2. The Continuum of Inquiry
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State of Current Knowledge within a Paradigm or Problem Area
Very Little or
Nothing is
Known
Much is
Known
Descriptive Studies Correlational Studies Cause-Effect Studies
Qualitative Approaches
Quantitative Approaches
Mixed Methods Utility
5. Research Design and Rationale
• Concisely state the study variables (for
example, independent, dependent, mediating,
moderating, covariates) as appropriate
• Identify research design and its connection to
research questions
• Identify time and resource constraints
associated with the design choice
• Describe how the design is consistent with
designs needed to advance knowledge in the
field
• Defend the choice of intervention (if
conducting intervention studies)
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6. Methodology
• Define target population and its estimated size
• Identify and justify sampling strategy, including how
sample will be drawn, sampling frame, and appropriate
power analyses to justify the necessary size
• Procedures
Thoroughly describe all recruiting procedures (for example, how
participants are recruited, consented, will provide data, and follow-
up requirements)
Pilot studies: What is the relationship of the pilot to the main
study?
Intervention studies: Describe the nature of the treatment and all
associated procedures associated with it
Archival studies: Describe procedures from the main study as well
as permissions to use the data
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7. Methodology (Continued)
• Instrumentation and operationalization of constructs
Identify each data collection instrument and source
Published instruments – included name of developers and year of publication,
appropriateness for the study, permission from authors / publishers to use,
published reliability and validity values, and information on which populations
instruments have been previously used and how reliability and validity were
demonstrated
Researcher developed instruments – basis for development and how you will
establish reliability and validity of instruments
For intervention studies:
Identify materials to be used as treatment as well as information on previous use
(if published) and basis for development (if researcher developed)
Operationalization:
State the operational definition for each variable and how each variable is
measured or manipulated
State how the score is calculated as well as what the scores mean
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8. Methodology (Continued)
• Data analysis plan
Identify software used for analyses
Provide explanation of data screening and
cleaning procedures appropriate to the study
Restate the research question(s) and hypotheses
exactly as written in Chapter 1. For each
hypothesis:
State the statistical test
Describe any procedures necessary to account for multiple
tests
State the rationale for including potential covariates and /
or confounding variables
Describe how the results will be interpreted (for example,
key parameter estimates, confidence intervals, p-values,
etc.)
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9. Threats to Validity
• Describe threats to external validity (for
example, testing reactivity and
interactivity effects, among others) and
how they will be addressed
• Describe threats to internal validity (for
example, history, maturation, and
statistical regression, among others) and
how they will be addressed
• Describe any threats to construct or
statistical conclusion validity
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10. Ethical Procedures
• Describe agreements to gain access to data or participants
(include actual documents in IRB application)
• Describe treatment of participants including:
Institutional and IRB permissions (include approval number in final
dissertation)
Ethical concerns related to recruitment materials and processes and a
plan to address them
Ethical concerns related to data collection and / or intervention
activities and a plan to address them
• Describe treatment of data including:
Whether data are anonymous or confidential and any concerns related
to each
Protections for confidential data
• Describe any other ethical issues that might be appropriate
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Will explain how the literature exploration is the first kind of detective work that is part of the dissertation process. The student uses each material to provide clues to the core information to build the case for the study. As the researcher reads the literature, she is looking for essential information/evidence.