1. 3/31/11
Integrate Urban Resource Management
Water and Sanitation
Towards sustainable urban water management
Household centered planning approach
1 March 31, 2011 Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
Structure of the lecture
• The imperative of IURM
• The Global Situation
• Current Water and Sanitation Systems
• Sustainable Water & Sanitation
2 March 31, 2011 Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
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2. 3/31/11
The imperative for IURM
Resources, Emissions and Biodiversity play a
central role in sustainable development
(CIB: International Council for Research and Innovation in Building Construction, W82, “Future Studies in Construction”)
3 March 31, 2011 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
The imperative for IURM
• Contribution of the building sector
[according to: UNEP – Industry and Environment, Vol. 26 No. 2-3, 2006]
4 March 31, 2011 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
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The imperative for IURM
Ecological Footprint:
• Demands (for processes & production)
are converted into a measure of land area
used in 'global hectares' (gha) per capita.
[Best foot forward]
• Today the average is 2,3 gha (1.2 worlds)
4 planets!
• Average footprint gha per capita (2003) :
• USA: 9.5 gha
• Switzerland: 4 gha
• China: 1.5 gha, Shanghai: 7 gha
• UK: 5.6 gha, London: 6.63 gha
Mining, processing, consumption, freshwater use, biodiversity services & loss of bio-capacity from the
release of wastes have been omitted = underestimation of footprint [Wackernagel et al. 2002]
5 March 31, 2011 Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
The imperative for IURM
• Non renewable resource and energy consumption
• Final energy demand to grow by 95% between 2005-2050 (reference scenario)
[World Primary Energy Outlook, reference scenario, International Energy Agency 2006 & 2008]
6 March 31, 2011 Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
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The imperative for IURM
• Easy available oil production peaked already in 2006
• As a result prices have to rise in long term
• Energy dependency:
Korea 96%, Japan 90%, USA 60%, Europe 50%
[The worldwide crude oil production,
Energy Watch Group, 2007]
7 March 31, 2011 Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
The imperative for IURM
• The world is losing fertile top soil 10 to 20 times
faster than it is replenishing it.
• Phosphorous production is expected to peak at
2040. Currently estimated minable Phosphorous
reserves will be depleted in 70 – 100 years.
Peak Phosphorous Curve [Cordell, 2009]
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The imperative for IURM
• World energy consumption, world fossil resources and
annual solar energy potential
(Krauter 2006, p.2; adapted from Greenpeace)
9 March 31, 2011 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
The challenge of IURM
Natural resources are the base for life
for past, present and future generations
10 March 31, 2011 Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
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The challenge of IURM
From linear …
… to circular
urban metabolism!
[Girardet & Mendonca 2009]
11 March 31, 2011 Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
The challenge of IURM
• Reduction of environmental impact by “living better on
less” requires increase in efficiency and effectiveness,
particularly of resource management systems.
Ten principles for global sustainable living on the local level [One Planet Living in Girardet & Mendonca 2009]
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The challenge of IURM
Apply the Three Step Strategy for resource
management (for instance for “energy”, “water &
sanitation” and “material & waste”)
1. Reduce demand and quantity of consumed resources
without losses regarding social and economic aspects
(demand management)
2. Use renewable resources as much as possible,
including (solar, wind, water, geothermal, bio, …)
3. Use non renewable resources as efficient & effective
as possible (optimization, innovation, reuse & recycling,
…)
Use the local potential and apply this strategy also
in the already built environment!
13 March 31, 2011 Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
Introduction - The Global Situation
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8. 3/31/11
Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
Climate Conditions and Water Availability
• Averaged monthly rainfall and
precipitation in millimetres
(1971 – 2000) over the period of
one year in the Netherlands.
• The summer water deficit is in
more than 50% of the years
exceeding the average value of
122 mm.
• In 45% of the years it is up to
approx. 280 mm, while in 5% of
the years it is even exceeding
this height.
16 March 31, 2011 Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
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Climate Conditions and Water Availability
Average
Precipitation and
Evaporation
per
jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year
Precip
itation 63.9 44.7 58.7 42.1 55.1 67.4 65.4 58.1 72.1 75.9 78.6 72 754
Evapo -562.
ration -8.3 -15.7 -32.9 -56.4 -85.1 -90.2 -95.1 -83.1 -50.3 -27.8 -11.5 -6.5 9
17 March 31, 2011 Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
Precipitation in the Netherlands – extreme years
• 1998: 1240 mm
• 2003: 613 mm
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Fresh surface water
• 73% of the fresh surface water
in the Netherlands originates
from the Rhine (approx. 65%)
and the Meuse (approx. 8%).
The remaining 27% are
originating from smaller rivers
and from precipitation.
• The water use is water supply
(for drinking water, agriculture,
industry and cooling water) as
well as for transport (shipping)
and recreation.
