CMRR workshop in vivo GABA Glutamate and fMRI BOLD imaging Event-Related fMRS

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CMRR workshop Time-Resolved fMRI-fMRS measures simultaneous Neurotransmitters and BOLD-fMRI signals in the human brain at 7T GABA Glutamate UHF Semi-laser Advanced Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Protocol at 7T 7T hardware (Siemens Scanner and Nova Medical head coil), BaTiO3 dielectric padding Ip et al., 2017 NeuroImage Event-Related fMRS A transient break in excitatory-inhibitory balance

Ciencias

Time-Resolved fMRI-fMRS measures
simultaneous Neurotransmitters and
BOLD-fMRI signals in the human brain
at 7T
Uzay E Emir1, Renée S. Koolschijn2, Helen Barron2, Betina Ip2
1Purdue University, 2University of Oxford

Neurotransmitters and
Neurovascular coupling
• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate
(Glu) are the brain's primary inhibitory (I) and
excitatory (E) neurotransmitters.
• They are both strongly implicated in functional
changes in neural circuitry
• Neurotransmitters: Glutamate and GABA cause
neurons and astrocytes to activate a chain of
intracellular events, involving the control of
constriction and dilation of the blood vessels BOLD
response

Advanced Magnetic
Resonance
Spectroscopy Protocol
at 7T
• 7T hardware (Siemens
Scanner and Nova
Medical head coil),
BaTiO3 dielectric
padding
• Ip et al., 2017
NeuroImage
7T: 50 participants
Frangou, P., Emir, U.E., Karlaftis, V.M. et
al. Nat Commun 10, 474 (2019).
3T: 293 participants
Zacharopoulos, G, Emir, U, Cohen Kadosh,
R. Hum Brain Mapp. 2021.

GABAergic inhibition in the human visual cortex relates to
eye dominance

Event-Related fMRS
A transient break in excitatory-inhibitory balance

Conclusion, Acknowledgment, What is Next
• The combined fMRI-MRS method has the
potential to address questions about cortical
function in the living human brain that cannot
be answered by separate application of either
technique alone
Wellcome Centre Integrative Neuroimaging (FMRIB) Radiographers
•Jon Campell
•Michael Sanders
•David Parker
Renée S Koolschijn
Anna Shpektor
William T Clarke
I Betina Ip
David Dupret
Helen C Barron
Claudia Lunghi
Andrew J Parker
Holly Bridge
Aaron Hess
Looking for Postdocs to investigate Inhibitory
brain dynamics for adaptive behavior
Developing Novel Molecular Imaging
Methodologies
Uzay Emir, Purdue University
uemir@purdue.edu
Zoe Kourtzi, University of Cambridge
zk240@cam.ac.uk

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Cotton crops are vulnerable to a variety of sucking pests, which can severely impact plant health, yield, and fiber quality. These pests primarily feed on plant sap, extracting nutrients directly from the plant's vascular system. Here's a breakdown of some of the most significant sucking pests in cotton cultivation: Aphids: Cotton aphids or melon aphids can cause direct damage by sucking sap and indirect damage by secreting honeydew, which encourages sooty mold growth. This can interfere with photosynthesis and weaken the plant. Aphids can also transmit viral diseases. Whiteflies: Two species, the silverleaf whitefly and the bandedwinged whitefly, are particularly troublesome. They not only suck sap from the underside of leaves, causing yellowing and leaf drop, but their honeydew excretion promotes sooty mold and they can transmit several plant viruses. Thrips: While thrips can chew on plants, their primary damage to cotton is through sucking. They attack the cotton plant during its seedling stage, which can stunt growth and reduce vigor. Thrips are also capable of transmitting the Cotton Bud disease. Spider Mites: These are not insects but arachnids. Spider mites, such as the two-spotted spider mite, suck cell contents from the leaves, leading to speckled discoloration and potentially significant leaf loss if infestations are severe. Leafhoppers: Including various species, leafhoppers can cause direct damage through feeding, which results in leaf curling and stunted growth. They can also be vectors for plant diseases. Mealybugs: These pests are less common but can be problematic, especially in clustered planting conditions. They suck sap and secrete honeydew, which leads to sooty mold. Mealybugs can also spread viruses. Stink Bugs: Although primarily known for their chewing mouthparts, certain stink bugs can cause damage similar to sucking pests by injecting saliva into the plant and sucking out nutrients, leading to boll damage and stained lint. Management Strategies: Cultural Controls: This includes practices such as crop rotation, using resistant varieties, and managing planting and harvesting times to avoid peak pest populations. Biological Controls: Beneficial insects like lady beetles, lacewings, and predatory mites can naturally control sucking pest populations. Parasitic wasps also play a role in controlling aphid and whitefly populations. Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be used but should be chosen carefully to minimize resistance development and preserve beneficial insects. Systemic insecticides can be particularly effective against sucking pests. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Combining multiple control strategies based on monitoring and thresholds to apply the most effective and environmentally sensitive approach. Effective management of sucking pests in cotton requires a thorough understanding of the pest species present, their life cycles, and the ecological balance of the field environment.

Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdf

PirithiRaju

Bacterial Identification and Classifications

Areesha Ahmad

GBSN - Microbiology (Unit 1)

Areesha Ahmad

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Damini Dixit

SCIENCE-4-QUARTER4-WEEK-4-PPT-1 (1).pptx

RizalinePalanog2

Bollworms are among the most damaging pests in cotton cultivation, affecting the bolls where the cotton fibers are formed. There are several species of bollworms, each capable of causing significant yield loss and quality degradation if not effectively managed. Here’s a detailed look at the primary bollworm species affecting cotton: Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera): Also known as the corn earworm or the Old World bollworm, this pest is found in many regions around the world. It is highly polyphagous (feeds on many different plants) and poses a threat not only to cotton but also to maize, tomatoes, and legumes. The larvae bore into the cotton bolls, feeding on the developing seeds and fibers, which can lead to boll rot. Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella): A significant pest of cotton, the pink bollworm larvae infest the cotton bolls, feeding on the seeds and lint. This can severely damage or destroy the bolls. In regions where pink bollworms are prevalent, they have been a major driver for the adoption of genetically engineered Bt cotton, which expresses a bacterium gene toxic to certain insects. Tobacco Budworm (Heliothis virescens): Closely related to the cotton bollworm, the tobacco budworm primarily attacks tobacco but is also a common pest in cotton. It primarily damages the flowers and bolls of the cotton plant. Differentiating between the tobacco budworm and the cotton bollworm based on appearance can be challenging, but it is crucial for effective management. American Bollworm (Helicoverpa zea): Known in some regions as the corn earworm, it is similar in behavior to Helicoverpa armigera and poses a threat to a variety of crops, including cotton. The larvae attack the cotton bolls, leading to direct damage to the cotton lint and seeds. Management Strategies: Cultural Controls: Crop rotation, destruction of crop residues, and deep plowing can help break the pest’s life cycle. Timing of planting can also be adjusted to avoid peak pest infestation. Biological Controls: Natural enemies like Trichogramma wasps, which parasitize bollworm eggs, and predators such as lacewings and ladybugs can be encouraged. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products can also be sprayed, which are particularly effective against young larvae. Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be required when infestation levels exceed economic thresholds. However, resistance management must be considered, alternating modes of action to avoid developing resistance. Genetic Approaches: Bt cotton, genetically modified to express Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, has been highly effective in controlling bollworms and has dramatically reduced the reliance on chemical insecticides. Monitoring and Scouting: Regular field scouting and using pheromone traps to monitor adult populations can help in timely and targeted application of control measures. The effective management of bollworms often requires an integrated approach

Pests of cotton_Borer_Pests_Binomics_Dr.UPR.pdf

PirithiRaju

Introduction,importance and scope of horticulture.pptx

Bhagirath Gogikar

Proteomics: types, protein profiling steps etc.

Silpa

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Pulmonary drug delivery system M.pharm -2nd sem P'ceutics

sakshisoni2385

Locating and isolating a gene, FISH, GISH, Chromosome walking and jumping, te...

