, 2012 page 32).
Vulnerability: Am I able to stop myself getting wet?
Propensity of exposed elements such as human beings, their
livelihoods, and assets to suffer adverse effects when impacted
by hazard events. (IPCC, 2012 page 69)
4. Examples of factors that increase vulnerability and
exposure risk…
Vulnerability Exposure
Poverty (less able to afford to
cope)
Living in a mountainous or
coastal area (more exposed to
flash-floods/ landslides or sea
level rise)
Physical disability Unpaved roads
Gender (due to gender roles
women often have less coping
capacity and have increased
workloads)
Aging infrastructure not build to
withstand increased hazard risk
Age (the young and elderly are
more exposed)
Inadequate housing (bamboo or
thin metal roof)
5. Examples ofGender impacts of climate change
24/01/2017
NAP country-level training
Evidence of
higher time,
work and stress
burdens for
women than
men
Men migrating to
find work increases
stress and risk for
female partners left
behind.
Disasters and
deforestation
disrupt water supply
and undermine food
security
Climate change
increases labour
requirement in
agriculture Disasters and
climate-related
disease incidence
means women’s
caregiving demands
are higher
Climate change can
create fear and drive
resurgence of
conservative and
discriminatory social
values
Source: UNDP, 2015
6. Approaches for addressing gender equality and women’s empowerment
24/01/2017
NAP country-level training
Undertake
gender
analysis
Sex-
disaggregated
data
Harness
women as
agents of
change at all
levels
Tailor NAP
activities
Monitor,
report
evaluate on
gender in
NAP
Source: UNFCCC 2015 IUCN, 2011
9. • Higher risk extreme rainfall events
(eg: changing hydrometric
calculations)
• Higher risk of landslides, flash
flooding and potentially stronger
typhoons
• Higher risk of drought and water
stress
• More variability and uncertainty
• Sea level rise, saline water intrusion,
ocean acidification
• Knock-on impacts across all sectors
What does this mean for Viet Nam?
10. Disasters hold back development, and climate change will make
this worse
The risk to social progress, stability and economic development
11. Vulnerability in the 2015-2016 Viet Nam drought
Source: UNDP analysis of CCNDPC damage and loss data
Poverty rate
Damage (share of GDP)
Higher losses are more likely to come with poorer provinces
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total economic loss as share of GDP Multi-dimensional poverty rate
% GDP Multidimensional
poverty rate
12. • World Bank (2010): Climate change adaptation in developing
countries will cost $75 billion–$100 billion a year over the period
2010–2050. The infrastructure sector alone represents an estimated
$15 billion–$30 billion a year over the same period.
• Viet Nam INDC (2015): The cost of adaptation is estimated to exceed
3-5% of GDP by 2030.
• Climate change makes current investments less effective and makes
achieving development targets more difficult.
Climate change impacts on the global
economy/ development
13. Early, proactive climate change adaptation is
essential
IPCC: adjustment in natural or human systems in
response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their
effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial
opportunities.
UNFCCC: actions taken to help communities and
ecosystems cope with changing climate condition.
UNDP: process by which strategies to moderate, cope
with and take advantage of the consequences of climatic
events are enhanced, developed, and implemented.
14. Some actions
to fast track
adaptation:
Invest in understanding and applying the best
available climate science sensibly
Build adaptation vulnerability analysis into
Government planning cycles
Develop high-quality tools to that can be easily
applied at local and national levels by non-experts
Build local capacity among climate change experts
and government officials
Measure changes in vulnerability and exposure to
invest in scaling up and replicating effective
solutions
15. Mainstreaming
adaptation into
policy, planning
and investment
decision
making:
Climate change adaptation
needs to be considered at
each step of the annual
budget planning cycle to take
into account climate
vulnerability at each step of
the SEDP planning cycle
Upgrade systems and codes
to take into account current
climate change science
Current cycle for infrastructure planning of rural
irrigation, rural water and local roads and inViet
Nam (UNDP-GEF SRRP Project 2015)
2. Investment
preparation
1. Master
planning
3-Construction
Design
4 –
Construction
5 – Operation &
Maintenance
6. Proposal for
rehabilitation/
upgrading
Monitoring
&
Evaluation
16. Key questions
for adaptation:
Where should be prioritized?
What kind of infrastructure or sectors
are most vulnerable and where is it?
Is upgrading this infrastructure or
sector a good investment and how
much more do I need to do?
Regional climate change
vulnerability maps
GIS mapping of infrastructure,
impacts and vulnerability within
provinces
Basic economic analysis tools, and
local level checklists to help planners
factor in climate change impacts.
20. Understand
the costs of
various
adaptation
options:
Adaptation Premium Options
HIGH
Big difference between
conventional and
upgraded climate change
resilient investment costs.