Middelkoop, 1999
19 March 31, 2011 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
Water Resources & Withdrawal
• Total renewable water
resources: 89.7 cu km (2005)
Total Freshwater withdrawal:
• 8.86 cu km/yr
• Domestic: 6%
• Industrial: 60%
• Agricultural: 34%
• per capita: 544 m3/yr (2001)
Middelkoop, 1999
20 March 31, 2011 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
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Water and Water Supply Policy
• The total drinking water produced in the Netherlands origins
to approx. 60% from groundwater and 40% of surface
water.
• High population densities and intensive farming practices
cause a continuing increase of pollution and potentially
hazardous substances in fresh water resources.
• 15 – 20% of the delivery costs for drinking water are often
spent for the tracing and treatment of pesticides.
• Collected river water is purified by sedimentation, aeration
and the adding of iron-sulphur (elimination of phosphate),
before it is either infiltrated in dunes for artificial groundwater
recharge or stored in lakes.
21 March 31, 2011 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
Drinking Water from river water
• Nature-orientated purification by the “river-dune” or “river-
lake” method (100 days holding time)
• Further treatment in form of:
• softening in a reactor,
• treatment with activated carbon (for the elimination of
pesticides and a better taste) and finally
• sand filtration
Duinwaterbedrijf Zuid Holland, 2008
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Water Import Dependence
• The ratio between the water footprint of a country's imports and
its total water footprint yields.
• (Beef 1/13500, Soybean 1/2750, Rice 1/1400, Milk 1/790)
Selected Countries, 1997-2001, Chapagain and Hoekstra,
Water International, March 2008 / World Water Council
23 March 31, 2011 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
Climate change – low flows and drought
• The rising sea level and more
frequent low river discharges
during the summer will allow the
salty sea water to flow further
inland.
• The salination of the river water
will cause problems for the
freshwater supply for drinking
and regional agriculture.
• Especially in case of salination
of the Hollandsche IJssel, the
Haringvliet and the Spui.
Rijkswaterstaat, 2007
24 March 31, 2011 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
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Climate change – water stress
25 March 31, 2011 Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
Sustainable Water Management
• Sustainable urban water management is including the
different sections of the urban water cycle:
• water supply & distribution
• water use & saving
• Water reuse and recycling
• water storage and augmentation
UNEP IETC DTIE & TU DELFT, (2008, in print)
Every Drop Counts, Environmental Sound Technologies for water use efficiency in the urban and domestic environment.
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Sustainable Water Management
Focus:
• Efficient use of ESTs
• Efficient is: optimizing the
balance between demand and
safe and sufficient supply
• Efficient and fit: selection and
combination technologies that
fit in with sustainable
perspectives for the local
situation
27 March 31, 2011 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
Environmentally Sound Technologies
in the Urban Water Cycle
• Technological Description
• Construction, operation and
maintenance
• Relative Costs
• When appropriate technological
approach
• Advantages, disadvantages and
constrains
• Cultural acceptability
• Extent of use
• References, Links and Literature
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Storage and Augmentation ESTs
• Ponds and Reservoirs
• Artificial recharge of
Groundwater
• Water Tanks
• Rainwater runoff in surface
water
• Rainwater runoff in
groundwater
• Rainwater runoff in tanks
• Effluent in surface water
• Effluent in ground water
29 March 31, 2011 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
Supply and distribution ESTs
• Surface water abstraction
• Groundwater abstraction
• Water supply reservoirs (tanks)
• Transfer of water
• Single pipeline systems (one
quality)
• Dual pipeline systems (two
qualities)
• Water containers (bottles, tanks)
• Centralised treatment systems
• Point of use treatment systems
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Use and Saving ESTs
• Waterless toilets (compost- and dry-)
• Water saving toilets
• Water saving urinals
• Waterless urinals
• Water saving taps
• Water saving showerheads
• Pressure reducers
• Water saving household appliances
• Economised water use: personal
hygiene
• Economised water use: cleaning &
watering
31 March 31, 2011 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
Reuse, recycle & disposal ESTs
quality and treatment issues
• Domestic rainwater use
• On-site treatment of grey water
• Constructed wetlands
• On-site and near-site
treatment of black water and
mixed sewage
• Separating rainwater from
sewer systems
• Environmentally sound
centralized sewage treatment
in developing countries
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The urban water system
33 March 31, 2011 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
Sustainable Sanitation
• Every month, water-related diseases kill more
than 250,000 individuals (1 individual every 10
seconds, or 1 plane crash every hour)
• More than 1.1 billion people worldwide, or
one-sixth of the global population, do not have
access to safe drinking water, and
• nearly 2.6 billion lack access to basic
sanitation, according to the World Health
Organization
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[www2.gtz.de]
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Source: waterboard Valei en Eem
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50 % dump
21% incineration
24 % composting
5 % agriculture
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Outgoing Waterstreams of a building
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Composition wastwater
Volume proportion
• Black water 30 %
• Grey water 70 %
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IURM related to water and sanitation
Simplified example for existing city
[Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, 2008]
45 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
IURM related to water and sanitation
Simplified example for enhanced sanitation in a city
[Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, 2008]
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IURM related to water and sanitation
IURM approach for periphery or new urban developments ?
[Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, 2008]
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IURM related to water and sanitation
Food
faeces
urine
greywater
drinking water
IURM approach applied e.g. in Africa, India, Latin America...
[Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, 2008]
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25. 3/31/11
IURM related to water and sanitation
IURM approach for residential areas ?
[Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, 2008]
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IURM related to water and sanitation
IURM approach applied e.g. in Sweden, India, Africa, Latin America
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26. 3/31/11
IURM related to water and sanitation
IURM approach for downtown areas ?
51 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
IURM related to water and sanitation
IURM applied e.g. in Germany
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IURM related to water and sanitation
Better after implementation of IURM?
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IURM related to sanitation and water
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IURM related to sanitation and water
55 March 31, 2011 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
decentralized water system1
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decentralized water systems 2 and 3
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• Rainwater collection
and utilization
• in many countries
allowed for service
water purpose
• Possible drinking
water source in
areas with polluted
fresh water
resources (e.g.
Arsenic, Fluor, Tin,
etc.)
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Decentralized Water
Management
Potsdamer Platz Berlin
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Supportive regulations for rainwater utilization
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Rainwater utilization in Australia
63 March 31, 2011 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
Rainwater utilization in Australia
• On average, the
collected rainwater
from 10.1% of all
installations (2.5% of
all households) is
used for drinking.
• In South Australian
households this
percentage is even
22% (Rodrigo, Adelaide
2009).
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Sellected Decentralized
Wastewater treatment systems
• Aerated compact systems (Bioreactor etc.)
• Anaerobic Digestion
• Constructed Wetlands
• Living machine
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Criteria wastewater system
• Existing Infrastructure
• Culture & Social Acceptance
• Management/ Maintenance structure
• Treatment performance in relation to location
• Reuse options
• Available space
• Costs
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Greywater recycling
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Greywater recycling
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Greywater recycling
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Black- or brownwater-treatment
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Membrane Bio Reactor
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Microfiltration
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From Filtration to Reverse Osmosis
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Urine Separation
Precondition for the separated collection of yellow water /
urine is the installation of
urine separating toilets.
Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
Urine Separation
[ Johansson, M., VERNA Ecology; „Urine Separation“;
Stockholm, Sweden, 2001]
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Anaerobic digestion
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Natural sound systems
e.g. constructed wetland (Reedbed)
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Natural sound systems:
e.g. constructed wetland (Reedbed)
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Free Water Surface Wetlands
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Horizontal Flow Wetlands
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Vertical Flow Wetlands
• Black and/or grey water
• 3 - 6 m² per person
• Integration in landscape
• Simple and robust
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Reedbed for rainwater in Amsterdam
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Natural sound and technical systems:
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Zoo, Emmen
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Esalen Institute California
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Sustainable management of water and waste
• Prevent needles use
• Use renewable sources
IN • Use limited resources optimally
• Reuse resources
• Prevent waste
OUT • Recycle waste
• Process waste in a clean way
Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
• Water saving toilet
• Prevent waste
• Compost toilet
• Reuse nutrients
• Recycle waste • Reuse effluent
• Separation toilet
• Process waste in a clean way
• Separate streams
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48. 3/31/11
Average Basic Conditions Greywatertreatment:
Earth-Filter Dipping Trickling Filter / Activated Membrane Bioreactor
Sludge (MBR)
Application Area/ Size - > 50 Inhabitants - > 200 Inhabitants - > 50 Inhabitants
max. energydemand - 2 kWh/m³ - MBR 3 – 5 kWh/m³ - 3 – 5 kWh/m³
(incl. pumping) - Dipping Trickling Filter < 2
kWh/m³ - < 2 kWh/m³
- SBR-Belebung 1,5 kWh/m³
Space Demand - 1 - 2,5 m²/Inhabitant - 0,1 - 0,3 m²/Inhabitant - 0,05 - 0,3 m²/Inhabitant
• Anaerobic Digestion requires an additional centralized
blackwater storage (7 litres per person and day) as well as space
for facilities like Biogas reactor, gas storage, and vacuum facility,
approx. 0.22 m2 x 2m (0,44 m3 per person and day)
Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
Average Basic Conditions Grey/
Blackwatertreatment:
Facility Type Membrane Trickling Filter Constructed Wetland Sequency Batch
Bioreactor Reactor
(MBR) (SBR)
Application Area/ Size 4 – 500 4 – 1.000 4 – 1.000 4 – 5.000
Inhabitants Inhabitants Inhabitants Inhabitants
Investment costs High very low High low
(reuse and savings) (low energy and
service cost)
Sludge Treatment per 500 l/Inh. 500 l/Inh. 300 – 1.500 l/Inh. Dependent on size
Year
Space demand per 0,5 m² 0,5 m² 3 - 6 m² 0,3 m²
Inhabitant
Purification capacity Service water class 1 - 2 class 2 - 5 class 3
Use of effluent (capacity Always possible Not possible Not possible Not possible
of receiving waters) (also in water (only in strong (but possible in (but possible in
protection areas) receiving waters) sensitive receiving sensitive receiving
waters) waters)
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49. 3/31/11
Thank you for
your attention
Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze
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