Silpa

Forensic Biology & Its biological significance.pdf

rohankumarsinghrore1

Understanding circumstellar disks is of prime importance in astrophysics, however, their birth process remains poorly constrained due to observational and numerical challenges. Recent numerical works have shown that the small-scale physics, often wrapped into a sub-grid model, play a crucial role in disk formation and evolution. This calls for a combined approach in which both the protostar and circumstellar disk are studied in concert. Aims. We aim to elucidate the small scale physics and constrain sub-grid parameters commonly chosen in the literature by resolving the star-disk interaction. Methods. We carry out a set of very high resolution 3D radiative-hydrodynamics simulations that self-consistently describe the collapse of a turbulent dense molecular cloud core to stellar densities. We study the birth of the protostar, the circumstellar disk, and its early evolution (< 6 yr after protostellar formation). Results. Following the second gravitational collapse, the nascent protostar quickly reaches breakup velocity and sheds its surface material, thus forming a hot (∼ 103 K), dense, and highly flared circumstellar disk. The protostar is embedded within the disk, such that material can flow without crossing any shock fronts. The circumstellar disk mass quickly exceeds that of the protostar, and its kinematics are dominated by self-gravity. Accretion onto the disk is highly anisotropic, and accretion onto the protostar mainly occurs through material that slides on the disk surface. The polar mass flux is negligible in comparison. The radiative behavior also displays a strong anisotropy, as the polar accretion shock is shown to be supercritical whereas its equatorial counterpart is subcritical. We also f ind a remarkable convergence of our results with respect to initial conditions. Conclusions. These results reveal the structure and kinematics in the smallest spatial scales relevant to protostellar and circumstellar disk evolution. They can be used to describe accretion onto regions commonly described by sub-grid models in simulations studying larger scale physics.

Formation of low mass protostars and their circumstellar disks

Sérgio Sacani

CMRR workshop in vivo GABA Glutamate and fMRI BOLD imaging Event-Related fMRS

1. Time-Resolved fMRI-fMRS measures simultaneous Neurotransmitters and BOLD-fMRI signals in the human brain at 7T Uzay E Emir1, Renée S. Koolschijn2, Helen Barron2, Betina Ip2 1Purdue University, 2University of Oxford

2. Neurotransmitters and Neurovascular coupling • Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) are the brain's primary inhibitory (I) and excitatory (E) neurotransmitters. • They are both strongly implicated in functional changes in neural circuitry • Neurotransmitters: Glutamate and GABA cause neurons and astrocytes to activate a chain of intracellular events, involving the control of constriction and dilation of the blood vessels BOLD response

3. Advanced Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Protocol at 7T • 7T hardware (Siemens Scanner and Nova Medical head coil), BaTiO3 dielectric padding • Ip et al., 2017 NeuroImage 7T: 50 participants Frangou, P., Emir, U.E., Karlaftis, V.M. et al. Nat Commun 10, 474 (2019). 3T: 293 participants Zacharopoulos, G, Emir, U, Cohen Kadosh, R. Hum Brain Mapp. 2021.

4. GABAergic inhibition in the human visual cortex relates to eye dominance

5. Event-Related fMRS A transient break in excitatory-inhibitory balance

7. Conclusion, Acknowledgment, What is Next • The combined fMRI-MRS method has the potential to address questions about cortical function in the living human brain that cannot be answered by separate application of either technique alone Wellcome Centre Integrative Neuroimaging (FMRIB) Radiographers •Jon Campell •Michael Sanders •David Parker Renée S Koolschijn Anna Shpektor William T Clarke I Betina Ip David Dupret Helen C Barron Claudia Lunghi Andrew J Parker Holly Bridge Aaron Hess Looking for Postdocs to investigate Inhibitory brain dynamics for adaptive behavior Developing Novel Molecular Imaging Methodologies Uzay Emir, Purdue University uemir@purdue.edu Zoe Kourtzi, University of Cambridge zk240@cam.ac.uk

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The visual stimulation consisted of flashign checkerboards of varying contrasts compared to a mid gray baseline Participants performed simple fixation task to control for attention

CMRR workshop in vivo GABA Glutamate and fMRI BOLD imaging Event-Related fMRS

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