Consider employing bio-
engineering approach to
lower costs (and invest in
maintenance)
Delay investment
Increase finance available
LOW
Small difference between
conventional and
upgraded standard to take
into account climate
change impacts
Invest now in resilience
measures
21. Capacity
development and
communications
Invest in capacity development at all
levels
Government employees need to be
aware of climate risk, but so do
communities, vulnerable groups and
the private sector
Community based disaster risk
management programmes are now
being adjusted to take into account
climate change
Viet Nam’s Paris implementation
plan correctly stresses technology
transfers and capacity development
22. But its also
important to
understand
the limits of
adaptation and
that long term
loss and
damage is also
a risk.
MONRE estimates suggest that the average temperature will increase by
2-3 degrees Celsius, and sea levels will rise 57-73 centimetres by 2100.
As a result, 39% of the Mekong Delta area, 10% of the Red River Delta,
2.5% of the coastal localities, 20% of HCMC and 4% of the traffic system
will be submerged under water.
23. To sum up:
Proactive adaptation is necessary for future sustainable
development
Quality data for hazards and future climate change, but also
exposure and vulnerability is important
Inclusion of vulnerable groups and gender mainstreaming is
essential
Good practice exists inViet Nam and globally, but needs
replicated and scaled-up.
Estimating costs and benefits can help prioritise actions and
timeframes and to better understand the limits of adaptation.
24. Thank you for your
attention
Contact: www.undp.org/vn
jenty.kirsch-wood@undp.org
Notas del editor
Impacts are social, economic – physical and mental/emotional (stress from long-term, chronic, ongoing impacts).
Here are a few types of gender-differentiated impacts:
From left to right:
When men migrate away, women’s workloads may increase and together with that, their stress may increase (in relation to work). Sometimes remittances may help to alleviate some stress.
Disrupted water supplies and food security struggles
Discriminatory social values can affect both women and men, but can severely limit women’s opportunities and mobility.
Undertake gender analysis on situation at different levels. Example: Understand the policy context – what is the national data (World Bank data sets, OECD SIGI Index, Human Development Index, Gender Inequality Index, etc.; National Gender Strategies/policies; laws in place that support/constrain women; exacerbate gender issues. Gender analysis of institutions – capacity. Field level to understand what women and men are doing in communities and how NAPs can build on this.
From UNDP: Gender analysis is a fundamental component of gender mainstreaming and is used to fully consider the different needs, challenges, interests, relations, roles, benefits, impacts, risks. In part, it looks at resources control and access of women and men (including considerations of intersecting categories of identity such as age, social status, ethnicity, marital status, etc.).
A gender analysis can help identify ways to ensure that women’s and men’s equal opportunities to participate in, contribute to, and benefit from an activity or plan resources, activities and results. A gender analysis provides concrete approaches to address gender inequalities and identifies strategies to advance women’s empowerment. It can reveal the linkages between inequalities at different societal levels. Since neither women nor men form a homogeneous group and gender relations intersect with many categories of social identities, such as religion, political affiliation, ethnicity, social status, age, and sexual orientation if we don’t make those linkages we run the risk to reinforce the existing imbalances. Based on the UNDP guidance note ‘How to conduct a gender analysis.’ (2016).
Use sex-disaggregated data in vulnerability, adaptation assessments (other variables such as age may also be important). This should not only be confined to disaggregation by sex, but also age, socio-economic class, etc.
Tips for gender responsive data collection: Ensure that the field teams include both women and men so that female fieldworkers can work with women who may not interact freely with male fieldworkers. There may also be instances where male field workers may not interact with women community mobilisers.
Engage with local opinion leaders (men and women) to learn about gender issues and to gain entry into the local community.
Consider consulting with male and female beneficiaries/stakeholders both separately and in mixed groups. In some cultures, women may defer to men in terms of defining priorities in mixed groups and may be more willing to open up in women-only groups.
Conduct women’s meetings at times and places convenient to women. These could be traditional female domains e.g. kitchens, schools, health clinics, in a woman’s house or field where she can speak privately.
Adapted from: Gender Mainstreaming in Environment and Sustainable Development Projects: A Perspective from the Asia-Pacific Region (2015).
Harness potential of women as agents of change in NAP process. (Example: Build on their knowledge and experience in the communities, for example around local plant and resource knowledge). This should include ensuring women’s participation, voice in planning, decision-making in NAP process
Tailor NAP activities to address gender dimensions, dynamics, CC impacts. This should include undertaking outreach Undertake to ensure stakeholders understand gender dynamics of CC
Monitor, report evaluate on gender integration in NAP process. This means taking into account gender in the M&E framework and data collection
COUNTRIES WITH HIGH RATIO OF AAL TO SOCIAL EXPENDITURE, CAPITAL INVESTMENT AND CAPITAL STOCK WILL HAVE DIFFICULTIES TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
For example, annual social expenditure is about 400 times greater in high-income countries than in low-income countries. However, expected annual losses in low-income countries are five times higher than in high-income countries expressed as a proportion of social expenditure.
IMPLICATIONS DIFFERENT: GREECE VS. CAPITAL STOCK AND CAPITAL INVESTMENT – MADAGASCAR SOCIAL EXPENDITURE
IMPLICATIONS FOR GREECE SIMILAR TO PHILIPPINES AND HONDURAS EVEN THOUGH RISK IS RELATIVELY LOWER